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HX64058832 
756  M31  1914       Manual  of  artitaal 


RECAP 


LIMBS 


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HEALTH 
SCIENCES 
LIBRARY 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Arciiive 

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http://www.archive.org/details/manualofartificiOOaama 


■MANUAL 

OF 

Aktifioial  Limbs 


COPIOUSLY  ILLUSTRATED 


Artificial   Toes,  Feet,  Legs,  Fingers,  Hands,   Arms, 

for  Amputations  and  Deformities,   Appliances 

for   Excisions,    Fractures,     and    other 

Disabilities    of  Loioer  and    Upper 

Extremities,    Suggestions    on 

Amputations,  Treatment 

of  Btump)S,  History, 

etc.,  etc.,  etc. 


m  EXHAUSTIVE  EXPOSITION  OF  PROTHESIS 


A.  A.  MARKS 

701  Broadway,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A. 
1914 


KD 
756 

19l| 


Copyright,  1905,  1907,  1910,  1914 

BY 

A.  A.  MAEKS 


PREFACE 

Manual  of  Artificial  Limbs  is  the  title  given  to  this  book  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  Treatise  and  all  other  publications  which  it 
succeeds  and  supplants.  It  is  in  no  sense  a  catalogue,  although  con- 
taining the  information  usually  given  in  catalogues;  but  it  is  a 
true  manual  of  the  subject  of  prothesis  and  the  most  exhaustive 
work  ever  produced  on  that  topic.  Prothesis  or  prosthesis  is  defined 
by  Webster  as  "The  process  of  adding  to  the  human  body  some 
artificial  part  in  place  of  one  that  may  be  wanting." 

The  Manual  thus  treats  of  all  losses  and  impairments  of  the  ex- 
tremities, whether  caused  by  accident,  disease  or  birth,  shows  what 
they  are  and  clearly  describes  how  they  may  be  repaired  by  artificial 
methods. 

The  Manual  is  divided  into  chapters,  each  devoted  to  a  distinct 
phase  of  the  subject  or  to  a  particular  part  of  the  leg  or  arm  under 
discussion. 

The  illustrations  are  designated  by  letters  and  numbers  for  con- 
venience of  reference.  For  example,  partial  foot  amputations  are 
discussed  in  Chapter  III,  and  the  illustrations  in  that  chapter  all 
have  the  letter  C  and  are  numbered  in  order,  1,  2,  3,  etc.  Amputa- 
tions of  different  sections  of  the  legs  and  arms  are  similarly  divided 
and  the  illustrations  numbered  in  the  same  manner.  This  gives 
definiteness  and  avoids  confusions  with  earlier  publications. 

The  need  of  the  Prothesist  becomes  more  and  more  urgent  every 
day.  Losses  of  limbs  by  accidents  and  injuries  of  every  kind  are 
constantly  multiplying,  and  the  demands  made  upon  the  thought- 
ful and  skillful  maker  of  artificial  limbs  and  other  surgical  apparatus 
increase  in  the  same  proportion. 

The  successful  maker  cannot  confine  himself  to  the  narrow 
methods  of  former  times.  Specific  treatment  is  now  called  for  in 
almost  every  case,  the  peculiarities  of  each  requires  closer  study, 
separate  methods  must  be  devised  by  which  complicated  cases  can 
be  treated  more  skillfully  and  reparation  more  complete.  These 
are  advanced  methods,  called  for  by  the  progress  of  the  science  and 
necessitated  by  the  importance  of  the  work  required.  The  skillful 
maker  thus  occupies  a  much  more  prominent  position  than  can  be 
filled  by  those  who  persist  in  clinging  to  archaic  systems.  It  has 
been  said  by  those  most  competent  to  judge  that  the  house  of  A.  A. 
Marks  through  persistent  endeavor,  broad  enterprise,  attentive  study 
and  a  real  sense  of  the  importance  of  the  work  has  earned  and  occu- 
pies the  foremost  position  in  its  branch  of  inaustry. 


4  Preface 

While  the  loss  of  a  limb  is  a  serious  personal  deprivation,  it  is  no 
longer  regarded  as  a  grievous  or  irreparable  one.  Tliere  are  many 
thousands  of  people  who  vralk,  v^ork  and  mingle  with  other  people 
without  disclosing  their  own  loss  and  without  suffering.  The  ab- 
sence of  a  leg  or  an  arm,  therefore,  is  now  regarded,  and  quite 
rightly,  as  one  of  the  minor  misfortunes.  Testimonials  substantiat- 
ing these  statements,  and  explaining  and  endorsing  the  principles 
presented  in  this  Manual  for  the  construction  of  artificial  limbs,  will 
be  found  in  copious  numbers  in  Chapter  XXXVII. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface         .....  <....<>       3 

Introduction  .........     15 


CHAPTER  I 

How  We  Walk. 

On   natural   feet  ........  17 

On  artificial  feet  with  ankle-joints 19 

On  spring  mattress  rubber  feet  without  ankle-joints         .  19 


CHAPTER  II 

Artifical    Feet,    Their    Construction    and    Relative 
Merits. 

The     rubber     foot 21 

The  spring-  mattress     .         .         .         ,         .         .         .         .21 

Contrasts  .  .  . 24 

The  sponge  rubber  foot       .         .         .       ■ .         ■>         .         .24 

The  pneumatic  foot       . 24 

The  wood  foot      .         .         . 24 

The  ankle-joint  rubber  foot 25 

The  felt  foot 25 

Ankle  joints  when  ordered  .        .        .  •       .        .        .26 


CHAPTER  III 


Partial  Feet  Amputations. 
Single-toe  amputations 
Amputations  at  base  of  toes 
Instep  amputations 
Ill-advised  prothesis     . 
Objections 
Practical  prothesis 
Retracted  heels     . 
Aluminum  sockets 


27 
27 
28 
28 
29 
31 
33 
35 


Contents. 


CHAPTER  IV 


Ankle-joint  Amputations. 
Tibio-tarsal  stumps 
End-bearing  ..... 
Construction  of  suitable  artificial  leg 
Partially  end-bearing 
Sensitive  ends         .... 
Peg  legs         ..... 


CHAPTER  V 


Below-knee  Amputations. 
Long   tibial   stumps 
Enlarged  non-end-bearing 
No  pressure  at  the  popliteal  space  . 
Tapering  stumps    .  .  .  . 

Ordinary  and  short  tibial  stumps     . 
Artificial  legs  for  tibial  stumps 
Construction  .... 

Socket  ...... 

Knee-connection     .... 

Steel  joints    ..... 

Test 

Thigh  part  ..... 
Lacing  methods  .... 
Check  strap  ..... 
Sensitive  stumps  .... 
Non-end-bearing  and  end-bearing  . 
Thighless  legs 

Dangers  ..... 

Slip  sockets  versus  wood  sockets 
Slipping  of  the  stump  desirable 
An   instance  .... 

Waterproof  legs  .... 
Bathing  legs  .... 

Shortened  thigh     .... 
Lateral  adjusting  socket 
Contracted  knee  joints   . 
Hypertrophied  tibial  stump    . 
Anchylosed  knee  tibial  stumps  extended 
Peg  legs         ..... 
Peg  legs  should  not  be  used  permamently 
Ferrules  for  peg  legs 
Rubber  tip     . 
Suspenders    ..... 


Contents. 

7 

CHAPTER  VI 

PAGE 

Knee-bearing  Stumps. 

Definition       ....... 

.       73 

Knee-bearing  legs 

.     73 

Bolt  joint       ....... 

.     75 

Side  joint      ....... 

.     70 

Peg  legs         ......          o 

.     77 

Incomplete  restoratives           .... 

.     77 

Suspenders 

.     78 

CHAPTER  VII 

Disarticulated  Knee  Stumps. 

End-bearing  and  non-end-bearing  stumps 

.     79 

Fittings 

.     79 

Peculiarities  of  stumps           .... 

.     80 

Most  favorable  conditions       .... 

.     81 

Suitable  artificial  legs   ..... 

.     81 

CHAPTER  VIII 


Thigh  or  Femoral  Stumps. 

Definitions     .........     84 

Long  or  lower-third  thigh  stumps  . 

.     84 

Stumps  out  of  line 

.     84 

Construction  of  legs 

.     85 

Variety  of  middle-third  thigh  stumps 

.     85 

End  and  non-end-bearing 

.     85 

Thorough   control 

.     89 

Knee   spring            .... 

.     89 

Helps  knee  motion  when  walking     . 

.     90 

Spring  strength  can  be  regulated   . 

.     91 

Knee  lock       ..... 

.     91 

Hip  joints     ..... 

.     92 

Waterproof  and  bathing  legs 

.     92 

Legs  without  knee-joints 

.     92 

Peg  legs 

.     93 

Suspenders     ..... 

.     94 

Straight  shoulder  straps 

.     95 

Belt  attachment     ..... 

.     96 

Vest  method           ..... 

.     96 

Suspenders  for  women    .          .          .          , 

.     96 

Yoke   method          ..... 

.     96 

Corset  method       ..... 

.     97 

Contents. 


CHAPTEE  IX 

page 

Hip-joint  Amputations. 

Bequirement            ...... 

.     98 

Muscle  stump         ...... 

.     98 

Leg   applied           ...... 

.   100 

CHAPTER  X 

Both  Leg  Amputations. 

Ancient  methods    ...... 

.  101 

Both  feet  partly  amputated   .... 

.   102 

Lower  instep  and  leg  amputation     .. 

.   103 

Both  feet  amputated  at  the  ankles 

.   103 

Ankle-joint  and  knee  amputations 

.   103 

Upper  instep  and  leg  amputations 

.   104 

Both  leg  amputations    ..... 

.  106 

Practical   results    ...... 

.  106 

Below-knee  and  knee-joint  amputations 

.  Ill 

Below-knee  and  above-knee  amputations 

.  Ill 

Engaging  in  former  pursuits  .... 

.   112 

Both  legs  and  both  arms  amputated 

.  113 

Both  legs  amputated  above  the  knees 

.  113 

CHAPTER  XI 

Artificial  Feet  and  Legs  for  Deformities^  Paralysis 

,  Ex- 

cisioNS^  Arrested  Growth^  Shortened  Growth 

,  ETC. 

Short  leg       . 

.   119 

Talipes-equinus 

.   119 

Talipes   with   lateral   weakness 

.   120 

Toe   support            .          .          .      " 

.   120 

Congenital  deformity 

.   122 

Talipes-varus 

.   123 

Leg  deformities 

.   123 

Infantile  paralysis 

.   126 

Obstructed   growth          .      '    . 

.   127 

Both  legs   deformed 

.   129 

Drop  foot       .... 

.   134 

Knee   joints  locked 

.   135 

Limited  knee  motions     . 

.   135 

Ununited  fractures 

.  137 

Fractured  knee  caps,  etc. 

.  138 

CHAPTER  XII 

Facts  for  Consideration. 

Wooden  feet  substituted  by  rubber  ones 
A  wa^  to  test  the  rubber  foot 


139 
139 


Contents. 


PAGE 

Fitting— an  art 139 

Only  one  way  to  fit         .  .  .  «  .  »  .    140 

When  plaster  casts  are  useless       .....   140 

Machine  fitting  a  failure       ......   140 

When  casts  are  necessary       .  .  .  .  .  .141 

Wood  sockets  the  best     .......   141 

Weight 141 

Rubber  foot  not  heavy     .......   141 

Odor 143 

Temperature  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .143 

The  mass  of  limb  wearers  are  of  small  means  .  .  .   143 

How  long  will  a  leg  last?       ......   144 

Shoes  and  stockings       .......    144 

How  soon  after  amputation   should  an   artificial  leg  be 

applied?  ........   144 

Treatment  of  stump       .  .  .         .         .         .         .144 

The  gain  of  applying  a  leg  immediately  ....   146 

Dangers  in   delay  .......   146 

Cork  legs       .........  146 


CHAPTER  XIII 

Artificial  Legs  for  the  Aged 


148 


CHAPTER  XIV 


Artificial  Legs  for  Infants  and  Children. 
The  problem  considered 
Support  from  the  pelvis  more  natural 
Alterations  for  growth  . 
Frequency  of  alterations 
The  parents'   moral   obligation 
Deformities  from  the  use  of  crutches 
Practical   illustrations    . 


151 
152 
152 
152 
153 
153 
154 


CHAPTER  XV 


Home  Measurements. 

Instructions  when  one  leg  is  amputated 
Diagrams        ...... 

Measurements         ..... 

Instructions  when  both  legs  are  amputated 
Plaster  casts  ..... 


165 
165 
167 
170 
172 


CHAPTER  XVI 

Prices,  Accessories,  Terms  of  Payment. 
Accessories     ..... 
Terms  of  payment 
Guarantee      .         ,         ,         ,         . 


177 

177 

ITT 


10 


Contents. 


CHAPTEK  XVII 


CHAPTEK  XVIII 


PA6B 


Hands  and  Arms,  Natural  Compared  with  . 

(Artificial. 

History 1Y9 

The  demand  greater 

.   179 

Simplicity      .          .          .          > 

.   180 

What  an  artificial  arm  must  do 

.   180 

The  natural  hand  a  marvel 

.   180 

The  brain       .... 

.   180 

Self  repairing 

.   181 

Sense  of  touch 

.  181 

Stories  misleading 

.  181 

Is  IT  Profitable  to  Buy  an  Artifioal  Arm  ? 
Ornamentation        .... 
Hygiene  ..... 


183 
184 


CHAPTEK  XIX 


Old  methods 

.  188 

New  methods 

.188 

Ductile  fingers 

.188 

Palm  locks     . 

' 

.   189 

Wrist  connections 

.   189 

Clamps 

.   189 

Flexion 

.   190 

Spring  thumb 

.   191 

Gloves  always  to  be  worn 

.   192 

Choice  of  material  for  sockets 

.   192 

CHAPTEK  XX 

Partial  Hand  Amputations. 

The  loss  of  one  finger 

.   194 

Materials        ..... 

.   195 

The  loss  of  two  or  more  fingers 

.   196 

Individiial  fingers 

.   197 

Construction 

.  197 

CHAPTEK  XXI 


Wrist- joint  Amputations. 
Plat  ends 
Tapering  ends 


200 
201 


Contents.  1 1 

CHAPTER  XXII 

Forearm  Amputations.  ^^^^" 

Leather  elbow  joints       ....•••   202 

Steel  elbow  joints 205 

Short  stumps  ......••   200 

Arms  without  hands       .....••   206 

Suspenders    .         .         •         •         •         •         •         •         •  206 

CHAPTER  XXIII 

Elbow- JOINT  Amputations. 

Short  radial  stumps 209 

Construction  .  .  .  •  .  •  •  •  209 

Arms  without  hands  .......  210 

CHAPTER  XXIV 

Above-Elbow  Amputations. 

Elbow  lock o         .         .212 

CHAPTER  XXV 
Shoulder-joint  Amputations         ......  213 

CHAPTER  XXVI 

Double  Arm  Amputations  .         .         .         .         .         .  216 

CHAPTER  XXVII 

Appliances  for  Deformities,  Excisions,  Weakened 

Joints,  etc.  ........  220 

CHAPTER  XXVIII 
Arm  Implements 224 

CHAPTER  XXIX 
Utility 226 

CHAPTER  XXX 

Directions  for  Taking  Measurements  for  One  or  a  Pair 

OF  Artificial  Arms.  230 

Arms  fitted  from  measurements       .....   233 

CHAPTER  XXXI 

Prices,  Accessories. 

Accessories    .......         c         .  236 


12 


Contents. 


CHAPTER  XXXII 

Terms  of  Payment^  Installment  Payments,  Guarantee. 
Advanced  payment  avoids  delay       .... 

How  to  make  payments  ..... 

Our  reliability         ....... 

Success  most  important  to  us 

Advanced  payments  are  in  the  interest  of  the  wearers 
Artificial  limbs  on  trial,  prejudicial  to  success   . 
Why  correctly  made  limbs  are  not  always  pleasant  at 
start         ........ 

Patient  endeavor  brings  its  reward 
Money  deposited  in  banks  not  acceptable 
Installment  payments     ...... 

Deferred  payments  must  be  guaranteed  . 
Acceptable  guarantors   .  ..... 

Our  guarantee         ....... 


PAGE 

.  237 

.  237 
.  237 
.  237 
.  237 

.   238 


the 


238 
238 
239 
239 
239 
239 
240 


CHAPTER  XXXin 

Pensioners  of  the  United  States  Army  and  Navy  Furnished 
WITH  Artipical  Limbs  at  Government  Expense. 

The  original  law     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  241 

The  amended  law  .......  241 

The  new  law  now  in  force       .......  241 

Transportation  free         .......  241 

The  bond 241 

Advantages  in  registering  with  iis  ....  242 


CHAPTER  XXXIV 


Cheap  Artificial  Limbs. 

Cheaply  made  limbs  not  safe 
Inviting  disaster     . 
Confidence  necessary  to  success 
Selection  of  material 


.  243 
.  243 
.  244 
.   244 


CHAPTER  XXXV 

Do  THE  Maimed  Die  Young  ? 
A  false  belief 
What  our  records  disclose 
Amputations  revitalize  the  system 
Illustrations 

Athletes  .... 

Compensation 
Gratitude       .... 


246 

246 
246 

247 
247 
247 
248 


CHAPTER  XXXVI 

Awards        « 

Foreign  Money  Equivalents 


249 
256 


Contents. 


13 


CHAPTER  XXXVII 

Testimonials 

Panama  Canal 39 


PA  on 
257 


CHAPTER  XXXVIII 

Stump  Socks  for  Artificial  Limb  Wearers  . 


.  395 


CHAPTER  XXXIX 


How  to  Reach  Our  Establishment. 

Where  we  are  located     ..... 

.  397 

We  meet  patrons    .         .         ... 

.  397 

Business  hours        .... 

.  397 

Board  and  lodging 

.  397 

Where  to  have  your  mail  addressed 

.  398 

Calls  made  to  residences 

.  398 

Women  in  attendance     . 

.  398 

Branches         ..... 

.  398 

Interior  of  the  largest  artificial  limb  manufactory- 

in  the 

world           

.  399 

Caution          , 

, 

.  400 

INTEODUCTION 

In  reviewing'  "  Manual  of  Artificial  Limbs  "  and  introducing  same 
to  the  reader  privilege  is  taken  to  advert  briefly  to  the  House  itself 
and  its  enviable  history. 

The  house  of  A.  A.  Marks  was  founded  for  the  purpose  of  reliev- 
ing and  helping  the  maimed  and  deformed.  Established  in  the  year 
1853  it  has  had  a  continuous  existence  of  more  than  half  a  century 
and  has  become  the  leading  house  of  its  kind  in  the  world . 

Its  manufacturing  plants,  the  factory  and  office  in  New  York 
City,  and  the  mills  in  Connecticut,  occupy  more  ground  and  employ 
more  help  than  any  establishment  elsewhere  in  the  world  devoted 
to  the  manufacture  of  artificial  legs  or  artificial  arms.  The  busi- 
ness is  a  large  one,  conducted  in  a  large  way  and  by  men  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  every  detail  of  artificial  limb  manufacture; 
men  who  have  brought  to  it  the  widest  practical  knowledge  and 
years  of  the  most  attentive  study  and  effort. 

Their  specialty  is  the  making  of  artificial  legs  and  arms  with  rub- 
ber feet  and  hands,  of  which  they  are  the  inventors  and  patentees. 
The  spring  mattress  rubber  foot  and  the  rubber  hand  with  ductile 
fingers  are  the  most  recent  improvements.  That  the  house  has 
grown  from  a  small  shop  to  a  vast  manufacturing  establishment  with 
a  hundred  thousand  correspondents  located  in  all  parts  of  the  world 
is  due  not  only  to  the  intelligent  way  in  which  its  business  has  been 
conducted,  but  to  the  inherent  merits  of  its  products.  These  are 
described  at  length  in  the  pages  which  follow  and  the  descriptions 
are  supplemented  by  innumerable  letters  from  grateful  clients. 

Modern  skill  has  brought  no  more  useful  aid  to  humanity  than 
the  artificial  limb  which  transforms  a  helpless  member  of  society 
into  a  useful  one. 

The  firm  does  not  claim  that  every  maimed  and  crippled  person 
can  be  restored  to  the  full  use  of  his  extremities  by  its  apparatus. 
It  is  reasonable,  however,  to  claim  that  its  skill  and  facilities  enable 
the  firm  to  help  the  maimed  better  and  more  thoroughly  than  any 
other  establishment  in  the  world,  and  as  the  house  has  helped  so 
many  in  the  past  there  is  abundant  encouragement  for  the  maimed 
of  the  future. 

This  book  has  been  prepared  not  as  an  exposition  of  the  fii'm's 
business,  but  as  a  guide  and  lielp  to  those  seeking  alleviation. 

The  firm  manufactures  limbs  for  simple  amputations  as  well  as 
for  the  most  complicated  and  difficult  ones.  It  has  developed 
special  types  of  limbs  for  groups  of  special  cases,  many  of  which  are 

15 


16  Introduction 


of  utmost  complexity" ;  it  has  fitted  and  helped  persons  with  delicate 
and  tendex'  stumps,  also  many  with  stumps  of  awkward  shape  and 
difficult  forms;  it  has  applied  artificial  limbs  and  appliances  to  per- 
sons with  one  sound  limb  as  well  as  to  those  who  have  been 
deprived  of  both,  and  the  volume  of  testimony  it  has  on  view 
received  from  its  clients,  filled  with  gratitude,  stimulates  it  to  con- 
tinued endeavors. 

The  book  is  destined  to  be  an  authority  on  the  important  subject  of 
prothesis,  a  book  of  interest  and  concern  to  the  surgeon  and  phy- 
sician as  well  as  to  the  maimed.  It  contains  not  only  a  description 
of  multifarious  devices  but  much  general  matter  both  descriptive 
and  ci'itical,  and  in  a  way  didactic,  bearing  close  relations  to  the 
work  of  the  surgeon. 

It  is  a  matter  of  highest  gratification  and  pride  that  in  all  the 
exhibitions  in  which  the  firm  of  A.  A.  Marks  has  been  represented 
it  has  received  forty-six  first  and  highest  awards,  always  in  compe- 
tition with  others.  But  the  freely  proffered  expressions  of  regard 
and  satisfaction  from  its  clients,  from  the  men  and  women  who 
have  been  helped  and  whose  lives  have  been  aided  and  bettered 
through  the  use  of  its  apparatus,  are  more  stimulating,  and  the  very 
highest  measure  of  praise  one  can  hope  to  receive.  Numerous  as 
are  those  that  are  printed,  they  constitute  but  a  fragment  of  the 
kind  and  grateful  words  that  have  been  uttered  in  its  favor  during 
its  career. 

The  book  will  reach  many  readers.  To  them  let  us  say  one  word. 
The  firm  of  A.  A.  Marks  has  helped  others.  It  surely  can  help 
you. 

James  Law,  M.  D. 


CHAPTER  I 
HOW  WE  WALK 

On  Natural  Feet, — No  two  persons  walk  exactly  alike.  Every- 
one carries  his  mannerisms  in  his  steps.  The  way  in  which  he  lands 
on  his  heel,  rolls  on  the  sole,  lifts  on  the  ball,  throws  himself  to  the 
right  or  the  left,  the  uniformity  and  regularity  of  each  joint's 
action,  the  angle  at  which  the  hip  is  checked,  the  range  of  articula- 
tion permitted  in  the  knee  and  the  angular  motion  of  the  ankle, — 
all  form  a  part  of  his  individuality  and  make  it  possible  to  dis- 
tinguish a  friend  from  a  stranger  long  before  his  features  have 
come  within  the  reach  of  vision.  All  sorts  of  forces — ^heredity, 
early  habits,  occupation,  disease,  injuries,  and  age — influence  the 
movements  of  the  leg  and  foot.  A  man  in  good  health  walks  dif- 
ferently from  an  invalid,  a  farmer  can  be  distinguished  from  a 
merchant,  a  bookkeeper  from  a  railroad  conductor,  the  sprightli- 
ness  of  youth,  the  infirmities  of  age  are  reflected  in  every  step  that 
is  taken.  Yet  there  are  certain  facts  connected  with  walking  that 
are  common  to  all  and  which  can  be  ascertained  by  observation  and 
study.  These  facts  are  so  universal  that  they  become  laws  govern- 
ing locomotion;  they  form  a  necessary  part  of  the  limb-maker's 
education,  and  unless  he  is  familiar  with  them  and  applies  them 
thoughtfully  to  the  construction  of  artificial  limbs,  he  is  not  com- 
petent to  work  out  the  problems  that  are  continually  arising. 

As  this  work  is  designed  as  a  text-book  on  artificial  limbs,  it  is 
essential,  at  the  outset,  to  present  the  cardinal  facts  relating  to 
natural  walking,  in  order  that  the  application  of  them  to  artificial 
aids  may  be  clearly  understood  and  appreciated. 

Kinetoscopic  photography  affords  the  most  valuable  aid  to  an 
investigation  of  the  actions  of  the  knee  and  ankle  joints  when 
performing  their  functions.  It  shows  that  when  a  man  walks 
slowly,  say  two  miles  an  hour,  the  knee  flexes  but  slightly  and  the 
ankle  considerably.  When  walking  three  miles  an  hour,  the  knee 
joint  acts  through  a  greater  range  and  the  ankle  joint  through  a 
lesser  one.  When  walking  moderately  fast,  say  four  miles  an 
hour,  the  knee  action  becomes  considerable  and  the  ankle  action 
scarcely  perceptible.  Wlien  walking  rapidly,  say  five  miles  an 
hour,  the  knee  action  is  increased  and  the  ankle  becomes  prac- 
tically rigid.  When  running  the  knee  increases  its  activity,  and 
the  ankle  reverses  its  action  and  throws  the  man  forward  by 
the  ball  of  the  foot. 

The  ratio  that  exists  between  the  range  of  motion  of  the  knee 
and  that  of  the  ankle  is  in  proportion  to  the  speed  with  which  one 
moves.    An  impulse  is  had  to  walk  slowly  or  rapidly,  or  to  change 


A.  A. 


Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


from  one  gait  to  another.  The  proper  muscles  and  tendons 
instantly  respond  to  the  mind,  and  the  required  speed  is  attained. 
If  the  co-operation  between  the  mind  and  muscles  be  disrupted 
the  person  becomes  a  paralytic  and  his  steps  are  unreliable.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  a  person  walking  on  an  artificial  leg  with 
ankle  motion  that  is  not  under  control. 

Three  miles  an  hour  is  the  ordinary  gait  of  a  person  occupied  in 


Cut  A  2. 


Cut  A  3. 


Cut  A  4. 


commercial  life.  Suecessive  photographs  of  a  man  with  natural 
legs,  walking  at  this  gait,  show  that  there  is  but  very  little  motion 
in  the  ankle  joint;  and  limited  as  that  motion  is,  it  is  of  a  charac- 
ter that  cannot  be  imitated  by  mechanical  means.  The  walker 
throws  his   left   foot  forward,  barely  touching  the  heel  to   the 


Cut  A  5. 


Cut  A  6. 


Cut  A  7. 


Cut  A  8. 


ground,  as  shown  in  Cut  A  1 ;  instantly  the  right  foot  under  con- 
trol of  the  tendo-Achilles  extends  and  the  heel  is  raised  from  the 
ground,  throwing  the  weight  of  the  body  on  the  ball,  supplying  the 
impetus  that   urges  the  body  forward.    As  the  body  is  carried 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  York  Cily.  19 

forward,  the  ball  of  the  left  foot  reaches  the  ground  at  about  the 
time  the  body  is  vertically  over  it,  as  shown  in  Cut  A  2.  At  this 
point  the  right  foot  is  in  the  act  of  leaving  the  ground,  and,  as 
shown  in  Out  A  3,  is  passing  the  left  which,  still  being  flat  on 
the  ground,  performs  no  function,  except  that  of  supporting  the 
body,  as  shown  in  Cut  A  4.  The  right  leg  is  carried  a  little 
further  forward  when  a  slight  amount  of  flexion  is  admitted  in 
the  left  ankle  joint,  as  shown  in  Cut  A  5.  But  this  is  for  a  very 
brief  period,  as  Cut  A  6  shows  that  the  tendo-Achilles  instantly 
contracts  and  the  foot  extends  and  the  entire  body  is  lifted  and 
thrown  on  the  ball,  and  when  the  weight  of  the  body  is  placed  on 
the  heel  of  the  right  foot,  there  is  a  slight  flexion  in  the  knee  joint 
which  permits  the  sole  to  reach  the  ground.  At  this  time,  the 
knee  joint  of  the  left  is  flexed  and  the  foot  of  that  leg  is  raised, 
as  shown  in  Cut  A  7,  and  when  the  weight  of  the  body  is  prac- 
tically over  the  right  foot  the  knee  is  extended,  so  as  to  support 
the  weight  securely,  as  shown  in  Cut  A  8. 

A  study  of  these  successive  photographs  shows  that  in  making  a 
complete  step  the  soles  of  both  feet  are  not  on  the  ground  at  the 
same  time,  and  at  times  when  the  weight  of  the  body  is  placed 
equally  on  each  foot,  the  heel  of  the  advanced  foot  and  the  toes 
of  the  rear  foot  are  only  those  parts  that  are  on  the  ground.  It 
also  shows  that  propulsion  is  obtained  by  rising  on  the  ball  of  the 
rear  foot. 

On  Artificial  Feet  with  Ankle  Joints. — Similar  photographs 
of  a  man  walking  with  one  or  a  pair  of  artificial  legs  with  ankle 
joints  set  to  act  at  a  constant  range  of  motion,  show  that  he  walks 
fairly  well  at  a  slow  gait,  but  at  a  speed  of  three  or  more  miles 
an  hour  his  step  becomes  perceptibly  awkward,  and  the  effort  re- 
quired to  overcome  the  too  liberal  motion  in  the  ankle  is  fati- 
guing. So  far  as  the  knee  joint  is  concerned  the  motions  of  the 
artificial  and  natural  legs  are  approximately  the  same,  but  the 
motions  of  the  ankles  are  very  different.  The  sole  of  the  foot  is 
flat  on  the  ground  for  a  considerably  longer  period  with  the  arti- 
ficial ankle  joint  than  with  the  natural.  As  the  walker  advances 
and  strikes  the  heel  of  the  artificial  foot  on  the  ground,  almost 
immediately  the  front  of  the  foot  drops  and  the  entire  sole  rests 
on  the  ground  and  remains  there  during  the  interval  through  which 
the  body  is  passing  over  it. 

Having  made  plain  the  movements  of  the  natural  foot  in  walk- 
ing, and  contrasted  them  with  the  movements  of  the  artificial  foot 
articulating  at  the  ankle,  we  now  propose  to  carry  the  contrast  to 
the  spring-mattress  rubber  foot  attached  rigidly  to  the  leg  socket. 

On  Spring-Mattress  Eubber  Feet  without  Ankle  Joints. — ^As 
the  walker  advances  on  the  rubber  foot  he  touches  the  heel  to 
the  ground.  He  applies  his  weight,  and  the  sponge  rubber  in  the 
heel  compresses  sufficiently  to  allow  him  to  roll  on  the  bottom  of 
the  foot;  the  moment  the  body  is  carried  a  little  in  advance,  he 
rises  on  the  ball  very  much  the  same  as  he  does  on  the  natural 
foot.     There  is  no  effort  required  to  lift  on  the  ball,  as  the  weight 


20  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 

of  the  body,  being  in  advance  of  its  center  of  gravity,  overcomes 
that  apparent  obstruction;  not  a  muscle  or  tendon  is  brought  into 
play;  the  weight  of  the  body  does  the  entire  work. 

These  studies  and  comparisons  of  the  movements  in  walking 
■bring  out  very  clearly  the  essential  fact  that  with  the  artificial 
ankle  joint  the  interval  that  the  plantar  surface  rests  on  the 
ground  is  very  much  greater  than  that  of  the  natural  foot,  while 
with  the  sponge  rubber  spring-mattress  foot  it  is  approximately 
the  same,  and,  by  compelling  the  wallcer  to  rise  on  the  ball,  pro- 
duces a  very  natural  action,  giving  greater  assistance  in  walking 
and  dispensing  with  a  vast  amount  of  mechanism. 

It  is  apparent  also  that  the  value  of  mental  force  in  controlling 
the  actions  of  the  natural  ankle  joint  cannot  be  overestimated. 
When  these  forces  become  inert,  as  they  necessarily  do  in  artificial 
joints,  the  embarrassments  that  follow  are  the  same  as  with 
paralytics,  locomotor  ataxia,  etc.  The  injured  are  obliged  to  walk 
cautiously,  the  affected  foot  is  placed  almost  entirely  by  the  sense 
of  sight,  and  the  step  is  made  with  meditation  and  progress  must 
necessarily  be  slow. 

If  an  artificial  leg  with  ankle  articulation  be  applied  to  a  person 
who  desires  to  walk  at  a  gait  faster  than  two  miles  an  hour,  he 
will  find  himself  not  only  greatly  hindered,  but  required  to  put 
more  energy  into  the  natural  foot  and  leg  in  order  to  overcome  the 
influence  of  the  articulating  ankle  in  retarding  his  progress.  The 
rubber  foot  without  ankle  joint  will  assist  rather  than  hinder  rapid 
W&lking,  and  will  not  hinder  slow  walking  when  desired. 


CHAPTEE  II 

.     ARTIFICIAL  FEET,   THEIR   CONSTRUCTION    AND 
RELATIVE  MERITS 

The  Rubber  Foot. — With  an  experience  of  eight  years  in  manu- 
facturing artificial  legs  with  wood  feet,  articulating  at  the  toes 
and  ankles,  A.  A,  Marks  in  1861  invented  the  sponge  rubber  foot 
hereinafter  described,  to  protect  which  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment issued  letters  patent  in  1863.  Like  all  great  inventions  it 
passed  through  various  stages  of  development. 

The  perfected  form  consists  of  a  wooden  core,  carved  to  size  and 
shape  to  secure  the  best  results.     The  faint  lines  in   Cut  B  1 


.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 

Cut  B  1. 

represent  the  core,  which  reaches  to  the  ball  of  the  foot,  localizing 
the  toe  movement.  The  distance  from  the  core  to  the  floor  at  the 
heel  is  considerably  greater  than  at  any  other  part;  this  is  done 
to  obtain  the  proper  degree  of  compressibility  at  the  heel;  the  core 
is  entirely  surrounded  with  sponge  rubber  of  great  porosity  which 
will  yield  under  the  weight  of  the  wearer  sufficiently  to  make  the 
step  realistic.  Less  rubber  is  placed  at  the  ball  so  as  to  provide 
phalangeal  support  and  make  the  wearer  feel  that  there  is  a  sup- 
porting medium  at  the  front  of  the  foot;  ample,  to  steady  him 
when  standing,  to  keep  him  from  limping,  and  to  act  as  a  lever 
to  urge  him  forward  when  walking.  A  spring  mattress  is  floated 
in  the  foot  below  the  core,  covering  the  entire  distance  from 
the  back  of  the  heel  to  the  tips  of  the  toes ;  it  is  shown  by  the  lines 
running  lengthwise  in  Cut  B  1.  The  spring  mattress  is  formed  by 
a  series  of  composition  strips  embedded  in  strong  sail  duck,  each 
having  a  pocket  of  its  own,  see  Cut  B  2;  the  strips  occupy  the 
pockets  a  a  a  a. 

The    Spring    Mattress. — Is    a    device    for    giving    additional 
resiliency  for  both  the  toes  and  heel.    Every  movement  of  the  foot 

21 


22 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


when  in  action  applies  pressure  to  the  springs  at  the  heel,  ball,  or 
on  the  sides.  The  counteracting  tendency  of  the  strips  aids  in 
forcing  the  foot  back  to  its  proper  shape  as  soon  as  pressure  is 
removed. 

Cut  B  3  represents  the  rubber  foot  with  the  weight  applied  at 
the  ball  as  it  is  when  the  wearer  is  being  urged  forward,  while  walk- 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 


Cut  B  3. 


ing.  The  spring  mattress  is  now  forced  upwards  at  the  ball  and 
the  sponge  rubber  is  compressed  above  and  below  the  mattress. 
This  pressure  pulls  the  mattress  forward  in  the  foot.  These  move- 
ments— the  yielding  of  the  spring,  the  conxpressing  of  the  rubber, 
and  the  pulling  of  the  spring  mattress  forward — form  a  very 
powerful  resultant  force  that  brings  the  foot  back  to  its  normal 
lines  as  soon  as  the  foot  is  relieved  of  weight. 

The  condition  of  the  foot  when  under  heel  pressure,  as  it  is  when 
the  wearer  places  the  artificial  limb  forward  and  applies  his  weight 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 


Cut  B  3. 


upon  it,  is  somewhat  the  same.  The  spring  mattress  is  forced 
upward,  the  sponge  rubber  is  compressed  above  and  below,  the  heel 
becomes  flattened,  and  the  mattress  being  pulled  lengthwise,  all 
combine  to  force  the  foot  to  its  shape  as  soon  as  pressure  on  the 
heel  is  removed.  The  compression  of  the  heel  permits  the  toes  and 
the  front  part  of  the  foot  to  reach  the  ground  while  the  shaft  of 
the  leg  is  obliquely  back  of  the  vertical  line. 

Cut  B  4  represents  the  foot  on  an  inclined  surface.     On  account 
of  the  yielding  quality  of  the  rubber,  the  up-hill  side  of  the  foot 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


23 


will  compress  and  accommodate  itself  to  the  incline  and  allow  the 
foot  to  remain  on  its  base.  This  is  accomplished  without  com- 
plicated mechanical  lateral  articulation. 

The  spring  mattress  not  only  forces  the  parts  of  the  foot  back  to 
their  proper  shape,  but  obviates  the  exertion  required  to  operate 
the  antiquated  articulated  wooden  foot. 

The  impression  that  one  receives  on  the  new  spring-mattress  foot 
is  both  pleasant  and  agreeable.  This  is  especially  the  case  to  one 
who  has  worn  an  artificial  leg  with  wooden  articulating  foot. 

It  can  readily  be  seen  that  any  motion  in  the  ankle  that  cannot 
be  controlled  by  the  will  must  be  mechanical  in  appearance  as  well 
as  in  action.  The  approach  to  nature  is  made  more  positive  by 
their  omission. 

It  is  the  experienced  man,  the  man  who  has  experimented  with 
tnany  kinds  of  artificial  limbs,  who  is  capable  of  appreciating  the 


A.  A.  MARKS.  N.  V.. 


Cut  B  4. 


principles  involved  in  the  rubber  foot.  He  comprehends  the  reason 
why  the  wearers  of  artificial  limbs  with  rubber  feet  walk  further, 
faster,  and  with  less  fatigue,  than  those  walking  on  ankle-jointed 
wooden  feet. 

The  contrast  between  the  two  kinds  is  most  striking  in  run- 
ning. With  the  rubber  as  with  the  natural  foot  the  entire  plantar 
surface  is  never  on  the  ground.  It  is  the  heel-and-toe  touch  to  the 
ground  that  distinguishes  the  walker  from  the  runner.  This  is 
extremely  difiicult  with  the  ankle-jointed  foot.  When  standing  the 
immovably  attached  rubber  foot  furnishes  a  large  base  on  which  to 
balance;  hence,  a  man  with  two  artificial  legs  with  immovably 
attached  feet  can  stand  restfuUy  and  safely  without  assuming 
awkward  and  unnatural  positions,  for  he  is  not  required  to  main- 
tain his  equilibrium  on  a  point. 

The  rubber  foot  with  spring  mattress  provides  the  laborer  a 
substantial  substitute  with  which  to  support  and  brace  himself 
when  working  at  the  bench,  on  the  road,  on  the  farm,  or  at  what- 


24  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  York  City. 

ever  occupation  lie  may  be  engaged.  There  are  no  uncertain  or 
treacherous  movements  to  hamper  him  or  make  his  position  un- 
certain. 

A  painter  who  wears  a  Marks  rubber  foot  says  he  can  climb  a 
ladder,  stand  on  a  scaffold,  balance  himself  at  any  elevation  with 
absolute  safety.  With  an  ankle-joint  leg  he  would  feel  tottlish, 
and,  when  on  his  ladder,  would  have  to  depend  more  on  the  grasp 
of  his  hands  than  on  his  foot;  but,  with  the  rubber  foot,  his  base 
is  substantial  and  reliable. 

A  farmer  who  toils  in  the  field  can  plod  along  over  stony  or 
muddy  ground  on  a  rubber  foot  with  safety.  The  accumulation  of 
mud  on  his  shoes  does  not  cause  his  toe  to  drop  and  trip  him. 
Uneven  surfaces  will  not  throw  him  from  his  balance  or  violently 
jar  his  stump.     We  have  thousands  of  testimonials  on  these  points. 

Contrasts. — There  are  two  kinds  of  rubber  feet.  One  is  known 
as  the  sponge  rubber  foot;  and  the  other  as  the  pneumatic  rubber 
foot.     We  will  endeavor  to  make  clear  the  difference  between  them. 

When  rubber  is  cured  so  that  it  possesses  a  great  number  of 
small  air  cells,  the  same  as  a  sponge,  it  is  called  sponge  rubber,  and 
a  foot  made  in  this  way  is  known  as  a  sponge  rubber  foot. 

A  foot  made  of  a  sheet  of  rubber  cast  into  the  shape  of  a  foot, 
possessing  one  or  a  limited  number  of  large  chambers  into  which 
air  is  pumped  until  sufficient  pressure  is  obtained  to  maintain 
shape  and  possess  resiliency  is  called  a  pneumatic  foot. 

The  Sponge  Rubber  Foot. — Is  composed  of  a  vast  number  of 
cells,  each  charged  with  air  created  by  the  volatilization  of  a 
chemical  while  the  rubber  is  being  vulcanized.  Each  cell  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall  of  rubber  possessing  a  sustaining  power  suf- 
ficient to  maintain  itself  should  it  become  deflated.  In  fact,  if  all 
the  cells  become  deflated  the  foot  would  keep  its  shape  on  account 
of  the  presence  of  the  sustaining  walls,  therefore  the  shape  and 
resilience  of  the  sponge  rubber  foot  are  not  dependent  upon  the 
air  in  the  cells. 

The  Pneumatic  Foot. — Having  but  a  limited  number  of  large 
air  chambers  into  which  compressed  air  is  forced,  is  wholly  de- 
pendent upon  the  presence  and  retention  of  the  compressed  air 
for  its  stability.  The  sponge  rubber  spring-mattress  foot  receives 
no  injury  from  puncture.  The  pneumatic  foot  will  collapse  and 
lose  its  sustaining  power  the  moment  the  air  chamber  is  pen- 
etrated. A  protruding  nail  or  peg  in  a  shoe  will  puncture  a  pneu- 
matic foot  and  put  it  out  of  service  until  the  puncture  is  patched 
and  the  foot  pumped  up  again  with  air. 

The  sponge  rubber  spring-mattress  foot  never  has  to  be  re- 
charged with  air. 

The  Wood  Foot. — Is  now  somewhat  antiquated.  It  no  longer 
has  the  merit  it  was  formerly  thought  to  possess — the  rubber  foot 
has  practically  supplanted  it:  The  wood  foot  is  articulated  at  the 
ankle  and  at  the  toes.  The  mechanical  methods  employed  in  its 
manufacture  are  as  numerous  as  the  makers  who  supply  them. 
Nearly  every  maker  has  a  method  of  his  own,  yet  all  are  essentially 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 


25 


the  same.  Some  admit  of  a  large  range  of  ankle  articulation,  while 
others  limit  it  so  that  there  is  but  very  slight  motion.  Some  have 
side  motion;  others,  equally  as  conscientious,  condemn  that  motion 
and  employ  only  front  and  back  motion.  Being  convinced  by  most 
careful  study  and  experimentation  that  an  artificial  leg  is  im- 
proved in  proportion  to  the  abridgment  of  its  mechanical  move- 
ments, we  dissuade  all  from  using  the  side  motion.  Some 
manufacturers  employ  rubber  for  springs  in  the  ankle  and  toes; 
others  prefer  steel.  One  method  has  little  advantage  over  the 
other. 

The  Ankle-Joint  Kubber  Foot. — Cut  B  5  represents  an  ankle- 
jointed  rubber  foot  after  our  preferred  plan.     Cut  B  6  represents 


Cut  B  5. 


Cut  B  6. 


the  ankle  articulation  in  sectional  view.  The  axis  on  which  the 
foot  moves  consists  of  a  bolt  that  passes  through  the  foot  at  the 
ankle,  connected  with  steel  strips  riveted  to  the  lower  sides  of  the 
leg.  A  steel  spiral  compression  spring,  one  end  of  which  is  placed 
in  a  cylinder  and  the  other,  receiving  a  piston,  is  placed  in  the 
ankle  in  such  manner  as  to  act  on  the  rear  part  of  the  foot,  im- 
pinging against  the  front  interior  part  of  the  socket,  forcing  the 
heel  downward  and  the  front  of  the  foot  upward.  The  articulation 
at  the  ankle  is  limited  by  the  check  cord  placed  in  the  rear.  It  is 
made  of  the  strongest  flexible  material.  This  method  of  articula- 
tion can  be  used  with  wooden  feet  as  well  as  rubber  ones.  When 
rubber  is  used  it  is  not  necessary  to  have  a  mechanical  articulation 
at  the  base  of  the  toes  as  the  rubber  itself  will  furnish  that  motion. 
Cut  B  7  represents  the  ankle  at  extension,  the  foot  flat  on  the 
ground  when  the  leg  is  thrown  forward  and  weight  applied.  Cut 
B  8  represents  the  ankle  at  flexion  and  weight  applied  to  the  toes. 

The  Felt  Foot. — Is  so  seldom  used  that  it  is  only  referred  to  here 
in  order  to  make  our  descriptions  complete.  Its  use  is  to  be 
strongly  condemned.  Felt  possesses  no  stability.  It  is  an  absorb- 
ent of  moisture  and  lacks  resiliency,  and  is  therefore  wanting  in 
the  most  essential  qualities  that  should  characterize  the  material 
used  in  the  construction  of  an  artificial  foot, 


26  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 

Ankle  Joints  when  Preferred. — ^While  many  years  of  observa- 
tion and  study  have  convinced  us  that  the  best  results  are  obtained 
from  artificial  legs  with  rubber  feet  rigidly  attached,  it  is  neverthe- 
less true  that  some  persons  form  prejudices  that  cannot  be  removed 
even  by  the  most  logical  arguments.  Another  class,  who  may  be 
put  in  the  same  group,  are  those  who,  for  a  long  period,  have  worn 
artificial  limbs  with  articulating  ankles ;  and  have  become  so  inured 
to  them  that  a  change,  no  matter  how  beneficial  it  might  ultimately 
prove,  would  subject  them  to  annoyance.  We  care  not  to  antago- 
nize those  who  think  and  feel  this  way;  we  are  therefore  prepared 


Cut  B  7.  Cut  B  8. 

to  construct  artificial  legs  for  them  that  are  similar  in  construction 
to  those  they  have  worn  and  have  become  accustomed  to. 

We  frequently  hear  of  persons  who  are  inclined  to  patronize  us 
on  account  of  the  reputability  of  the  house,  but  who  hesitate  in 
doing  so  on  account  of  their  doubts  as  to  whether  they  themselves 
would  make  a  success  with  artificial  legs  without  ankle  articula- 
tions. The  idea  of  the  rubber  foot  is  acceptable,  but  rigidity  at  the 
ankle  is  doubtful.  The  element  of  doubt  hinders  their  entering 
into  any  experiment  the  success  of  which  is  entirely  at  their  risk. 

We  are  disposed  to  meet  any  such  person  on  a  basis  of  equity  and 
will  funish  him  with  an  artificial  leg  with  rubber  foot  rigidly 
attached  at  the  ankle  with  the  understanding  that,  if  after  reason- 
able trial  he  feels  that  he  would  prefer  the  ankle  joint,  we  will 
apply  one  for  him  without  extra  charge. 

As  we  regard  rubber  feet  rigidly  attached  at  the  ankle  better  for 
general  purposes,  we  make  limbs  that  way  unless  otherwise  in- 
structed. 

Prices  are  the  same  whether  rubber  feet  are  permanently  attached 
pr  made  to  articulate,  whether  feet  are  of  wood,  metal,  or  rvbber, 


CHAPTEE  III 
PAETIAL  FEET  AMPUTATIONS 

Single-Toe  Amputations. — The  loss  of  a  single  toe,  particularly 
if  it  be  the  great  one,  may  or  may  not  be  the  cause  of  inconvenience 
and  discomfort,  yet  the  application  of  an  artificial  part  is  often 
found  necessary,  both  as  an  aid  in  walking  and  as  a  protection  to 
the  amputated  surface. 

If  one  or  more  of  the  interplaced  toes  are  removed  and  the 
hiatus  has  been  filled  up  by  the  union  of  the  adjacent  surfaces, 
there  can  be  no  gain  whatever  in  applying  artificial  ones.  If  the 
great  toe  (see  Cut  C  1)  or  the  small  toe  be  removed,  and  the  am- 


A  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 

Cut  C  1.  Cut  C  2.  Cut  C  3. 

putated  surface  is  tender  and  painful  to  the  touch,  an  appliance 
similar  to  that  represented  in  Cut  C  2  can  be  advantageously 
applied. 

This  appliance  consists  of  a  duplicate  of  the  removed  part,  made 
of  suitable  material  and  secured  to  a  plate  shaped  as  the  sole  of 
the  foot.  It  is  held  to  the  foot  by  an  incasement  of  leather,  laced 
down  the  front;  when  applied  it  is  ready  for  the  shoe,  as  shown  in 
Cut  C  3.  This  simple  arrangement  protects  the  amputated  sur- 
face, assists  in  walking,  fills  the  shoe,  and  prevents  unsightly 
wrinkles  in  the  leather. 

Amputations  at  Base  op  Toes. — ^It  is  necessary  to  apply  an  arti- 
ficial part  when  all  the  toes  have  been  removed,  as  shown  in  Cut 
C  4.  It  must  be  so  constructed  that  it  can  be  held  in  place  and 
avoid  pressure  on  the  scarred  surface.  Shoes  stuffed  with  cotton 
or  with  pieces  of  cork  should  never  be  used ;  such  expedients,  having 
no  support  on  the  under  sides,  will  eventually  encroach  on  the 
amputated  surfaces  and  permit  the  shoe  to  bend  near  the  ends  of 
the  stumps. 

An  appliance  illustrated  in  Cut  C  5  is  suitable  for  such  an 
amputation;  it  is  shown  applied  in  Cut  C  6.  It  can  be  made  of 
wood  or  metal  as  may  be  required,  and  shaped  to  receive  the  foot  in 
a  comfortable  manner ;  tender  points  are  protected  by  recesses  pro- 

27 


28  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  Yorh  City. 

vided  for  them.  Cut  C  6  shows  this  apparatus  applied  and  ready 
for  the  shoe.  Usually  the  mate  to  the  shoe  worn  on  the  natural 
foot  can  be  used  without  alteration;  in  cases  where  more  room  is 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 

Cut  C  4.  Cut  C  5.  Cut  C  6. 

needed,  almost  any  shoemaker  can  supply  it  by  ripping  off  part  of 
the  upper  and  substituting  a  larger  piece. 

Instep  Amputations. — These  are  termed  tarso-metatarsal  and 
medio-tarsal  by  the  surgical  profession,  and  are  frequently  des- 
ignated by  the  names  of  the  surgeons  who  first  performed  them, 
as  Chopart,  Lisf ranc.  Hays,  Hancock,  and  many  others.  These 
amputations  are  performed,  with  the  object  of  sacrificing  as  little 
of  the  foot  as  possible,  and  retaining  the  heel  and  a  part  of  the  foot 
as  a  base  on  which  the  patient  is  supposed  to  be  able  to  walk  or 
stand.  Although  a  person  with  the  front  part  of  his  foot  removed 
may  be  able  to  get  about  with  an  ordinary  shoe,  it  is  not  long  before 
he  discovers  that  something  is  lacking  and  his  locomotion  impeded 
by  the  absence  of  the  removed  part.  He  may  pack  the  vacancy  in 
his  shoe  with  cotton,  cork,  or  other  material,  and  may  re-enforce  the 
sole  with  a  steel  plate;  but  he  soon  finds  that  only  partial  relief 
has  been  obtained,  and  that  there  is  an  imperative  demand  for  a 
substitute  for  the  ball  of  the  foot  which  will  enable  him  to  rise  on 
and  elevate  his  heel  from  the  ground.  Something  is  needed  having 
great  strength  and  that  can  be  firmly  secured  to  the  remaining 
part  of  foot  and  leg. 

The  construction  of  artificial  feet  for  this  class  of  amputations 
has  taxed  the  ingenuity  of  artificial-limb-makers  for  many  years. 
The  absence  of  space  between  the  bottom  of  the  heel  and  the  floor 
presented  an  obstacle  to  the  construction  of  a  helpful  and  durable 
appliance  until  aluminum  was  employed.  It  may  be  useful  to  re- 
view some  of  the  devices  used  for  such  cases. 

Cut  C  7  represents  a  stump  resulting  from  a  partial  foot  amputa- 
tion. 

Ill-Advised  Prothesis. — Cut  C  8  represents  the  way  in  which 
many  manufacturers  have  endeavored  to  supply  the  want.  The 
appliance  consists  of  a  leather  shoe  inclosing  the  stump  and  part  of 
the  ankle,  the  front  of  which  is  made  of  wood,  rubber,  or  cork  with 
a  metal  plate  at  the  base,  running  from  heel  to  toe,  calculated  to 
make  the  sole  firm  and  unyielding  at  the  ball.  This  apparatus 
gives  a  natural  appearance  to  the  amputated  member,  but  fails  to 
support  the  wearer  in  a  helpful  or  substantial  way.  The  stump 
will  soon  crowd  forward,  coming  into  impleasant  contact  with  the 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 


29 


appliance;  the  steel  plate  will  bend  or  break  and  the  shoe  will 
yield  where  the  stump  terminates,  creasing  the  shoe  and  making 
it  rocker-shaped;  consequently  it  utterly  fails  in  supplying  the 
want,  because  of  the  lack  of  firmness  with  which  it  is  held  to  the 
remaining  part;  the  heel,  moreover,  will  yield  to  the  constantly 
contracting  tendency  of  the  tendo- Achilles  and  become  displaced. 

Cut  C  9  represents  another  ill-advised  apparatus.     It  consists  of 
a  sheet  of  metal  formed  to  receive  the  remaining  plantar  surface 


A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 


Cut  C  7. 


Cut  C  8. 


C  ut  C  9. 


of  the  foot;  bent  up  on  either  side,  hinged  at  the  ankle  to  steel 
straps  thus  providing  a  joint  for  ankle  articulation ;  the  steel  straps 
run  up  the  sides  of  the  leg  and  are  held  in  position  by  a  leather 
corset,  shaped  to  inclose  the  leg.  The  front  of  the  metal  sole  is 
secured  to  a  part  of  a  foot.  The  main  objection  to  this  device  is 
the  insecurity  of  the  attachment;  weight  applied  to  the  ball  of  the 
foot  will  cause  the  ankle  to  flex  and  permit  the  amputated  surface 
of  the  stump  to  rub  against  either  the  front  or  the  bottom  plate, 
causing  abrasions;  a  heel  cord  placed  at  the  back  connecting  the 
leg  section  with  the  foot  plate  will  not  be  effective  in  holding  the 
appliance  in  its  proper  position  at  all  times  and  checking  the 
action  of  the  ankle  articulation  at  the  proper  angle. 

Objections. — ^A  glance  will  show  that  the  legs  illustrated  in  Cuts 
C  8  and  C  9  must  prove  inadequate.  When  weight  is  applied  to 
the  ball  of  the  foot  the  heel  of  the  artificial  part  will  remain  on  the 
ground,  while  the  heel  of  the  stump  will  lift  away.  The  wearer 
will  walk  flat-footed  and  will  press  the  delicate  cicatrized  surface 
against  the  attachment.  These  conditions  will  not  only  cause 
suffering  but  defeat  the  object  of  the  artificial  foot. 

It  might  appear  that  an  appliance  constructed  on  the  plan  shown 
in  Cut  C  5  could  be  secured  so  firmly  to  the  remaining  part  of  a 
Chopart  stump  as  to  enable  the  wearer  to  rise  on  the  ball.  If  this 
were  possible  the  method  of  treatment  would  be  greatly  simplified ; 
unfortunately,  however,  the  severity  of  the  compression  needful 


30  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 

to  hold  the  appliance  in  place  when  weight  is  thrown  on  the  ball, 
will  stop  the  flow  of  blood  in  the  heel,  causing  great  pain,  endanger- 
ing the  health  of  the  entire  leg. 


Cut  C  10. 


Cut  C  11. 


It  is  important  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  it  is  absolutely  useless 
to  apply  any  form  of  foot  to  a  partial  foot  stump  unless  the  artifi- 
cial part  is  held  so  firmly  that  the  wearer  may  rise  on  the  ball  of  the 


.A,  A    MARKS.  N.  Y 


Cut  C  12. 


Cul  C  13. 


foot,  and  not  only  support  his  weight  while  in  that  position  but 
carr^  such  additional  weight  and  resist  such  strains  as  his  habits 
or  occupation  demand. 

Cut  C  10  represents  an  amputation  a  little  forward  of  the  instep. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  York  City. 


81 


The  wisdom  of  the  application  of  apparatus  C  5  in  this  case  is 
doubtful.  It  might  prove  adequate  in  the  case  of  a  person  who 
does  little  walking  and  no  lifting,  and  who  places  little  demand  on 
the  front  part  of  the  foot;  but  for  a  laboring  man,  who  has  to  lift 
and  carry  articles  of  weight,  it  would  be  a  disappointment.  It  will 
be  better  considered,  therefore,  among  instep  amputations  that  re- 
quire the  placing  and  distribution  of  the  strain  above  the  ankle 
joint. 

Cuts  C  11,  C  12,  C  13,  and  C  14  show  instep  amputations  after 
the  Lisfranc,  Hancock,  and  Chopart  methods.     Cut  C  15  shows  an 


Cut  C  14. 


Cut  C  15. 


amputation  of  the  instep  with  all  the  tarsals  removed,  a  part  of 
the  astragalus  and  the  entire  os-calcis  retained  and  kept  in  their 
normal  relations,  a  very  unusual  occurrence. 

The  remaining  plantar  surfaces  of  each  of  these  amputations 
are  of  a  character  to  permit  the  application  of  the  weight  of  the 
wearer  on  them. 

Cuts  C  16  and  C  17  show  instep  amputations  in  which  the  heels 
have  retracted  slightly,  but  not  so  much  so  as  to  prohibit  the  ap- 
plication of  weight  to  the  remaining  plantar  surfaces. 

Practical  Prothesis. — The  only  artificial  limb  that  has  ever  been 
devised  that  adequately  meets  the  needs  of  any  of  the  above  instep 
amputations  is  illustrated  in  Cut  C  18.  A  half  leg,  or  front,  in- 
cluding the  core  of  the  foot,  is  made  of  aluminum,  without  articula- 
tion at  the  ankle.  The  rear  half  is  made  of  leather,  shaped  to 
incase  the  leg  and  the  aluminum  shell  and  hold  the  appliance  in 
place,  as  shown  in  Cut  C  19.     The  sole  of  the  foot,  including  the 


32  A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limls,  Nciv  Yorh  City. 


toes,   is  made  of  rubber  with  a  spring  mattress  as  described  in 
Chapter  II.     Comfortable  bearings  are  provided  by  proper  fittings 


Cut  C  16.  Cut  C  17. 

and  suitable  linings.     The  pressure  needed  to  secure  firmness  is 
distributed  over  the  entire  leg  from  the  ankle  to  the  knee ;  with  this 


Cut  C  18. 


Cut  C  19. 


leg  the  wearer  can  rise  on  the  ball  of  the  foot  without  endangering 
the  amputated  surfaces  or  straining  the  ankle  joint.     The  shin- 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  York  Oily.  33 


bone  is  protected  by  the  aluminum  shell  on  the  front,  and,  when 
dressed,  presents  an  appearance  very  close  to  nature.  When  there 
is  a  tendency  for  the  heel  to  retract,  the  leather  sheath  at  the  back 
is  re-enforced  with  metal  shaped  to  hold  the  heel  down  to  its  proper 
place. 

This  artificial  leg  can  be  worn  without  inconvenience  or  pain. 
The  wearer  walks  gracefully,  striking  the  heel  first,  then  rolling  on 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 


Cut  C  30. 


Cut  C  21. 


the  sole  until  the  ball  is  reached,  and  then  rising  on  the  ball  he 
receives  assistance  in  walking.  Cut  C  20  shows  the  leg  applied  and 
the  wearer  seated.  Cut  C  21  shows  the  leg  applied  with  the  shoe 
on  and  the  wearer  walking  with  the  weight  on  the  ball  of  the  foot, 
similar  to  the  position  taken  by  the  natural  foot  when  in  the  act  of 
throwing  the  body  forward. 

The  method  of  meeting  instep  amputations,  as  just  described, 
possesses  many  merits  aside  from  those  to  which  attention  has  been 
called. 

Eetracted  Heels. — Cuts  C  22,  C  23,  C  24,  show  amputations  in 
which  the  heels  are  retracted  so  that  the  amputated  surfaces  are 
directly  under  the  legs,  where  the  weight  must  be  applied  if  the 
bearings  are  to  be  at  the  ends.  These  are  unfortim.ate  conditions. 
An  artificial  leg  cannot  be  applied  to  a  stump  under  such  condi- 
tions that  will  permit  any  pressure  on  the  scarred  extremity;  the 
weight,  therefore,  must  be  placed  immediately  below  the  knee  or 
about  the  thigh. 


34  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 


A  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 


Cut  C  23. 


Cut  C  23. 


Cut  C  24. 


A  limb  constructed  on  the  plan  sLown  in  Cut  C  25  is  adaptable 
for  some  stumps  with  retracted  heels;  the  rear  half  is  made  of 


Cut  C  25. 


Cut  C  2G. 


metal,  the  front  of  leather,  capable  of  being  laced.     This  permits 
close  fittings  about  the  heel  and  tends  to  force  it  back  to  its  proper 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.  35 

position.  If  the  sides  of  the  leg  are  sloping,  the  fitting  can  be  such 
as  to  apply  all  the  weight  on  the  leg  immediately  below  the  knee. 
Cut  C  26  shows  the  leg  applied  and  the  wearer  seated. 

If  the  sides  of  a  leg  do  not  slope  sufficiently  to  prevent  settling 
into  the  artificial  leg  socket,  it  is  necessary  to  introduce  an  annular 
top  and  possibly  knee  joints  and  thigh  support.  The  annular  top 
can  be  applied  to  a  leg  constructed  as  described;  it  then  has  the 
appearance  of  Cut  C  27.     It  can  also  be  applied  to  a  leg  constructed 


Cut  C  27, 


Cut  C  28. 


on  the  plan  of  C  25.  Knee  joints  and  thigh  support  can  likewise 
be  applied  to  a  leg  constructed  on  the  plan  of  either  C  18  or  C 
25.  Cut  C  28  shows  such  additions  applied  to  C  18  leg..  When  the 
annular  top  is  employed  the  support  is  calculated  to  be  localized 
immediately  below  the  knee.  The  leg  is  opened  from  the  rear  and 
the  stump  inserted;  the  annular  top  is  laced  firmly  and  the  leather 
sheath  is  pulled  over  the  entire  apparatus  and  laced  in  front. 
When  the  knee  joint  and  thigh  support  are  required,  as  shown  in 
Cut  C  28,  the  lower  section  of  the  leg  is  made  of  aluminum,  with 
the  rear  sheath  of  leather.  The  thigh  part  incases  the  natural 
thigh  and  holds  it  with  sufficient  firmness  to  carry  the  weight  above 
the  knee  and  so  prevent  the  leg  from  slipping  in  the  socket. 

Aluminum  Sockets. — The  utilization  of  aluminum  in  the  con- 
struction of  artificial  legs  for  instep  amputations  is  especially 
advantageous.  It  can  be  worked  to  a  very  slight  thickness,  thus 
adding  but  little  to  the  diameters  of  the  large    stump    that    it 


36  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limls,  New  Yorh  City. 

incases.  A  wood  socket  would  require  a  thickness  of  at  least  half 
an  inch  on  each  side,  thus  making  the  leg  conspicuously  bulky 
and  objectionable. 

During  the  past  few  years  we  have  made  many  experiments 
■  looking  to  the  general  application  of  aluminum  in  the  construc- 
tion of  artificial  limbs  for  upper  amputations,  but  have  met  with 
disappointment  except  in  ankle-joint  and  partial-foot  amputations. 
The  characteristics  of  aluminum  are  low  specific  gravity  and  com- 
parative strength.  Its  weight  is  the  least  of  all  metals  (one-quarter 
that  of  silver).  Its  strength  is  comparable  with  that  of  copper.  It 
will  not  corrode  when  exposed  to  fresh  water  or  to  a  moist  atmos- 
phere. 

We  desire  to  correct  the  prevalent  impression  often  expressed  in 
the  remark  that  aluminum  is  "  lighter  than  cork  and  stronger  than 
steel."  As  a  matter  of  fact  aluminum  will  sink  in  water,  whereas 
cork  or  wood  will  float;  it  is  therefore  heavier  and  although 
aluminum  is  strong,  it  has  but  a  fractional  part  of  the  strength  of 
straight-grained  wood.  Its  use  in  artificial  legs  is,  therefore,  nar- 
rowed down  to  sockets  for  long  and  large  stumps,  where  the 
minimizing  of  bulk  is  an  important  feature. 

We  hold  United  States  patents  on  artificial  limbs  with  alumi- 
num sockets,  and  if  we  could  make  satisfactory  use  of  that  metal 
for  general  purposes  we  would  unhesitatingly  do  so. 


CHAPTER  IV 
ANKLE-JOINT  AMPUTATIONS 

Tibio-Tarsal  Stumps. — Amputations  through  the  ankle  articula- 
tions with  or  without  the  maleoli,  flaps  formed  of  heel  tissues, 
provide  stumps  that  can  be  fitted  with  artificial  legs  in  an  ad- 
vantageous way.  Surgeons  call  these  amputations  tibio-tarsal  or 
Symes,  and  if  the  os-calcis  is  retained  and  secured  at  the  extremity 
of  the  tibia,  it  is  known  as  Pirogoff's. 

Usually  ankle-joint  amputations  produce  stumps  that  admit  of 
weight  being  taken  on  their  extremities.     If  cicatrices  are  on  the 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y, 

Cut  D  1. 


Cut  D  2. 


bearing  surfaces  or  nerve  complications  are  present,  they  become 
non-end-bearing  and  artificial  limbs  must  be  applied  that  permit  no 
pressure  or  contact  on  the  tender  extremities. 

End-Bearing. — Cuts  D  1  to  D  6  show  end-bearing  tibio-tarsal 
stumps,  with  flaps  favorable  for  the  application  of  pressure  and 
with  cicatrices  well  away  from  the  bearing  surfaces.  Cut  D  7  illus- 
trates an  artificial  leg  suitable  for  any  of  these  types;  Cut  D  8 
shows  it  applied  with  the  wearer  seated.  Cut  D  9  shows  a  Pirogoif 
stump  with  a  suitable  leg,  patterned  after  style  D  7.  Cut  D  10 
shows  the  leg  applied  and  the  foot  covered  with  stocking  and  shoe. 
Cut  D  11  shows  the  wearer  fully  dressed.    In  walking  his  step  is 

S7 


38  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


A    MARKS.  N.  Y, 

Cut  D  5. 


CutD 


graceful,  the  foot  imitates  nature,  there  is  no  limping,  and  he  is 
amply  equipped  to  engage  in  any  occupation,  even  the  most  la- 
borious. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorlc  City.  39 


Cut  D  9. 


Cut  D  10. 


Cut  D  11. 


Construction  of  Scitable  Artificial  Leg.— The  construction  of 
D  7  style  IS  simple.  The  front,  which  is  the  resisting  part,  and  the 
core  of  the  foot,  are  cast  in  aluminum,  the  interior  surface  being 


40         A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  YorJc  City. 

formed  to  receive  the  anterior  surface  of  the  leg  from  the  knee 
down.  It  is  so  fitted  that  pressure  will  be  distributed  over  the 
front  area,  the  shin  bone  and  tender  parts  of  the  leg  being 
protected  and  not  allowed  to  bear  pressure.  The  rear  part  is  of 
leather,  shaped  to  fit  the  calf  and  the  back  of  the  leg.  It  is  secured 
at  its  lower  end  to  the  aluminum  socket,  and  when  the  stump  is  in 
place  it  incases  the  whole  apparatus  from  the  knee  down,  holding 
the  leg  in  place  with  firmness,  the  pressure  being  regulated  by- 
lacing.  The  foot  is  of  sponge  rubber,  re-enforced  with  spring  mat- 
tress as  explained  in  Chapter  II.     Weight  is  taken  by  the  end  of 


Cut  D  13. 


Cut  D  13. 


the  stump  resting  on  a  surface  of  proper  shape,  covered  by  a  suit- 
able pad.  The  strains  resulting  from  rising  on  the  ball  of  the  foot 
are  not  permitted  to  come  on  the  stump ;  they  are  distributed  over 
the  leg,  about  the  sides  of  the  shin  from  the  knee  to  the  ankle.  A 
stocking  and  shoe  are  drawn  over  the  foot,  and  the  apparatus  is  a 
counterpart  in  appearance  to  the  sound  leg. 

This  style  of  leg  for  ankle-joint  amputation  has  received  the 
most  complimentary  comments;  it  has  given  great  satisfaction  to 
those  who  have  worn  it ;  and  it  has  been  quite  generally  adopted. 

Occasionally  conditions  require  the  construction  of  a  limb  in  a 
manner  reverse  to  that  just  described,  the  stump  is  admitted  from 
the  front  instead  of  the  rear.  In  such  cases  limbs  are  built  on  the 
plan  illustrated  in  Cut  D  12.  The  construction  is  practically  the 
same  as  D  7,  except  that  the  metal  socket  is  placed  at  the  back  and 
the  leather  lace  in  front.     The  shin  bone  is  protected  by  a  padded 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yoric  City. 


41 


loose  fly-piece  over  which  the  lacing  passes.  Cut  D  13  illustrates 
the  leg  applied. 

If  the  end  of  the  stump  is  small  and  has  no  prominences  on  the 
side,  the  socket  and  core  of  the  foot,  which  are  integrally  one  piece, 
are  carved  from  a  block  of  wood  the  grain  of  which  curves  on  the 
line  of  greatest  strains.  When  the  end  of  the  stump  is  large  and  it 
is  desired  to  incase  it  in  a  socket  of  minimum  thickness,  aluminum 
must  be  employed  for  reasons  given. 

Partially  End-Bearing. — If  only  a  part  of  the  weight  of  the 
wearer  can  be  borne  on  the  end  of  the  stump  the  top  of  the  socket 
must  be  made  annular  and  fitted  so  that  it  will  impinge  against  the 
sloping  part  of  the  leg  below  the  knee.     Cuts  D  14  and  D  16 


Cut  D  14. 


Cut  D  15. 


illustrate  suitable  legs  for  the  same  and  Cuts  D  15  and  D  17 
show  them  applied.  It  is  obvious  that  a  stump,  being  inserted 
from  the  top  of  the  socket  of  either,  will  not  enter  further  than  the 
top  of  the  socket  will  permit,  and  this  is  just  far  enough,  to  limit 
pressure  on  the  end  or  to  avoid  it  altogether.  When  pressure  can 
be  taken  on  the  end,  it  is  regulated  by  the  thickness  of  the  pad 
placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  socket  on  which  the  end  of  the  stump 
rests. 

A  socket  that  admits  the  stump  from  the  front,  as  in  Cuts  D  12 
and  D  14,  is  objectionable  when  the  end  of  the  stump  is  very  large. 
The  material  necessary  for  strength  is  on  the  sides  of  the  stump 
and  increases  the  diameter  of  the  ankle.    It  also  affords  but  little 


42  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Torh  City. 

protection  to  the  sharp  or  sensitive  shin  bone.     Styles  D  7  and  D 
16  are  not  open  to  this  objection,  but  give  a  smooth,  unbroken 


Cut  D  16. 


Cut  D  17. 


front,  which  can  be  neatly  dressed;  they  are  lighter  and  stronger 
than  D  12  or  D  14,  because  the  strain  resulting  from  rising  on  the 
ball  of  the  foot  is  carried  forward  from  the  point  of  contact  to  a 
point  on  line  with  the  front  of  the  leg :  and  as  this  point  is  usually 
halfway  between  the  ball  and  the  heel  the  strain  is  one-half  of  that 
applied  in  D  12,  which  throws  the  strain  from  the  ball  to  the  rear 
of  the  heel.  For  this  reason  the  material  on  the  sides  of  the  stump 
and  on  the  rear  of  the  leg  has  to  be  as  thick  again  as  the  material 
on  the  sides  and  front  of  the  D  7.     Hence  the  difference  in  weight. 

Sensitive  Ends. — There  are  tibio-tarsal  stumps  that  are  so 
sensitive  at  the  extremities  that  no  pressure  whatever  can  be 
tolerated  either  on  the  ends  or  at  the  sides  of  the  ends.  Notwith- 
standing this  condition,  artificial  limbs  can  be  applied  that  will  be 
helpful  and  comfortable.  Cuts  D  18,  D  19,  and  D  20  represent 
stumps  of  this  character. 

If  the  surfaces  immediately  below  the  knee  are  sufficiently  slop- 
ing to-  offer  resistance,  D  14  or  D  16  leg  can  be  used,  the  pressure 
being  placed  on  the  sides  of  the  upper  half  of  the  leg  immediately 
below  the  knee.     The  stump  from  calf  down  hangs  in  space. 

When  a  leg  and  stump  are  nearly  uniform  in  size,  the  sides  being 
parallel  or  nearly  so,  an  artificial  leg  with  knee  joints  and  thigh 
piece  must  be  used.  Cut  D  21  represents  a  leg  suitable  for  such  a 
case.     Cut  D  22  shows  the  same  with  knee  flexed  and  sheath  un- 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


43 


Cut  D  18. 


Cut  D  19. 


Cut  D  20. 


Cut  D  21. 


Cut  D  22. 


laced.  The  lower  section  is  made  of  wood  or  aluminum,  as  the 
conditions  of  the  stump  demand.  The  rubber  foot  is  attached  in 
the  usual  way,  and  the  leather  sheath  passes  from  the  rear  to  the 


44 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


front,  holding  the  stump  in  place.  The  weight  of  the  wearer  is 
supported  by  side  joints  connecting  the  thigh  parts  with  the  lower 
portions. 

Cuts  D  23  and  D  24  illustrate  the  front  and  side  views  of  a  leg 
constructed  in  a  similar  manner.  It  is  fitted  to  receive  the  leg  and 
stump  from  the  front  instead  of  the  rear ;  it  contains  no  important 
advantage  in  construction,  but  is  preferred  by  some  persons. 

Side  joints  and  thigh  supports  are  essential  when  stumps  cannot 


il 


Cut  D  23. 


Cut  D  24. 


be  supported  on  the  sloping  surfaces  just  below  the  knees,  and  when 
they  are  liable  to  become  sensitive  and  irritable  on  account  of 
impaired  vitality. 

Peg  Legs. — Ankle-joint  stumps  should  never  use  peg  legs  except 
when  they  need  disciplining  or  shrinking.  Some  stumps  with 
extremely  sensitive  ends,  on  which  pressure  cannot  be  immediately 
applied,  give  promise  of  improvement  in  course  of  time.  There  are 
also  stumps  that  are  cedematous — made  up  with  soft,  flaccid  tissue 
which  will  pass  away  in  a  brief  period.  In  such  cases,  an  inex- 
pensive peg  leg  can  be  used  to  advantage.  One  may  stump  about 
on  a  peg  leg  applied  to  a  stump  reaching  to  the  ankle  joint,  much 
the  same  as  one  who  uses  a  peg  leg  on  an  upper  amputation,  but, 
having  no  foot,  its  functions  are  limited  to  that  of  a  support. 


CHAPTER  V 

BELOW-KNEE  AMPUTATIONS 

Long  Tibial  Stumps. — An  amputation  at  any  point  above  the 
ankle  and  below  the  knee  produces  a  tibial  stump,  so  termed  by  the 
surgical  profession,  because  the  tibia  or  shin  bone  has  partly  been 
saved. 

Enlarged  Non-End-Bearing. — ^Cut  E  1  illustrates  a  stump  reach- 
ing close  to  the  ankle  joint.  The  extremity,  as  is  usual  in  long 
stumps,  is  poorly  protected  and  incapable  of  bearing  pressure,  and. 


A.  A.  MARKS.  N.  Y 


Cut  E  1. 


Cut  E  2. 


on  account  of  a  slight  enlargment  at  the  end,  an  artificial  leg  must 
be  made  so  that  the  stump  can  be  placed  in  the  socket  from  the 
front  or  rear  instead  of  being  inserted  at  the  top.  Cut  E  2  repre- 
sents an  artificial  leg  especially  adapted  to  stumps  of  this  descrip- 
tion; it  is  shown  applied  and  the  wearer  seated.  It  has  a  socket 
that  incases  the  rear  half  of  the  stump,  with  a  front  of  leather 
that  can  be  laced.  The  rubber  foot  with  spring  mattress  is  con- 
structed as  described  in  Chapter  II,  and  at  the  top  of  the  socket 
are  steel  joints  connecting  the  thigh  supporter.  The  fitting  of  the 
leg  avoids  any  weight  or  pressure  on  the  extremity  of  the  stump 
or  near  the  end,  and  no  pressure  is  applied  at  any  point  below  the 
junction  of  the  middle  and  lower  thirds.    Above  this  it  is  graduated 

45 


46  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  Neio  Yorh  City. 

to  the  knee,  where  the  greatest  amount  of  pressure  is  apphed,  the 
interior  sloping  surface  below  the  knee  carrying  most  of  the  weight. 
The  anterior  prominences  of  the  shin  bone  and  the  exterior 
prominence  of  the  fibula  are  given  ample  room,  so  that  no  contact 
is  applied ;  the  interior  sloping  surfaces  below  the  knee  carry  most 
of  the  weight,  the  supporter  above  the  knee  carrying  its  share. 

No  Pressure  at  the  Popliteal  Space. — It  is  most  important  to 
avoid  pressure  at  the  back  of  the  knee  in  long  stumps.  The  pop- 
liteal space  is  the  vascular  area  of  the  leg,  and  any  undue  pressure 
will  interfere  with  the  circulation  and  impoverish  or  strangulate 
the  end  of  the  stump. 

The  absence  of  ankle  articulation  in  a  leg  for  a  long  tibial  stump 
affords  an  opportunity  to  give  ample  space  for  the  end  without 


Cut  E  3. 


Cut  E  4. 


visibly  increasing  the  external  dimensions  of  the  ankle.  The  rub- 
ber foot  with  spring  mattress  and  yielding  heel  and  toe  provides 
every  requisite  for  easy,  lifelike,  and  noiseless  walking  without 
complicated  connections.  The  absence  of  such  connecting  parts 
avoids  the  necessity  of  making  the  leg  an  inch  or  two  longer  than 
the  natural  one  as  is  often  necessary  to  obtain  space  for  ankle 
mechanism  used  in  other  systems. 

Artificial  legs  with  wooden  articulating  feet  for  stumps  that 
reach  to  any  point  in  the  lower  third  of  the  leg  are  impracticable. 
The  ends  of  long  tibial  stumps  are  sensitive,  easily  irritated,  and 
poorly  nourished,  and  the  slightest  contact  will  cause  abrasion, 
frequently  necessitating  reamputations,. 

Tapering  Stumps. — Cuts  E  3,  E  4,  E  5,  and  E  6  illustrate  long 
tibial  stumps.     Legs  for  such  amputations  must  be  constructed  so 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.  47 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y. 

Cut  E  5. 


Cut  E  6. 


there  will  be  ample  room  for  tHe  extremities.    In  other  words,  the 
ends  are  suspended  in  space.    As  these  stumps  are  tapering  to  the 


Cut  E  7. 


Cut  E  8. 


ends  they  can  be  inserted  from  the  tops  of  the  sockets.     The  socket 
is  hollowed  out  near  the  bottom  of  the  heel  and  an  abundance  oi 


48  A.  A.  Maries^  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


room  provided,  allowing  a  wholesome  circulation  of  air ;  the  exterior 
diameters  of  the  leg  are  not  large  enough  to  be  conspicuous.     The 


Cut  E  9. 


Cut  E  10. 


leg  socket  and  foot  core  are  connected  by  an  aluminum  sheath 
riveted  to  each  part  in  the  most  secure  way. 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y, 

Cut  E  11. 


Cut  E  13. 


The  rubber  foot  is  attached  to  the  core  and  the  leg  is  finished  so 
the  exudations  from  the  extremity  of  the  stump  cannot  possibly 
impair  the  strength  of  the  connected  parts. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


49 


Cuts  E  7  and  E  8  show  sectional  views  of  a  leg-  for  a  long 
tibial  stump;  the  foot  and  log  parts   arc  so   secured  that  they 


A.  A.MARKS,  N.Y. 

Cut  E  13.  Cut  E  14. 

are    practically    one.     This    method    of    construction    admits    of 


Cut  E  15. 


Cut  E  16. 


excavating    the    socket    well    into    the    foot    so    as    to    provide 
ample  air  space.     Substantial  legs  for  such  stumps  cannot  be  made 


50 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  Yorh  City. 


with  ankle  articulations,  for  cords,  springs  and  bolts  require 
space  needed  by  the  stumps.  As  metal  becomes  corroded  by  the 
exudations  of  the  stumps,  wood  is  the  only  material  which  will 
withstand  these  destructive  agencies. 

Ordinary  and  Short  Tibial  Stumps. — No  difficulties  attend  the 
fitting  of  an  artificial  leg  to  a  tibial  stump  reaching  to  any  point 


Cut  E  17. 


^§ 


Cut  E  18. 


between  the  junction  of  the  middle  and  lower  thirds  and  the  knee, 
when  the  knee  joint  is  mobile  to  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  the 
normal  range.  Cuts  E  9  to  E  16  are  typical  below-knee  stumps  of 
a  variety  of  lengths  and  conditions  relative  to  flaps,  cicatrices,  etc. 
The  location  of  the  cicatrices  and  the  character  of  the  flaps  hav^ 
little  importance  in  non-end-bearing  stumps. 

Artificial  Leg  for  Tibial  Stump. — A  leg  suitable  for  a  stump  of 
two  inches  or  more  in  length,  with  the  knee  articulating  through  a 
range  of  90  degrees  or  more,  is  shown  in  Cut  E  17.  Cut  E  18  shows 
it  applied  with  the  wearer  standing.  Cut  E  19  shows  it  with  the 
wearer  seated.     The  action  of  the  knee  joint  is  clearly  presented. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  Oily. 


61 


Construction. — The  leg  consists  of  four  parts:  the  foot,  the 
leg,  which  fills  the  space  between  the  foot  and  the  knee;  the  knee 
joints,  and  the  thigh  piece  or  that  part  that  incases  the  natural 
thigh.  As  the  foot  has  been  explained  in  Chapter  II  it  now  re- 
mains to  describe  in  detail  the  other  parts. 

SocKET.^The  socket  that  receives  the  stump  is  made  from  willow 
or  basswood,  which  is  excavated  to  accommodate  the  stump.  Bear- 
ings are  permitted  at  places  of  toleration.  No  pressure  whatever 
is  put  on  the  vascular  parts  of  the  stump  or  on  sensitive  or 
prominent  bones.     The  end  of  the  stump  is  usually  required  to  hang 


A.  A    MARKS,  N   Y. 

Cut  E  19. 


Cut  B  30. 


free  in  space.  The  exterior  of  the  leg  is  shaped  to  as  near  the 
natural  form  as  the  stump  will  admit.  It  is  strongly  banded  and 
covered.  The  surface  is  enameled  with  a  waterproof  preparation 
having  a  soft  flesh  tint.  Knee  joints  are  of  the  ginglymoid  pat- 
tern, and  as  recently  improved  have  very  durable  wearing  surfaces. 
The  thigh  piece  is  made  of  substantial  leather  shaped  to  the  con- 
tours of  the  thigh. 

Knee  Connection. — Cut  E  20  represents  the  upper  section  of  the 
leg  and  the  lower  section  of  the  thigh  piece,  with  the  knee  joints 
disconnected  at  their  articulations;  aa  are  the  screws  that  hold  the 
bolts  hh  in  place;  cc  are  the  bushings  that  work  on  the  bolts  and 
receive  the  wear;  a  lacing  is  used  to  regulate  the  action  or  me 
knee.  The  mechanical  parts  of  the  knee  joints  are  cor  pletely 
illustrated  in  Cut  E  21. 

Steel  Joints. — Side  joints,  sometimes  called  hinge  or  ginglymoid 
joints,  are  used  in  legs  for  amputations  below  the  knees.  They  are 
more  durable  and  substantial  when  one  of  the  parts  is  placed 


52 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


between  the  lips  of  the  other  and  the  two  connected  with  bolts  and 
screws. 

It  is  nnmechanical  and  not  lasting  to  place  one  section  of  a 
joint  by  the  side  of  the  other,  holding  them  together  by  a  screw,  as 
is  done  by  some  manufacturers.  Such  joints  wear  irregularly  side- 
wise  aiid  have  a  wabbling  motion  after  limited  service.  This  would 
not  occur  if  the  lateral  strains  on  the  upper  sections  could  be  kept 
the  same  at  all  times;  but  lateral  pressure,  causing  unequal  wear 
at  the  bearings,  is  brought  about  by  contracting  the  thigh  by 
lacing,  in  order  to  compress  an  emaciated  thigh  or  distending  it  to 


Cut  E  31. 


Cut  E  32. 


Cut  E  23. 


accommodate  an  enlarged  one.  These  difficulties  are  only  avoided 
by  having  one  of  the  elements  of  the  joints  work  between  the  lips 
of  the  other. 

The  greatest  wear  on  any  joint  is  on  the  bolt  that  holds  the  parts 
together,  and  as  the  attrition  is  the  greatest  when  the  wearer's 
weight  is  directly  over  the  knee  and  becomes  less  as  the  knee  is 
flexed,  the  bolt  must  necessarily  wear  irregularly.  As  the  wearing 
surface  on  the  bolt  was  formerly  limited  to  the  thickness  of  the 
section  that  worked  on  it,  the  wear  was  necessarily  very  rapid. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limls,  New  Yorlc  CiLy.  53 

The  object  of  the  improved  joint  is  to  increase  the  wearing  sur- 
face as  much  as  possible  and  to  make  the  wearing  parts  independent 
and  removable.  They  can  then  be  highly  tempered  and  the  non- 
wearing  parts  left  untempered,  so  that  the  supporting  parts  will  not 
become  friable. 

The  wearing  surfaces  are  increased  more  than  double.  They 
cover  the  entire  surface  of  the  bolt,  and  the  inferior  surfaces  of  the 
holes  in  the  lips  of  the  lower  part.  Cut  E  21  shows  the  mechanism 
very  clearly.  AA  is  the  upper  part;  BB  the  lower  part;  C  is  a 
long  bushing  which  passes  through  the  two  lips  of  the  lower  part 
and  the  one  of  the  upper;  the  lug  D  holds  the  bushing  immovably 
fixed  to  the  upper  part.  The  bolt  B  passes  through  the  long  bushing 
and  becomes  immovably  fixed  to  the  lower  part  by  means  of  a  stop 
pin,  which  is  fastened  to  the  hub  of  the  lower  part,  and  fits  a 
recess  made  in  the  head  of  the  bolt.  The  screw  A  holds  the  bolt 
in  place  and  clamps  the  joint. 

A  glance  at  the  section,  Cut  E  22,  will  show  how  these  parts  work 
together.  Every  movement  of  the  joint  causes  the  long  bushing 
to  revolve  about  the  surface  of  the  bolt  and  in  the  lips  of  the  lower 
part.  This  mechanism  prevents  any  wear  from  taking  place  on 
either  the  upper  or  lower  parts,  and  distributes  what  does  take  place 
over  the  entire  area  of  the  bolt.  The  bushing  and  bolt  are  made 
very  hard,  and  can  be  removed  and  replaced  with  new  ones  at  any- 
time that  may  be  desirable.  Cut  E  23  shows  a  side  view  of  the 
entire  joints  and  ready  to  be  attached  to  the  leg. 

Test. — ^A  pair  of  these  joints,  subjected  to  a  practical  test  equiv- 
alent to  that  of  being  worn  by  a  man  weighing  two  hundred  pounds, 
walking  an  average  distance  of  three  miles  every  day  for  six 
consecutive  years,  failed  to  develop  sufficient  wear  to  cause  noise. 
The  joints  are  made  from  the  most  suitable  steel,  forged  from  solid 
material  faced  and  slotted  with  absolute  accuracy,  drilled,  reamed, 
and  countersunk  in  templates,  the  parts  being  fitted  to  a  nicety  and 
thoroughly  tested  before  being  placed  on  a  leg. 

Thigh  Part. — The  thigh  part  of  the  leg  is  made  of  durable  oak- 
tanned  russet  leather,  formed  to  the  shape  of  the  thigh,  and  suitably 
lined  inside.  There  are  several  methods  by  which  it  is  made  to 
compress  the  thigh ;  buckles  and  straps  are  sometimes  used ;  metallic 
clamps  are  occasionally  preferred ;  but  the  greatest  number  of  limb- 
wearers  find  the  lacing  method  the  most  satisfactory,  as  it  permits 
uniform  adjustments  and  is  neat  and  durable. 

Lacing  Methods. — Cut  E  24  shows  the  double-eyelet  method.  A 
row  of  eyelets  is  placed  on  each  front  edge,  and  a  strong  buckskin 
lacing  passed  through  them.  This  method  has  been  in  vogue  for 
many  years  and  is  still  preferred  by  many  wearers. 

Cut  E  25  shows  the  lacing  system  more  generally  used  at  the 
present  time.  A  row  of  hooks  is  placed  on  one  edge  and  a  row  of 
eyelets  on  the  other.  On  removing  the  leg  the  loops  of  the  lacing 
are  simply  slipped  off  the  hooks,  the  string  remaining  in  the  eyelet 
holes.  When  the  leg  is  put  on,  the  loops  are  put  over  the  hooks  and 
the  cord  is  tightly  drawn.     Some  wearers  wish  hooks  on  each  edg& 


54 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  YorJc  Ciiy. 


the  same  as  on  shoes.     When  this  is  wanted  it  should  be  specified 
in  the  order. 

Cut  E  26  shows  a  device  for  rapid  application.  A  row  of  studs 
is  placed  on  one  edge  of  the  thigh  piece,  and  a  row  of  eyelets  on 
the  other;  a  separate  piece  of  leather  has  also  a  row  of  eyelets  and  a 


Cut  E  24. 


Cut  E  25. 


Cut  E  26. 


Cut  E  27. 


row  of  studs.  This  is  laced  to  one  side  of  the  thigh  piece  and 
buttoned  to  the  other ;  the  lacing  can  be  adjusted  once  for  all.  On 
removing  the  leg  one  side  is  unbuttoned,  and  the  other  remains 
laced,  as  shown  in  Cut  E  2Y. 

Check  Strap. — The  lacing  at  the  back  of  the  knee  checks  the 
knee  action  and  is  regulated  by  the  wearer.  It  is  a  very  strong 
leather  thong,  passing  from  the  thigh  piece  to  the  leg  part,  as  in 
Cut  E  20.     The  more  the  thong  is  tightened  the  less  becomes  the 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City. 


55 


motion  in  the  knee,  and  the  more  weight  will  be  placed  on  the  ball 
of  the  foot  and  less  at  the  heel. 

The  stump,  in  all  cases,  is  inserted  into  the  leg  socket;  the  thigh 
piece  is  drawn  around  the  thigh  and  laced  tight  enough  to  hold  the 
leg  firmly  in  place.  The  stump  enters  the  socket  comfortably. 
Bearings  are  only  admitted  about  the  sloping  part  immediately 
below  the  knee;  the  anterior  surface  of  the  tibia  is  always  accom- 
modated by  a  channel;  the  bony  prominence  of  the  fibula  is  pro- 
vided for  by  a  cavity;  and  the  end  of  the  stump  hangs  free  in 
space,  receiving  no  pressure  whatever,  either  on  the  sides  or  at  the 
end,  except  when  conditions  will  permit. 

Sensitive  Stumps. — In  cases  of  extreme  sensitiveness  the  weight 
can  be  carried  entirely  above  the  knee,  and  the  stump  is  only 


Cut  E  38. 


permitted  to  perform  the  function  of  moving  the  lower  leg  forward 
and  backward. 

Non-End-Bearing  and  End-Bearing. — Weight  can  rarely  be 
applied  to  the  end  of  a  tibial  stump,  and  only  when  the  end  is  pro- 
tected by  bone  flap  or  periosteal  flap  and  well  covered  with  muscle 
tissue.  When  such  favorable  conditions  exist  an  end-bearing  pad 
is  placed  in  the  socket  of  the  leg,  the  thickness  of  which  is  adjus- 
table, so  as  to  increase  or  decrease  the  amount  of  pressure  on  the 
extremity.  The  wearer,  when  dressed  either  with  or  without  the 
end-bearing  pad,  is  able  to  walk,  run,  sit,  or  lie  down.  Every 
posture  will  have  the  semblance  of  nature,  every  movement  will  be 


56  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

made  with  surprising  naturalness.  The  loss  of  the  natural  leg  is 
absolutely  concealed,  and  the  substitution  by  the  artificial  restores 
the  wearer  to  his  usefulness. 

Thighless  Legs. — Artificial  legs  for  tibial  stumps  are  sometimes 
made  without  knee  joints   and   thigh  pieces,   dependence  being 


A.  MARKS,  N.Y., 

Cut  E  29. 


Cut  E  30. 


plaqed  upon  the  socket  when  supporting  the  weight  of  the  wearer, 
and  resisting  such  lateral  strains  as  may  occasionally  be  brought 
upon  the  leg.  Such  a  leg  is  shown  in  Cut  E  28.  Erom  the  knee 
down  its  construction  is  much  the  same  as  leg  E  17.  The  socket  is 
made  of  wood  excavated  to  receive  the  stump  properly.  The  foot 
is  of  sponge  rubber  with  spring  mattress,  and  the  leg  is  covered 
substantially  and  finished  in  flesh-colored  enamel.  Straps  at- 
tached to  the  leg  in  the  region  of  the  calf  are  made  to  pass  around 
the  thigh  immediately  above  the  knee  cap.  If  these  do  not  hold 
the  leg  .firmly  in  place  auxiliary  straps  are  attached,  to  pass  over 
one  or  both  shoulders. 

Some  manufacturers  advocate  the  use  of  thighless  legs  whether 
the  stumps  are  long  or  short,  and  pay  little  attention  to  the 
character  of  the  extremities.  They  attach  more  importance  to  the 
absence  of  thigh  constriction  than  they  do  to  the  danger  of  abra- 
sions on  the  stump  or  injury  to  the  extremity. 

\Yhile  it  is  true  that  there  are  many  cases  in  which  thighless  legs 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  York  City. 


57 


are  applied  and  worn  with  evident  satisfaction,  it  must  be  clear 
that  the  absence  of  a  thigh  supporter  entails  a  sacrifice  of  efficiency 
and  protection.  Metal  knee  joints  and  thigh  supporters  perform 
the  very  important  functions  of  protecting  stumps,  avoiding  side 
strains,  injuries  from  concussions,  and  the  tearing  of  cicatrices. 
Cut  E  29  shows  a  thighless  leg  applied,  the  wearer  standing;  Cut 
E  30  the  rear  view  of  the  same,  Cut  E  31  the  side  view,  and  Cut  E 


A.  A.  MARKS,  N.  Y, 


Cut  E  31. 


Cut  E  32. 


32  the  wearer  seated.  These  cuts  show  the  operations  of  the  leg 
and  the  action  of  the  suspenders. 

Dangers. — When  the  wearer  is  standing  with  his  weight  on  an 
artifi.cial  leg  of  the  thighless  type  the  stump  has  to  carry  all  his 
weight.  This  usually  comes  upon  the  sloping  parts  immediately 
below  the  knee.  If  the  wearer  makes  a  misstep  and  recovers  him- 
self by  his  artificial  leg  the  stump  will  receive  a  strain;  if  he 
carries  a  heavy  weight  his  stump  must  resist  a  force  that  tends 
to  push  it  further  into  the  socket;  and  unless  the  sides  of  the 
stump  are  sufficiently  sloping  to  oppose  this  there  will  be  danger 
of  injury  to  the  flap  and  cicatrix. 

One  of  the  chief  objections  to  the  thighless  leg  is  the  difficulty 
that  arises  when  the  stump  changes  in  size,  as  it  so  often  does.  If 
the  stump  becomes  emaciated  the  socket  of  the  artificial  leg  must 
be  fi.lled  up  to  compensate  for  the  loss  of  flesh,  and  if  the  emacia- 


58  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  YorJc  City. 

tion  is  not  uniform  there  will  be  considerable  difficulty  in  padding 
the  inner  surfaces  of  the  socket  so  as  to  avoid  pressure  on  delicate 
parts. 

One  should  never  experiment  with  the  thighless  leg  unless  the 
stump  has  been  accustomed  to  wearing  an  artificial  leg  for  a 
considerable  length  of  time,  and  has  become  so  thoroughly  dis- 
ciplined that  further  changes  are  not  likely  to  occur.  Those  who 
insist  on  wearing  thighless  artificial  legs,  who  have  worn  thera  from 
choice,  and  who  have  their  stumps  sufficiently  disciplined  will  be 
accommodated  in  their  wishes. 

Slip  Sockets  versus  Wood  Sockets. — Kival  manufacturers  have 
said  and  published  much  about  the  slip  or  sliding  socket  and  con- 
siderable curiosity  has  been  aroused  among  limb-wearers  as  to  the 
merits  of  the  idea.  As  the  slip  socket  applies  almost  exclusively  to 
artificial  legs  for  tibial  stumps,  the  subject  may  be  introduced  and 
discussed  at  this  time. 

We  have  given  the  matter  much  thought  and  subjected  it  to  a 
most  rigid  investigation.  We  have,  moreover,  submitted  the 
scheme  to  many  tests  and  have  conferred  with  several  hundred 
persons  who  had  worn  slip  sockets.  Our  investigations  were 
planned  to  determine  whether  the  scheme  had  sufficient  merit  to 
warrant  us  in  adapting  it  to  our  work. 

We  have  long  been  aware  that  a  well-fitting  socket  of  wood  or 
any  smooth  hard  material  will  never  chafe  the  stump,  even  if  the 
stump  is  permitted  to  move  in  it.  On  the  other  hand  we  have 
known  that  any  socket  made  of  a  yielding  material  like  leather 
will,  from  the  constant  pressure  and  heat  of  the  stump,  change  in 
form  and  cease  to  be  comfortable.  Perspiration  and  other  exuda- 
tions from  the  stump  have  deteriorating  effect  on  any  material 
that  permits  absorption.  All  exudations  from  the  stump  becomes 
putrid  in  a  very  short  time  and  cause  ofl:"ensive  odors  and  bring 
effete  matter  in  contact  with  the  skin.  This  almost  invariably  in- 
fects the  stump  and  causes  unhealthy  conditions.  A  hard  highly 
polished  surface  is  more  pleasant  for  the  stump  than  any  form  of 
soft  yielding  cushions. 

The  slip-socket  idea  is  somewhat  antiquated.  In  1866  the  United 
States  Patent  Office  issued  letters  patent  No.  55,645  to  Daniel 
Gilson,  covering  the  principle  of  the  slip  socket,  consisting  of  a 
leather  socket  molded  on  a  cast  of  the  stump,  then  placed  inside  the 
artificial  leg,  and  held  in  place  by  springs.  Its  object  was  to 
obviate  the  movement  of  the  stump  in  the  socket  and  to  localize 
all  the  motion  between  the  stump  socket  and  the  socket  of  the 
artificial  leg.  It  was  very  soon  found  that  the  stump  socket,  being 
tightly  held  to  the  stump  at  all  times,  constricted  the  blood  vessels 
and  caused  much  trouble.  The  inventor,  being  conscientious, 
abandoned  the  manufacture  of  legs  on  that  plan. 

Quite  recently,  however,  the  slip-socket  feature  has  been  revived, 
and  some  insignificant  modifications  made  on  the  original  Gilson 
model,  mainly  in  the  mode  of  suspending  the  inner  or  slip  socket. 
The  idea  has  been  extensively  advertised  and  a  considerable  num- 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.  59 

ber  put  in  use.  We  have  records  of  many  of  these  cases,  and  we 
feel  it  a  duty  to  the  maimed  community  to  disclose  the  effects  a  slip 
socket  has  had  on  many  stumps. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  in  order  to  carry  out  the  principle 
of  the  slip  or  sliding  socket  the  stump  must  remain  under  constant 
pressure,  great  enough  to  avoid  any  motion  or  friction  between  the 
stump  and  the  socket.  All  the  slipping  and  sliding  due  to  the 
intermittent  application  of  weight,  as  in  walking,  takes  place 
between  the  slip  socket  and  the  socket  of  the  artificial  leg.  Few 
stumps  can  tolerate  this  constant  pressure  without  the  blood  vessels 
becoming  strangulated;  we  therefore  do  all  we  can  to  dissuade 
clients  from  risking  such  a  dangerous  experiment. 

Slipping  of  the  Stump  Desirable. — There  is  nothing  so  pleasant 
to  a  wearer  of  an  artificial  limb,  no  matter  what  kind  of  a  leg  he 
is  wearing,  as  to  be  able  to  lift  his  stump  from  its  bearings  and 
give  it  a  chance  to  rest  and  recover,  exactly  as  one  does  when 
standing  on  natural  legs.  He  throws  his  weight  on  one  leg  for  a 
while  and  then  on  the  other,  and  in  this  way  both  legs  in  their  turn 
become  rested.  Every  wearer  of  a  wood-socket  limb  invariably 
does  this.  It  is  a  source  of  comfort  and  relief;  but  it  cannot  be 
done  with  the  slip  socket,  which  clings  to  the  stump  like  a  leech. 

The  socket  that  is  made  to  fit  the  stump  so  that  pressure  will  be 
uniformly  distributed  over  all  its  parts,  is  neither  scientific  nor 
tolerable.  Every  stump  has  parts  that  will  bear  pressure  and  parts 
that  will  not  stand  any  at  all.  Parts  where  blood  vessels  and  nerves 
are  clustered,  where  the  bones  are  close  to  the  surface  and  poorly 
protected  by  tissue,  must  be  prevented  from  impact.  A  flexible 
socket  has  a  tendency  to  assume  the  shape  of  the  stump  and  dis- 
tribute the  pressure  uniformly,  bringing  as  much  on  the  forbidden 
parts  as  elsewhere.  Therefore  the  flexible  socket  is  a  dangerous 
one  to  wear. 

A  socket  that  fits  properly  will  never  chafe  the  stump,  no  matter 
how  much  it  may  slip,  slide,  or  move  in  it.  This  is  a  fact  ascer- 
tained by  most  careful,  thoughtful,  and  conscientious  investigation, 
and  cannot  be  successfully  controverted.  We  know  from  very 
ample  experience  and  inquiry  that  there  is  no  socket  so  pleasant  to 
wear,  so  light,  so  cool,  and  so  healthful  for  the  stump  as  the  wooden 
one,  when  properly  and  scientifically  fitted.  No  material  has  ever 
given  such  permanently  good  results  as  wood. 

An  Instance. — Mr.  Frank  M.  Talbot  met  with  a  railroad  accident 
in  1890  which  crushed  his  leg.  Amputation  was  made  below  the 
knee,  leaving  a  stump  four  inches  in  length.  He  obtained  an 
artificial  leg  with  wooden  socket,  which  he  wore  for  some  time 
with  efficiency.  His  stump,  following  the  usual  course,  emaciated, 
and  instead  of  having  the  leg  refitted  he  was  prevailed  upon  to 
order  a  new  leg  with  a  slip  socket.  He  wore  the  leg  for  a  while, 
but  gradually  the  end  of  his  stump  became  congested  and  painful. 
He  went  to  his  slip-socket  leg-maker  for  relief,  but  was  told  that 
his  stump  was  diseased  and  nothing  but  medical  or  surgical  treat- 
ment would  help  him.     The  stump  grew  worse;  he  called  in  a 


60  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorTc  City. 

physician,  who  by  medication  brought  it  to  a  healthy  condition, 
but  put  him  on  his  back  for  a  while.  Shortly  after  he  resumed 
wearing  the  slip-socket  leg,  the  trouble  recurred.  He  came  to  New 
York,  and  under  the  impression  that  his  stump  was  diseased,  con- 
sulted several  prominent  surgeons.  All  agreed  that  the  stump  had 
been  strangulated  by  the  artificial  leg,  and  unless  the  cause  was 
removed  the  bone  would  soon  become  infected  and  re-amputation 
would  be  necessary. 

Mr.  Talbot  called  upon  us,  and  on  examination  we  found  the  end 
of  the  stump  swollen  and  as  blue  as  indigo.  An  abscess  was  form- 
ing. We  told  him  that  his  trouble  was  due  to  pressure  upon  the 
blood  vessels,  and  advised  him  to  abandon  the  slip  socket,  and  wear 
a  wooden  one,  so  fitted  that  it  would  not  constrict  the  blood  vessels 
nor  permit  any  of  the  tender  parts  of  the  stump  to  take  pressure. 
He  yielded  to  our  advice,  and  we  made  and  applied  a  leg  with 
wooden  socket  and  our  patent  rubber  foot.  It  was  remarkable 
how  quickly  his  stump  recovered.  As  soon  as  the  pressure  was 
removed  from  the  vascular  parts,  circulation  was  restored  and  the 
stump  became  healthy.  This  was  eleven  years  ago  and  the  stump 
at  this  writing  is  in  a  healthy  condition,  without  the  slightest 
indication  of  a  recurrence  of  his  trouble.  We  can  cite  hundreds  of 
cases  similar  to  this  and  will  gladly  furnish  additional  data  to 
those  desirous  of  investigating  further. 

Waterproof  Legs. — There  are  some  occupations  that  require 
limb-wearers  to  stand  in  damp  and  wet  places,  exposing  their 
artificial  legs  to  moisture,  much  to  their  injury.  Farmers,  miners, 
builders,  woodsmen,  raftsmen,  trappers,  oystermen,  fishermen, 
watchmen,  sailors,  stablemen,  chauffeurs  and  a  thousand  others 
are  of  this  class. 

Our  method  of  constructing  artificial  legs  enables  us  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  these  people  as  they  have  never  been  met  before. 
The  foot  is  of  sponge  rubber  with  spring  mattress,  it  is  perma- 
nently secured  to  the  leg  and  the  whole  is  covered  with  suitable 
material  coated  with  a  waterproof  preparation.  This  method  is 
secured  by  Letters-Patent  July  9,  1912. 

Bathing  Legs. — Persons  who  indulge  in  aquatic  sports  can  use 
artificial  legs  of  this  kind;  with  them  they  can  wade,  bathe,  or 
swim  in  salt  or  fresh  water  exactly  as  persons  in  possession  of 
their  natural  limbs  and  without  disclosing  the  fact  that  their 
limbs  are  other  than  those  provided  by  nature.  Cut  E  7  is  a 
sectional  view  on  which  waterproof  legs  are  constructed.  It 
will  be  seen  that  there  are  no  parts  that  can  be  affected  by 
moisture.  The  entire  lower  leg  is  capable  of  withstanding  the 
severest  strains  and  exposure. 

Shortened  Thigh. — Complicated  conditions  in  tibial  amputa- 
tions frequently  present  themselves  and  require  specially  designed 
artificial  limbs.  Cut  E  33  illustrates  a  case  in  point.  The  injury 
to  the  patient,  necessitating  the  amputation  of  the  leg  below  the 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


61 


knee,  fractured  the  thigh  and  dislocated  the  hip.  The  femur 
became  lapped  and  deflected  and  its  head  was  permanently  dis- 
placed. This  occasioned  a  shortening  of  the  thigh  of  several 
inches.    In  the  artificial  leg  the  shortening  of  the  thigh  was  com- 


..  A.  MARKS.  N.  Y, 


Cut  E  33. 


Cut  E  34. 


pensated  for  by  lengthening  below  the  knee.  A  leg  constructed 
on  the  plan  of  E  17  is  suitable  for  cases  of  this  character.  Its 
thigh  piece  is  made  to  extend  well  up  to  the  body  and  take  in  the 
gluteal  folds  and  the  entire  external  surface  as  far  as  the  crest 
of  the  ilium,  thus  giving  the  necessary  support  to  the  fractured 
part. 

Cut  E  34  illustrates  a  case  of  shortened  thigh  of  the  left  leg 
while  the  right  was  amputated.  It  resulted  from  a  railroad  acci- 
dent which  crushed  the  right  foot  and  ankle  and  fractured  the 
opposite  thigh.  The  right  foot  was  amputated  at  the  junction  of 
the  lower  and  middle  thirds.  Despite  every  effort  to  bring  about 
the  correct  union  of  the  fractured  femur  of  the  left  leg,  the  bones 
slipped,  resulting  in  a  shortening  of  the  thigh  by  several  inches. 
An  artificial  leg  constructed  on  the  plan  of  E  17  was  applied.  The 
leg  from  the  knee  dovra.  was  as  much  shorter  than  the  left  as  the 
thigh  of  the  left  was  shorter  than  the  right. 

In  both  these  cases  the  artificial  legs  necessarily  caused  a  dis- 
parity in  the  lengths  of  the  legs  from  the  knees  down,  but  the 
differences  were  not  noticeable,  even  when  the  wearers  were  seated, 


62 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


except  when  closely  scrutinized.  In  other  respects  there  were  no 
inconveniences  experienced. 

In  ordering  an  artificial  leg  every  peculiarity  of  the  sound  leg 
as  well  as  the  partly  amputated  one  should  be  brought  to  the 
attention  of  the  manufacturer. 

The  Lateral  Adjusting  Socket. — Changeable  stumps  are  more 
frequent  than  generally  known.  By  changeable  stumps  we  mean 
those  that  remain  large  for  a  period  and  then  became  small  and 
then  large  again.  This  characteristic  is  inherent  in  some  stumps 
and  cannot  be  controlled  by  any  method  of  treatment.  An 
artificial  leg  capable  of  being  endured  on  a  stump  of  this  kind  is 


Cut  E  67. 


K''l 


Cut  E  68. 


usually  made  large  enough  to  receive  the  stump  when  it  is  at 
its  largest  dimensions,  and  when  at  its  smallest  additional  socks 
are  worn,  or  linings  are  put  in  the  socket.  There  is  some  in- 
convenience and  annoyance  incurred  in  this  way  of  adjusting. 

Some  manufacturers  make  sockets  of  leather,  with  lacings  down 
the  front,  or  rear,  or  both  and  claim  that  by  drawing  these  lacings 
up  or  letting  them  out,  the  required  adjustment  can  be  made. 
It  is  easily  seen  that  this  method  admits  of  adjustment  from 
front  to  back  only;  the  distance  from  side  to  side  remains  the 
same;  the  steel  side  joints,  necessarily  moving  on  the  same  axis, 
will  not  admit  of  any  change  in  that  direction.  This  is  opposite 
to  what  it  should  be ;  if  the  distance  from  front  to  back  is  lessened 
there  is  increased  pressure  on  the  shin  bone  as  well  as  on  the 
blood  vessel  back  of  the  knee.     The  shin   bone  cannot  endure 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  NevJ  York  City. 


63 


pressure  and  the  blood  vessels  back  of  the  knee,  if  constricted  for 
a  length  of  time,  will  suffer  from  interference  with  the  circulation, 
and  trouble  in  the  end  of  the  stump  will  follow. 

The  Marks  lateral  adjustable  socket  admits  of  the  adjustment 
in  the  right  direction;  this  is  made  possible  by  giving  the  side 
joints  an  additional  hinge  so  that  they  will  move  sidewise  as 
well  as  front  and  back.  With  this  hinge,  and  a  socket  slitted 
front  and  back,  it  is  possible  to  draw  the  sides  of  the  socket  closer 
together  or  set  them  further  apart,  and  still  have  the  centers  of 
motion  in  the  knee  joints  work  on  the  same  axis. 

This  method  of  constructing  artificial  legs  with  provisions  for 


Cut  E 


Cut  E  70. 


lateral  adjustment  has  been  applied  to  changeable  stumps  since 
1909.  It  has  stood  this  thorough  test  and  proved  its  efficiency  in 
many  cases.     Patented  July  9,  1912. 

Cuts  E  67  and  E  68  present  front  and  rear  views  of  a  leg 
with  socket  wide  enough  to  accommodate  a  large  stump,  and  cuts 
E  69  and  E  70  present  the  same  leg  front  and  rear  views  with  the 
socket  made  smaller  by  drawing  together  the  sides,  thereby  accom- 
modating the  same  stump  when  it  has  become  smaller. 

Contracted  Knee  Joints. — Another  class  of  leg  stumps  are  those 
which  are  sufficiently  long  to  control  the  knee  movements  of  the 
artificial  leg,  but  being  partly  contracted,  the  extension  of  the  knee 
is  somewhat  limited,  so  that  the  use  of  the  ordinary  type  of  E  17 
leg  is  impossible,  while  the  contraction  is  not  sufficient  to  make  the 
knee  joint  inoperative  in  controlling  the  artificial  leg. 


64 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


Knee  joints  of  tibial  stumps  become  contracted  either  from  the 
results  of  the  injuries  that  occasioned  their  amputation,  or,  more 
frequently,  from  neglect  in  permitting  the  stumps  to  remain  in 
semi-flexed  positions  during  the  convalescent  periods.     Cut  E  39 


Cut  E  39. 


Cut  E  40. 


illustrates  a  partially  contracted  knee  of  a  tibial  stump  which  is 
capable  of  full  flexion  but  of  limited  extension. 

An  artificial  leg  on  the  plan  of  E  17  with  a  slight  modification 
of  the  socket,  as  shown  in  Cut  E  40,  meets  the  requirements  of  the 
case.  By  referring  to  Cut  E  41  it  will  be  seen  that  the  stump  is 
received  in  the  socket  while  in  a  semi-flexed  position.  The  socket  is 
so  made  as  to  bring  constant  and  gentle  pressure  upon  the  ham- 
strings every  time  a  step  is  taken.  The  object  of  this  is  to  induce 
the  breaking  up  of  the  contraction  and  eventually  restore  full  knee 
motion.  The  artificial  leg  is  provided  with  a  lacing  attachment 
that  passes  over  the  rear  part  of  the  stump.  As  the  stump  im- 
proves in  extension  this  lacing  strap  is  tightened  and  greater  pres- 
sure brought  upon  the  stump. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


65 


Although  a  stump  may  be  contracted  to  a  considerable  angle  a  leg 
of  this  character  can  be  worn  and  the  wearer  enabled  to  get  about 
in  an  advantageous  way,  concealing  his  loss,  walking  in  a  graceful 
manner,  and  dispensing  with  the  use  of  crutches. 

We  know  of  no  more  practical  method  for  breaking  up  the  con- 
traction in  the  hamstrings  than  wearing  an  artificial  leg  of  this 
type.  The  wearer  is  permitted  to  engage  in  his  usual  occupations 
while  the  work  of  restoration  of  the  knee  motion  progresses. 
When  the  knee  has  become  corrected  and  the  stump  can  be  ex- 
tended to  a  straight  line,  the  socket  on  the  artificial  leg  can  be 
removed  and  the  regular  socket,  similar  to  that  shown  in  Cut  E 
17,  applied  at  a  very  slight  expense. 

Cut  E  41  shows  the  leg  applied  to  a  contracted  stump  and  the 
wearer  walking.     Cut  E  42  shows  it  with  the  wearer  seated.     The 


Cut  E  41. 


Cut  E  43. 


contraction  of  the  hamstrings  does  not  interfere  with  walking, 
standing,  or  sitting. 

Cut  E  43  illustrates  a  tibial  stump  with  a  contraction  of  the 
hamstrings  considerably  greater  than  in  the  last  case,  so  great  as 
to  prevent  the  knee  from  extending  beyond  a  right  angle  with  the 
thigh.     Cut  E  44  represents  an  artificial  leg  suitable  for  this  case. 

A  knee-bearing  leg  might  be  considered  the  more  suitable,  but 
when  the  fact  is  remembered  that  there  is  an  angular  motion  in 
the  knee,  with  the  possibility  of  improvement,  it  is  better  to  apply 
a  leg  that  will  keep  up  the  action  of  the  knee  and  bring  a  con- 
stantly increasing  tension  on  the  hamstrings.    A  leg  constructed 


66  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

on  the  plan  of  that  represented  in  Cut  E  44  is  made  for  this 
purpose. 

Hypertrophied  Tibial  Stump. — Amputations  through  the  tibia 
are  sometimes  necessitated  by  hypertrophy,  with  induration  of  the 
foot  and  ankle,  as  in  the  case  of  elephantiasis.     Such  cases  usually 


Cut  E  43. 


Cut  E  44. 


produce  stumps  that  are  much  larger  at  their  extremities  than 
above,  the  extremities  incapable  of  bearing  pressure,  and  the  sides 
able  to  tolerate  only  limited  compression.  Cut  E  45  shows  a  stump 
of  this  character.  It  requires  an  artificial  leg  constructed  upon 
the  plan  of  E  46,  with  the  rear  open  so  as  to  receive  the  stump,  the 
stump  and  socket  are  incased  by  a  sheath  holding  the  parts  to- 
gether. Cut  E  46  represents  a  side  view  of  an  artificial  leg  suitable 
for  such  cases.     Cut  E  47  presents  the  front  view  with  leg  applied. 

In  all  the  complicated  cases  previously  described,  the  method  of 
constructing  artificial  legs  with  rubber  feet  and  spring  mattress  is 
especially  advantageous.  Great  strength  is  obtained,  durability  is 
secured  with  minimum  weight  and  bulk  about  the  enlarged 
extremity. 

Anchylosed  Knee  Tibial  Stumps  Extended. — Some  tibial 
stumps  are  rigid  when  extended.  That  is,  they  cannot  be  flexed, 
owing  to  anchylosis  of  the  knees  resulting  from  the  injuries  that 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


67 


Cut  B  45. 


Cut  E  46. 


Cut  E  47. 


Cut  E  48. 


Cut  E  49. 


caused  the  amputations,  impairment  of  the  knee  tendons,  calcareous 
deposits  in  the  articulations,  and  many  other  causes.  If  there  is 
an  absence  of  mobility  in  the  knee  and  the  stump  is  extended,  an 


68  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

artificial  leg  must  be  constructed  so  that  the  artificial  knee  articula- 
tion will  be  independent  of  the  natural  knee  and  operate  on  the 
sides  of  the  stump  approximately  at  the  points  where  the  natural 
articulation  takes  place.  Cuts  E  48  and  E  49  represent  tibial 
stumps  extended,  with  knee  joints  anchylosed. 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  Cut  E  48  the  sides  of  the  stump  and 
thigh  are  approximately  parallel,  or  in  other  words  they  do  not 
slope  sufficiently  to  offer  any  sustaining  surfaces.    An  artificial  leg 


Cut  E  50. 


Cut  E  51. 


constructed  on  the  plan  of  Cut  E  50  is  intended  for  a  stump  of 
this  character. 

The  top  part  of  the  thigh  piece  is  annular  and  permits  the  stump 
and  thigh  to  enter  until  the  gluteal  folds,  the  ischium,  and  the 
perineum  come  in  contact  with  the  top  border  of  the  socket,  where 
the  entire  weight  is  applied,  the  same  as  if  the  amputation  had 
been  made  in  the  middle  of  the  thigh.  Cut  E  49  represents  a 
stump  the  sides  of  which  are  tapering  sufficiently  to  offer  some 
opposition,  sustaining  in  part  the  weight  and  lessening  the  amount 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City, 


69 


of  pressure  on  the  top  border  of  the  socket.  An  artificial  leg  con- 
structed on  the  plan  of  E  51  will  meet  the  requirements  of  this 
case.  Both  of  the  above  artificial  legs  are  made  to  articulate  at 
the  knees. 

The  legs  from  the  knees  down  are  constructed  practically  the 
same  as  the  E  17.  The  thigh  piece  is  leather  and  wood;  the  rear 
of  wood  and  the  front  of  leather  arranged  for  lacing,  so  that  the 
required  pressure  will  be  brought  upon  the  thigh  to  hold  it  in 
place.  Leg  E  60  differs  from  E  61  in  the  top  of  the  socket,  it  be- 
ing annular  with  continuous  border.  It  is  held  securely  to  the 
body  by  the  lacing  front,  assisted  by  suspenders  passing  over  the 
shoulders. 

The  knee  joints  of  these  legs  are  of  the  hinge  style  as  illustrated 
in  Cut  E  21.    Articulation  at  the  knee  is  limited  by  a  check  cord 


Cut  E  53. 


Cut  E  53. 


connecting  the  thigh  and  calf  sections.  Cut  E  52  shows  the  leg 
applied,  the  wearer  seated;  and  Cut  E  53  shows  it  with  the  wearer 
standing.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  knee  articulation  approximates 
very  closely  the  action  of  the  opposite  leg  and  permits  the  wearer  to 
stand,  walk,  sit,  or  kneel. 

Peg  Legs. — Peg  legs  suitable  for  tibial  stumps  are  of  three 
kinds.  The  simplest  and  least  expensive  is  shown  in  Cut  E  64. 
It  consists  of  two  wooden  branches,  one  running  up  on  the  outside 
of  the  thigh,  well  up  on  the  body,  the  other  on  the  inner  side  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  crotch. 


VO  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

These  branches  unite  below  the  point  of  bearing  and  continue 
to  the  ground,  terminating  in  a  rubber  tip.  A  padded  shelf  is 
placed  between  the  branches  on  which  the  knee  rests  when  in  a 
flexed  position.  The  leg  is  held  in  place  by  leather  straps  passing 
around  the  thigh  and  body. 

Cut  E  55  shows  a  peg  leg  without  knee  joint  or  thigh  support 
suitable  for  a  tibial  stump.     The  socket  is  shaped  to  receive  the 


Cut  E  54. 


Cut  E  55. 


Cut  E  56. 


stump  from  the  knee  down  in  a  comfortable  way.  The  base  termi- 
nates with  a  rubber  tip,  and  straps  necessary  to  hold  the  socket  on 
the  leg  are  connected  with  the  leg  and  passed  around  the  thigh 
immediately  above  the  knee  cap.  When  necessary,  suspenders  are 
attached  to  help  carry  the  weight. 

Cut  E  56  shows  a  peg  leg  suitable  for  a  tibial  stump  constructed 
practically  as  E  17,  except  that  there  is  no  rubber  foot,  a  rubber 
tip  taking  its  place. 

Peg  Legs  Should  Not  be  Used  Permanently. — Peg  legs  are 
worn  as  temporary  expedients,  for  disciplining  stumps,  or  to  bridge 
over  an  impecunious  period.  We  know  persons,  however,  of  ample 
means  who  have  reached  advanced  years,  who  from  childhood  have 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City.  71 

constantly  worn  peg  legs,  and  doubtless  will  continue  to  do  so,  as 
long  as  they  live. 

It  is  quite  possible  to  stump  around  on  peg  legs  and  do  much 
hard  work  with  them.  They  are  immeasurably  better  than 
crutches,  but  they  are  very  far  from  rendering  the  services  that 
can  be  obtained  from  artificial  legs  with  sponge  rubber  feet.  The 
foot  is  an  essential  factor  in  helpful  easy  walking,  and  a  means  of 
opposing  strains  required  in  carrying  heavy  weights,  ascending  or 
descending  stairs  or  elevations,  and  in  walking  long  distances. 

We  disparage  the  use  of  peg  legs,  as  we  are  keenly  alive  to  the 
fact  that  they  are  inadequate  to  meet  the  demands  that  must  be 
put  upon  them.  Any  form  of  peg  leg  that  will  keep  the  knee  joint 
in  a  flexed  position  is  liable  to  weaken  the  tendons  of  the  knee, 
impair  the  knee  movement,  and  limit  its  range  of  motion.  They 
should,  therefore,  be  used  only  as  expedients. 

Ferrules  for  Peg  Legs. — Cut  E  57  represents  an  aluminum 
peg-leg  ferrule  and  rubber  tip.  Cut  E  58  represents  the  aluminum 
ferrule  separate,  and  Cut  E  59  represents  a  pure  gum  rubber  tip 


Cut  E  61. 


Cut  E  57. 


Cut  E  59. 


separate,  which  screws  into  the  ferrule.  Cuts  represent  one-quarter 
size.  The  ferrule  is  permanently  fastened  to  the  peg  leg,  and  the 
rubber  tip  screws  into  it. 

Rubber  Tip. — When  the  rubber  tip  wears  down  so  that  the  metal 
ferrule  touches  the  ground,  it  should  be  removed  and  a  new  one 
put  in.  The  base  of  the  rubber  tip  is  2  1-2  inches  in  diameter  and 
the  threaded  shank  is  1  1-2  inches  in  diameter. 

Suspenders. — Suspenders  for  artificial  legs  for  tibial  stumps  are 
of  many  kinds.  Most  persons  with  long  and  healthy  stumps  do 
not  use  suspenders  at  all,  and  a  very  small  number  retain  them 
after  they  have  become  accustomed  to  their  artificial  legs. 

As  an  aid  for  the  beginner,  however,  we  deem  it  advisable  to  put 
suspenders  on  every  leg  made  for  tibial  amputation,  whether  the 
stump  is  long  or  short. 

Cut  E  60  shows  a  double  suspender  for  a  tibial  stump  leg.    It 


12  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

consists  of  two-inch  elastic  webbing  connected  with  the  back  of 
the  thigh  piece  and  running  well  up  to  the  shoulder,  where  two 
non-elastic  straps,  each  1  1-2  inches  wide,  are  attached  which  branch 
■  so  as  to  pass  over  the  shoulder.  They  are  connected  with  the  iipper 
part  -of  the  thigh  piece  in  front,  and  adjusted  by  clamp  buckles 
with  snaps. 

Cut  E  61  presents  a  simple  yoke  suspender  preferred  by  women. 
r  It  is  made  to  fit  the  body  immediately  above  and  upon  the  hips. 


Cut  E  60. 


Cut  E  63. 


Cut  E  63. 


It  is  seldom  necessary  to  use  shoulder  straps.  Straps  running 
down  from  the  belt  connected  with  the  upper  part  of  the  thigh 
piece  are  usually  ample. 

Cut  E  62  shows  a  yoke  suspender  similar  to  the  last,  but  pro- 
vided with  shoulder  straps.  Elastic  straps  buckled  into  the  attach- 
ments connected  with  the  thigh  piece  are  used  to  fasten  the  yoke 
to  the  leg.  This  method  is  necessary  for  small  hips  and  in  cases 
where  entire  support  from  the  hips  or  pressure  about  the  loins  or 
over  the  abdomen  cannot  be  tolerated. 

The  corset  style  is  frequently  preferred  by  women.  It  consists 
of  strong  elastic  straps  secured  to  the  lower  part  of  the  corset,  one 
in  front  and  one  at  the  back  as  shown  in  Cut  E  63;  they  are 
buckled  into  straps  secured  to  the  upper  part  of  the  thigh  piece. 


CHAPTER  VI 

KNEE-BEARING  STUMPS 

Definition. — When  the  knee  joints  of  tibial  stumps  are  con- 
tracted at  right  angles,  or  when  the  stumps  are  so  short  that  they 
are  unable  to  control  the  artificial  knee  joint,  they  are  termed  knee- 
bearing  stumps,  and  require  artificial  legs  constructed  to  receive 
them  in  flexed  positions. 

It  is  sometimes  problematical  to  determine  whether  a  stum.p 
should  be  placed  in  this  class  or  in  the  class  requiring  legs  con- 
structed on  the  plan  of  E  17.  The  conditions  to  be  considered 
in  deciding  the  question  are  as  follows:  First,  anchylosis  or 
immobility  of  the  knee  joint  when  flexed.  Second,  length  of  the 
stump  projecting  back  of  the  thigh  when  at  right  angles.  If  this 
is  less  than  two  inches  the  knee-bearing  leg  must  be  selected. 
Third,  remediless  contraction  of  the  flexors,  limiting  the  angular 


Cut  F  1. 


Cut  F  2. 


range  of  motion  to  one-half  the  normal  range,  no  matter  how  long 
the  stump  may  be.  Cuts  F  1  to  F  4  show  typical  knee-bearing 
stumps. 

Knee-bearing  Legs. — Cut  F  5  shows  a  leg  suitable  for  stumps 
of  above  character.  The  socket  and  leg  part  are  made  of  wood 
covered  with  rawhide  and  enameled.  The  socket  is  excavated 
to  receive  the  stump  and  thigh  in  a  comfortable  way,  and  the 

73 


74  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


Cut  F  3. 


Cut  P  4. 


Cut  F  5. 


Cut  F  6. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  Yorlc  City.  16 

part  from  the  knee  down  is  hollowed  out  to  reduce  the  weight. 
The  exterior  dimensions  are  as  close  to  those  of  the  natural  log 
as  conditions  will  admit.  The  foot  is  of  rubber  with  spring  mat- 
tress as  previously  described. 

Bolt  Joint. — Cut  F  6  shows  the  knee  mechanism  with  the  parts 
separated:  a  is  the  knee-bolt  which  holds  the  leg  and  thigh  sec- 
tions together,  forming  an  axis  for  the  knee.     It  is  flanged  on 


Cut  F  7. 


Cut  F  8. 


one  end  and  threaded  on  the  other.  When  the  bolt  is  passing 
through  the  metal  ear  which  is  riveted  to  the  lower  leg  the  head 
sinks  into  its  bed  and  the  threaded  end  screws  into  the  ear  riveted 
to  the  opposite  side.  The  set  screw  h,  placed  into  the  flanged 
end,  prevents  the  bolt  from  moving  and  working  out;  c  is  the 
check  cord  screw;  d  the  check  cord;  g  the  spring  piston;  h  the 
spiral  spring;  *  the  cylinder.  The  relations  and  functions  of 
these  parts  can  be  understood  from  an  examination  of  Cuts  F  7 
and  F  8,  which  show  the  leg  with  the  knee  extended  and  fully 
flexed. 

The  action  of  the  spring  holds  the  leg  at  flexion  when  the 
wearer  is  seated,  and  urges  the  leg  forward  when  walking.     The 


76  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

range  of  articulation  can  be  regulated  by  means  of  pads  placed 
between  the  lower  end  of  the  check  cord  and  the  bridge  under 
which  it  passes.  These  pads  can  be  reached  through  the  opening 
in  the  calf  of  the  leg.    The  upper  loops  of  the  check  cord  rest  in 


Cut  F  9. 


Cut  F  10. 


their  respective  channels  and  through  them  a  steel  screw  is  passed 
and  set. 

The  mechanism  of  the  knee-bearing  leg  is  very  durable,  and  will 
stand  severe  use  for  years. 

Side  Joint. — The  center  of  motion  being  placed  below  the 
natural  knee,  causes  a  disparity  in  the  lengths  of  the  two  thighs; 
only  noticeable,  however,  when  the  wearer  is  seated  and  subjected 
to  close  scrutiny.  The  durability  of  the  knee-joint  mechanism  in 
style  of  leg  shown  in  Cut  F  5  fully  compensates  for  excessive 
length  of  thigh,  moreover,  this  mechanism  admits  of  the  minimum 
width  of  the  knee.  The  choice  of  style  remains  with  the  wearer; 
if  he  prefers  the  wide  knee  to  the  long  thigh,  and  is  willing  to 
sacrifice  durability,  he  can  have  the  leg  constructed  with  side 
joints,  as  represented  in  Cut  F  9,  the  center  of  knee  motion 
of  which  is  brought  to  the  sides  of  the  knee  by  means  of  hinge 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 


11 


joints,  of  the  style  shown  in  Cut  E  23,  page  52.  The  knee-chock 
cord  is  practically  the  same  as  that  represented  in  Cut  F  G.  Cut 
F  10  shows  the  leg  applied,  wearer  seated  with  knees  flexed. 

Peg  Legs. — 'Peg  legs  for  knee-bearing  stumps  are  of  three  kinds ; 
and  will  be  considered  in  their  order :  Cut  F  11  shows  the  cheapest 
form  of  peg  leg  for  a  knee-bearing  stump;  its  construction  is  of 


Cut  F  11. 


Cut  F  13. 


Cut  F  13. 


bent  wood  with  metal  ferrule,  rubber  tips,  and  leather  strappings. 
Cut  F  12  shows  a  peg  leg  with  knee  joint  suitable  for  a  knee-bearing 
stump. 

Cut  F  13  shows  a  peg  leg  without  knee  articulation  for  knee- 
bearing  stump.  The  upper  parts,  F  12  and  F  13,  made  of  wood 
and  leather,  fitted  to  receive  the  stump,  which  is  held  in  place 
by  lacing. 

The  ends  of  peg  legs  are  terminated  by  metal  ferrules  and 
rubber  tips  as  described  in  Cuts  E  57,  E  58,  and  E  59,  page  71. 

Incomplete  Restoratives. — For  reasons  heretofore  given,  we 
do  not  advocate  peg  legs  for  knee-bearing  stumps  and  only  fur- 


78  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 

nish  them  when  they  are  especially  ordered.  It  is  far  better 
for  a  person  to  procure  a  complete  artificial  leg  with  rubber  foot, 
with  spring  mattress,  one  that  will  possess  all  the  elements  neces- 
sary for  helpful  and  convenient  walking,  even  if  he  has  to  deny 
himself  in  other  ways  in  order  to  obtain  one.  A  peg  leg  is  a  make- 
shift, and  will  in  all  probability  weaken  or  destroy  what  knee 
motion  remains. 

Suspenders. — Suspenders  suitable  for  knee-bearing  legs  are  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  those  employed  for  tibial  stump  legs.  The 
details  are  given  in  the  preceding  chapter. 


CHAPTER  VII 
DISARTICULATED  KNEE  STUMPS 

End-Bearing  and  Non-End-Bearing  Stumps,  —  Amputations 
through  the  articulations  of  the  knees  call  for  careful  prothetical 
consideration.  Stumps  resulting  from  such  amputations  may  be 
end-bearing  or  not;  when  they  are  covered  with  tissue  flaps,  free 
from  cicatrices  and  nervous  complications,  they  are  end-bearing; 
if  they  are  cicatrized,  and  sensitive,  pressure  must  be  applied  else- 
where; if  they  are  tapering  to  the  ends  or  are  broadened  at  the 


Cut  G  1. 


Cut  G  2. 


extrepiities  they  must  be  treated  accordingly.  The  presence  of 
the  patella,  securely  united  in  the  intercondylar  space,  will  im- 
prove the  character  of  the  stump,  but  if  it  is  not  united  it  is 
doubtful  if  the  end  will  tolerate  any  weight  whatever. 

Fittings. — ^Artificial  legs  for  knee-joint  amputations  must  ad- 
mit of  placing  pressure  only  on  parts  capable  of  enduring  it. 
Tender,  delicate,  sensitive,  and  irritable  spots  must  be  guarded, 
and  non-end-bearing  stumps  must  be  provided  with  limbs  that  will 

79 


80  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 

take  the  weight  at  the  ischial  and  perineal  regions;  if  the  sides 
of  the  stumps  are  sloping  a  share  of  the  weight  can  be  distributed 
over  those  parts.  Sensitive  condyles,  bony  prominences,  and  fascia 
must  be  properly  cared  for. 

PeculL'^ities  of  Stumps. — Cut  G 1  shows  a  type  of  stump  result- 
ing from  knee-joint  amputations;  the  nodulous  extremity  due  to 
the  presence  of  condyles,  together  with  ample  coverings,  provide 
desirable  conditions.  An  artificial  leg  suitable  for  this  stump 
is  so  fitted  that  the  weight  is  carried  on  the  end,  which  rests  on 
a  padded  surface  at  the  lower  end  of  the  socket,  and  held  securely 
in  place  by  the  leather  lacing.  The  shoulder  suspension  is  greatly 
simplified  when  condyles  are  present  in  the  stump.    Cut  G  2  shows 


Cut  G  3. 


Cut  G  4. 


a  side  view  of  a  stump  favorable  for  end  pressure.  Cut  G  3 
shows  a  stump  reaching  to  the  knee,  patella  present  and  without 
cicatrices,  thus  admitting  of  end  pressure. 

Cut  G  4  shows  a  thigh  stump  reaching  to  the  knee  and  ex- 
tremely well  protected,  with  cicatrices  at  the  rear  and  well  away 
from  the  end;  bunches  of  sensitive  tissue  hanging  from  the  ex- 
tremity prevent  the  application  of  weight  at  that  point.  Cut  G  5 
shows  a  thigh  stump  reaching  to  the  knee  with  an  end  incapable 
of  bearing  pressure;  the  condyles  and  all  the  natural  coverings 
of  the  bone  were  removed  in  the  operation.  Bunches  of  tissue 
and  ganglia  were  gathered  at  the  end  back  of  the  stump.  The 
muscle  tissue  puckered  considerably  and  the  presence  of  cicatrices 
on  and  about  the  end  prevents  the  application  of  weight  there. 
Cut  G  6  shows  a  stump  reaching  to  the  knee,  condyles  present, 
the  extremity  covered  with  integumentary  folds,  deep  fissures  and 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


81 


cicatrices,   preventing   the   application    of    weight    upon    the    eix- 
tremity. 

Most  Favorable  Conditions. — These  examples  develop  the  fol- 
lowing points:  Stumps  extending  to  the  knee  with  nodulous  ex- 
tremities, capable  of  bearing  weight,  are  the  most  favorable  of 
all  knee-joint  stumps.    They  result  from  amputations  through  the 


Cut  G  5. 


Cut  G  6. 


knee  articulations,  the  condyles  remaining  untrimmed,  or,  if 
trimmed,  the  ends  protected  by  bone  and  muscle  flaps ;  the  natural 
coverings  to  the  bones  permitted  to  remain  on  the  articulating 
surfaces;  the  patellas,  if  present,  firmly  united  to  the  end  of  the 
femur;  flaps  well  carried  to  the  posterior  and  the  cicatrices  some 
distance  from  the  ends.  Stumps  possessing  these  favorable  con- 
ditions can  be  efficiently  accommodated  with  artificial  legs  that 
will  minimize  the  pressure  about  their  upper  borders  and  simplify 
the  mode  of  suspension. 

A  stump  reaching  to  the  knee,  with  a  nodulous  extremity  and 
incapable  of  bearing  weight  on  the  end,  is  capable  of  operating 
an  artificial  leg,  but  the  means  of  attachment  are  necessarily  more 
extensive  and  more  severe  than  when  the  weight  can  be  borne  on 
the  ends. 

Inability  to  bear  weight  on  the  extremities  of  knee-joint  stumps 
is  not  always  due  to  surgery. 

Sloughing,  bone  degeneration,  hypera^sthesia,  etc.,  frequently 
occur  despite  the  most  careful  precautions  of  the  operator. 

Suitable  Artificial  Legs. — The  foregoing  cuts  illustrate 
stumps  that  can  be  advantageously  fitted  with  artificial  legs  eon- 


82  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

structed  upon  plans  of  those  shown  in  Cuts  G  7  or  G  8,  according 
as  the  stump  is  tapering  or  straight,  or  whether  the  end  can  endure 
weight  or  not.  The  thigh  of  either  leg  is  made  partly  of  wood  and 
partly  of  leather.  The  rear  section  is  of  wood,  excavated  to  re- 
ceive the  stump  in  the  most  comfortable  way.  The  front  portion 
is  of  leather  arranged  for  lacing  as  shown.  If  the  stump  is 
tapering  to  the  end  there  will  be  no  advantage  in  having  the 
front  laced,  the  entire  socket  can  be  better  constructed  of  wood. 

Cut  G  V  illustrates  a  leg  made  to  place  a  large  amount  of  the 
weight  of  the  wearer  directly  on  the  extremity  of  the  stump.    Cut 


Cut  G  7. 


Cut  G  8. 


G  8  shows  a  leg  with  annular  top  designed  to  hold  the  end  of  the 
stump  away  from  the  bottom  of  the  socket,  all  the  weight  being 
distributed  over  the  sides,  above  the  knees  and  about  the  top 
borders  of  the  socket.  In  both  these  styles  every  requirement 
for  the  comfort  of  the  wearer  and  the  efficiency  of  the  leg  is  con- 
sidered. 

The  stump  socket  of  either  leg  is  of  proper  size  and  shaped  t(? 
receive  the  stump  and  carry  the  weight  of  the  wearer. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.  83 

Both  upper  and  lower  sections  are  made  of  selected  kiln-dried 
wood,  carved  to  the  shape  of  the  stump  with  external  proportions 
as  near  those  of  the  natural  leg  as  the  conditions  will  admit.  The 
lower  leg  is  excavated  to  reduce  weight.  The  foot  is  of  rubber  as 
heretofore  described,  and  both  leg  and  thigh  are  coverd  with  suit- 
able material  properly  enameled.  The  knee  mechanism  is  the 
same  as  that  illustrated  in  Cuts"F  6  and  F  7. 

Suspenders  for  legs  for  knee-joint  amputations  are  the  same 
as  those  applied  to  thigh  amputations,  and  are  fully  treated  in 
the  following  chapter. 

We  point  with  pride  to  many  thousand  persons  who  walk  on 
artificial  legs  of  either  the  above  type  with  efficiency  and  natural- 
ness and  who  voluntarily  bear  witness  to  the  excellence  of  the 
manner  in  which  they  have  been  fitted  out,  and  their  increased 
capabilities  to  perform  their  full  share  of  work. 


CHAPTER  Vin 

THIGH  OR  FEMORAL  STUMPS 

Definitions. — Thigh  or  femoral  stumps  are  those  that  reach 
to  any  point  above  the  knee  joint;  they  are  designated  upper-, 
middle-,  or  lower-third  thigh  stumps,  according  to  their  lengths, 
in  relation  to  the  three  divisions  of  the  thigh. 

Long  or  Lower-Third  Thigh  Stumps. — When  a  stump  reaches 
to  a  point  in  the  region  of  the  lower  third,  it  is  commonly  termed 


Cut  H  1. 


Cut  H  2. 


a  long  thigh  stump,  a  few  of  which  are  illustrated  in  Cuts  H  1  to 
H  4. 

Artificial  legs  suitable  for  such  are  illustrated  in  Cuts  H  5  and 
H6. 

In  cases  of  long  and  flabby  stumps  the  number  G  7  leg,  see  page 
82,  can  be  applied  to  advantage. 

Stumps  out  of  Line. — Persons  walking  on  crutches  for  a  con- 
siderable length  of  time  permit  their  stumps  to  incline  forward. 
The  flexors  in  the  groin  become  contracted  and  the  extensors  yield 
to  the  influence,  and  the  stump  assuming  the  position,  when  hang- 
ing at  ease,  of  that  shovra.  in  Cut  H  1,  and  occasionally  that 

81 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  YorJc  City. 


85 


shown  in  Cut  H  3.  This  condition  should  not  cause  anxiety  on 
the  part  of  the  wearer,  as  it  can  be  controlled  and  corrected  by  a 
suitably  attached  artificial  leg. 

Construction  op  Legs. — The  thigh  and  leg  sections  of  II  5  are 
constructed  of  wood  of  choice  character.    The  socket  is  hollowed 


Cut  H  3. 


Cut  H  4. 


out  to  receive  the  stump  properly,  and  to  receive  the  weight  of  the 
wearer  where  it  can  be  tolerated. 

The  outside  dimensions  both  above  and  below  the  knee  are 
dressed  down  to  the  curves  and  dimensions  of  the  natural  leg  as 
far  as  conditions  will  admit.  The  lower  part  excavated  to  mini- 
mize weight,  both  sections  are  covered  with  rawhide  and  enam- 
eled, the  foot  is  of  sponge  rubber  with  spring  mattress  as  hereto- 
fore described.  The  manner  in  which  the  knee  joint  is  constructed 
is  substantially  the  same  as  shown  in  Cut  F  6,  and  described  on 
page  74. 

Variety  of  Middle-Third  Thigh  Stumps. — Thigh  amputations 
through  or  above  the  middle  thirds  produce  stumps  that  admit  of 
the  simplest  form  of  knee-joint  mechanism,  called  the  T  joint, 
explained  further  on. 

Cuts  H  7  to  H  14  show  thigh  stumps  of  a  variety  of  lengths 
with  flaps  and  cicatrices  of  many  characters. 

End  and  Non-End-Bearing. — As  a  rule  thigh  stumps  are  in- 
capable of  taking  weight  on  their  extremities,  and  as  there  is  but 
little  advantage  in  putting  pressure  on  that  point,  and  as  the  risk 
of  doing  so  is  very  great,  we  rarely  consent  to  construct  limbs 


86  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


Cut  H  5. 


Cut  H  6. 


Cut  H  7. 


Cut  H 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City.  87 


in  that  way  and  only  do  so  when  we  are  positive  that  the  ends  of 
the  stumps  will  not  be  injured.     Cut  H  15  shows  the  usual  type 


Cut  H  9. 


Cut  H  10. 


Cut  H  11. 


Cut  H  13. 


of  artificial  leg  for  a  thigh  stump.    The  thigh  and  leg  sections  are 
made  of  tough,  light,  bass  or  willow  wood,  shaped  to  the  size  and 


88 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


contours  of  the  natural  leg  so  far  as  conditions  will  permit.  The 
thigh  is  excavated  to  receive  the  stump  in  the  best  way,  permitting 
pressure  only  at  admissable  places.  The  end  of  the  stump,  together 
■  with  a  few  inches  of  the  thigh,  are,  as  a  rule,  required  to  hang  in 
space,  all  the  weight  being  applied  to  the  upper  borders  of  the 
thigh  socket  and  along  the  sides  of  the  stump  immediately  adjacent 
to  the  body.  When  weight  can  be  prudently  applied  to  the  end 
a  cushion  is  provided  for  that  purpose.     The  lower  section  of  the 


Cut  H  13. 


Cut  H  14. 


leg  is  excavated  to   reduce  weight.     The  whole  is  covered  with 
rawhide  and  elegantly  finished  with  a  flesh-tinted  enamel. 

A  rubber  foot  with  spring  mattress  as  heretofore  described,  is 
properly  attached  at  the  ankle.  Cut  H  16  represents  the  rear 
view  showing  the  knee  mechanism  with  parts  together,  and  Cut 
H  17  represents  the  working  parts  of  the  knee  separated.  Cut 
H  18  shows  the  T  joint,  the  spring,  and  their  connections ;  a  is  the 
T  joint  which  is  secured  to  the  knee  block  located  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  stump  socket.  The  two  arms  work  in  journals  made  in 
the  leg  section;  hh  are  the  cap  screws  that  hold  the  T  joint  to  its 
place;  cc  the  caps;  d  the  spring  piston;  e  the  spiral  spring;  f  the 
cylinder ;  g  spring  cover,  and  parts  of  the  spring  together ;  Hi  rep- 
resent the  steel  screws  used  to  hold  the  T  joint  firmly  to  thigh. 
The  joint  a  has  the  shape  of  an  inverted  T,  hence  its  name,  T 
joint.     It  is  made  of  gun  metal  forged  from  one  piece,  turned, 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


89 


drilled,  and  finished  on  the  lathe.  When  the  leg  and  thigh  sections 
are  placed  together  the  arms  of  the  T  joint  rest  in  boxes  and  are 
held  by  two  hardwood  caps,  cc,  which  are  secured  by  long  steel 
screws,  hh,  which  depend  for  their  security  on  steel  nuts,  imbedded 
in  the  front  part  of  the  leg. 

Thorough  Control. — The  wearer  has  thorough  command  over 
this  joint;  the  pressure  of  the  caps  on  the  joints  can  be  regulated 


Cut  H  15. 


Cut  H  16. 


by  the  screws,  and  thus  any  desired  tension  on  the  articulation 
be  made. 

Knee  Spring. — The  small  steel  lever  with  ball  on  the  end,  pro- 
jecting from  the  back  of  the  joint,  operates  in  the  cavity  of  the 
hardwood  piston  d;  the  piston  is  inserted  in  one  end  of  the  steel 
spring,  e,  which  has  its  lower  part  encased  with  leather  g,  and  then 
placed  in  a  drawn  metal  cylinder  f.  The  lower  convexed  end  of 
the  cylinder  is  received  on  a  bridge  placed  in  the  interior  of  the 
leg  in  the  region  of  the  calf. 


90  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 

Helps  Knee  Motion  When  Walking. — The  operation  of  the 
spring  is  twofold;  it  urges  the  lower  leg  forward  in  walking,  and 


Cut  H  19. 


Cut  H  20. 


Cut  H  21. 


holds  it  at  full  flexion  when  sitting.     This  is  done  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner :  When  the  leg  is  extended,  the  point  at  which  the 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yoric  City.  01 

spring  pressure  is  applied  is  on  the  end  of  a  steel  lever  projecting 
an  inch  back  of  the  center  of  motion  in  the  knee.  This  urges 
further  extension,  as  shown  in  Cut  H  19,  the  lever  revolves  with 
the  joint ;  and  when  the  leg  is  partly  flexed,  as  shown  in  Cut  11  20, 
it  has  been  carried  to  a  neutral  point  where  the  spring  neither 
urges  flexion  nor  extension;  but  when  the  knee  is  further  flexed, 
as  shown  in  Cut  H  21,  the  lever  has  passed  forward  of  the  neutral 
line  and  the  spring  forces  the  ball  upward,  urging  greater  flexion; 
and  when  the  flexion  is  at  its  limit  the  leg  is  kept  in  that  position 
by  the  spring.  Thus  the  objection  to  the  usual  spring  knee  articula- 
tion is  removed,  that  of  the  tendency  of  the  leg  to  fly  out  when  the 
wearer  is  sitting  and  unguarded. 

Spring  Strength  Can  be  Regulated. — The  power  of  the  spring 
in  the  knee  can  be  increased  or  diminished.  If  it  is  desired  to 
increase  it,  a  little  packing  can  be  tamped  in  the  cylinder,  or  a 
longer  spring  can  be  substituted;  and  if  it  is  desired  to  diminish 
it,  a  coil  or  two  of  the  spring  can  be  cut  off  or  a  shorter  one  sub- 
stituted. If  the  wearer  does  not  want  the  spring  he  can  take  it 
out  and  discard  it.  When  the  leg  is  together  and  in  working 
order,  the  knee  movement  is  arrested  by  the  striking  of  the  vertical 
shaft  of  the  T  joint  against  a  pad  placed  in  the  knee,  which  can  be 
increased  or  diminished  by  the  wearer,  and  the  range  of  articulation 
in  the  knee  made  less  or  greater,  as  may  be  desired. 

The  center  of  motion  of  this  knee  is  placed  considerably  back 
of  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  leg  in  order  to  secure  the  knee 
against  treacherous  bending. 

Knee  Lock. — ^The  knee  lock  is  a  device  placed  in  the  knees  of 
artificial  legs  to  keep  them  from  flexing,  or  from  flexing  beyond 
a  fixed  limit.  When  the  wearer  wishes  to  sit  the  knee  can  readily 
be  unlocked.  It  is  not  very  often  that  knee  locks  are  required, 
therefore  they  are  only  placed  in  artificial  limbs  when  conditions 
demand. 

Cut  H  22  shows  an  artificial  leg  with  knee  lock  for  thigh  stump ; 
a  is  a  sliding  bar  that  can  be  moved  upwardly  or  downwardly. 
When  down  the  leg  is  incapable  of  moving  at  the  knee,  or  is 
permitted  to  move  only  through  a  limited  angle,  as  shown  in  Cut 
H  23,  When  the  sliding  bar  is  pulled  up,  the  lock  is  out  of  action, 
and  the  knee  can  be  bent  at  right  ankles  as  represented  in  Cut 
H  24, 

This  device  is  found  to  be  of  value  to  those  who  have  short, 
weak,  or  deflected  stumps,  and  is  also  used  to  advantage  by  eques- 
trians. We  have  a  patron,  a  baptist  clergyman,  who  finds  the 
knee  lock  indispensable  when  performing  the  rites  of  immersion; 
because  of  the  buoyancy  of  the  lower  leg  the  knee  without  the 
lock  would  flex  the  moment  he  enters  the  baptismal  font.  Knee 
locks  are  used  to  advantage  by  persons  who  are  required  to  walk 
through  obstructions,  such  as  underbrush,  heavy  grass,  snow,  etc; 
without  the  locks  these  obstructions  are  likely  to  flex  the  knees 
inopportunely.  Hip  joints  and  waist  belts  are  occasionally  at- 
tached to  the  thighs  of  these  legs. 


92  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  York  City. 

Hip  Joints. — The  knee  lock,  hip  joint,  and  waist  belt  can  be 
combined  to  advantage  in  legs  applied  to  stumps  that  are  deflected, 
abducted,  or  that  in  any  way  incline  out  of  the  normal  lines.  The 
knee  lock  places  the  knee  beyond  the  influence  of  the  partly  flexed 
Stump,  and  the  hip  joint  places  the  leg  beyond  the  influence  of 


CutH 


Cut  H  23 


Cut  H  24. 


the  abducted  stump.  As  these  auxiliary  parts  complicate  the  con- 
struction of  the  leg,  add  weight,  and  more  or  less  hamper  graceful 
and  natural  walking,  it  is  not  considered  desirable  to  add  them 
unless  the  conditions  of  the  stump  or  the  occupation  of  the  wearer 
demand. 

Waterproof  and  Bathing  Legs. — Persons  wearing  artificial 
legs  on  thigh  stumps  frequently  find  it  desirable  to  use  their  arti- 
ficial legs  while  they  are  bathing  or  swimming  in  salt  or  fresh 
water.  It  is  embarrassing  to  those  who  have  but  one  leg  to  be 
viewed  with  curiosity  while  hopping  or  walking  with  crutches  or 
hitching  on  hands  and  knees  on  the  shore.  This  embarrassment 
often  prevents  them  from  indulging  in  the  exhilarating  and  health- 
giving  river,  lake,  or  ocean  bath. 

An  artificial  leg  especially  designed  for  swimming  and  bathing 
purposes  is  constructed  practically  the  same  as  those  heretofore 
described,  differing  only  in  the  fact  that  they  are  absolutely  water- 
proof, the  knee  to  articulate  or  not,  as  the  wearer  may  elect.  As 
the  wearing  parts  of  waterproof  legs  are  made  of  composition  in- 
stead of  steel,  they  are  not  as  durable  as  those  made  for  ordi- 
nary purposes;  they  are  therefore  only  made  when  especially 
ordered. 

Legs  Without  Knee  Joints. — ^We  have  on  a  number  of  occasions 
been  required  to  construct  artificial  legs  for  thigh  stumps  without 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 


93 


knee  joints.  Cut  H  25  shows  an  artificial  leg  of  this  type.  The 
entire  structure,  including  the  foot  core,  is  carved  from  a  single 
piece  of  wood,  slightly  curved  at  the  knee  so  as  to  represent  the 
natural  leg  when  partly  flexed,  for  better  accommodation  when 
sitting.  The  foot  is  of  rubber  with  spring  mattress  as  described. 
The  leg  is  covered  in  the  usual  way  and  enameled  or  water- 
proofed if  it  is  to  be  used  in  watery  places. 

Peg  Legs — Peg  legs  are  occasionally  used  on  thigh  stumps. 
They  are  practically  artificial  legs  without  feet.  As  already  stated 
we  do  not  advocate  the  use  of  peg  legs,  as  they  are  of  limited  effi- 


Cut  H  25. 


Cut  H  26. 


Cut  H  27. 


ciency.  The  foot  is  a  very  important  part  of  an  artificial  leg.  It 
assists  in  balancing,  aids  in  walking,  and  restores  the  appearance. 

Years  ago  before  artificial  legs  with  rubber  feet  and  spring 
mattress  were  so  generally  used,  the  peg  leg  was  more  in  evidence, 
but  lately  it  is  worn  more  as  a  means  of  disciplining  the  stump  or 
as  a  makeshift  to  bridge  an  impecunious  period. 

Persons  are  able  to  stand,  stump  about,  and  perform  a  limited 
amount  of  labor  on  peg  legs,  which  are  unquestionably  better  than 


94  A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  YorTc  City. 

crutches,  but  their  restoration  is  not  complete  until  they  are 
wearing  artificial  legs  with  spring  mattress  rubber  feet.  Cut  H  26 
shows  a  peg  leg  for  a  thigh  stump.  It  is  made  of  suitable  wood, 
excavated  to  receive  the  stump  and  reduce  weight.  The  outside 
has  the  contours  of  nature  as  closely  as  the  conditions  will  admit, 
the  end  terminating  in  a  metal  ferrule  and  rubber  tip,  as  illus- 
trated on  page  Yl,  Cuts  E  57-58-59.  Cut  H  27  shows  a  peg  leg 
with  knee  joint,  for  a  thigh  stump.  It  is  constructed  in  all  parts 
the  same  as  H  15,  heretofore  described.  The  absence  of  the  foot 
and  the  substitution  of  a  rubber  tip  is  the  only  difference. 

Suspenders. — Suspenders  suitable  for  legs  for  thigh  amputa- 
tions, as  well  as  for  amputations  in  the  knee  joint  are  of  various 
kinds  to  suit  the  habits  and  demands  of  the  wearers.  The  style 
of  suspender  which  is  most  generally  adopted  is  that  illustrated 
in  Cut  H  28,  termed  the  roller  suspender.    While  it  has  excellent 


Cut  H  28. 


Cut  H  39. 


Cut  H  30. 


features  it  has  limited  application.  It  can  be  used  to  advantage 
on  stumps  reaching  to  any  point  from  the  middle  of  the  thigh 
to  the  knee,  but  for  shorter  stumps  and  for  hip- joint  amputations 
a  method  that  will  hold  the  limb  to  the  body  more  firmly  is  neces- 
sary. The  roller  suspender  is  the  product  of  many  experiments 
and  years  of  experience,  assisted  by  the  kindly  suggestions  of  our 
patrons. 

The  shoulder  straps  are  usually  of  two-inch  non-elastic  webbing. 
A  strip  of  webbing  is  attached  to  the  right  strap,  and  forms  a  loop 
through  which  the  left  strap  passes.  A  piece  of  webbing  stitched 
to  the  back  of  both  straps  holds  them  together.  The  front  lower 
ends  of  the  shoulder  straps  are  received  into  buckles,  and  the 
back  lower  ends  are  terminated  by  snaps ;  each  hooks  into  the  ends 
of  the  leather  roller  cords  which  pass  around  roUers  attached  to 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 


95 


either  side  of  the  leg.  Any  degree  of  pressure  upon  the  shoulders 
can  be  obtained  by  means  of  the  clamp  buckles,  and  when  obtained, 
the  buckles  are  clamped  and  are  never  disturbed,  unless  the  pressure 
on  the  shoulders  needs  further  adjustment.  When  it  is  desired 
to  remove  the  limb,  the  suspenders  are  detached  by  unsnapping 
both  front  and  back. 

Cut  H.  29  shows  a  front  view  of  a  person  wearing  a  pair  of 
roller  suspenders. 

Cut  H  30  gives  the  back  view,  and  Cuts  H  31,  H  32,  and  II  33 
side  views. 

These  cuts  show  the  relative  positions  of  the  rollers,  as  well  as 
the  effect  of  the  loops  in  holding  the  shoulder  straps  in  place  and 


Cut  H  31. 


CutH 


Cut  H  33. 


in  directing  the  leg.  Elasticity  is  obtained  by  two  pieces  of 
elastic  webbing  attached  to  the  backs  of  the  shoulder  straps  a 
little  below  the  shoulder  blades. 

The  operation  of  the  suspenders  is  illustrated  in  Cuts  H  29- 
30-31-32-33.  All  the  traveling  of  the  suspenders  due  to  changes 
of  position  takes  place  about  the  rollers  on  the  sides  of  the  thigh, 
instead  of  on  the  shoulders  of  the  wearer,  whether  the  person  is 
standing,  stooping,  walking,  or  sitting. 

Straight  Shoulder  Straps. — Cut  H  34  shows  a  style  of  sus- 
pender especially  adapted  to  an  artificial  leg  for  a  short  thigh 
stump.  It  is  the  style  very  generally  used  before  roller  suspenders 
were  devised.  The  shoulder  straps  are  of  fine  elastic  webbing,  2 
inches  wide. 

The  front  straps  are  of  two-inch  non-elastic  webbing;  each  front 
strap  passes  through  a  metal  link  attached  to  the  lower  end  of 
the  elastic  shoulder  strap.  After  passing  through  the  metal  link 
the  front  straps  are  received  into  a  two-prong  buckle.     The  sus- 


96 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 


penders  are  attached  to  the  leg  by  means  of  leather  tags  and  metal 
D's  screwed  to  the  back  and  front.  The  metal  D  admits  of  side 
motion,  thereby  insuring  direct  pull. 

Belt  Attachment. — Cut  H  35  represents  a  belt  and  suspender 
combined.  The  shoulder  straps  and  belt  are  preferably  of  non- 
elastic  webbing.     The  straps  running  from  the  belt  to  the  leg  are 


Cut  H  34. 


Cut  H  35. 


Cut  H  36. 


made  of  elastic  webbing,  2  inches  wide  or  less,  as  the  case  may 
demand. 

Vest  Method. — Cut  H  36  illustrates  the  vest  method.  It  is  made 
of  strong  muslin,  fitted  to  the  person  and  worn  under  the  shirt. 
Elastic  straps  are  attached  to  the  lower  border  and  buckled  into 
straps  that  arc  secured  to  the  leg.  In  order  to  obtain  the  best 
results,  the  vest  must  be  made  and  fitted  by  a  tailor.  Persons  who 
desire  to  have  their  artificial  limbs  constructed  from  measure- 
ments, and  choose  the  vest  suspender,  are  required  to  have  vests 
made  at  home,  and  if  sent  to  us,  we  will  attach  the  straps  and 
make  the  proper  connections  with  the  leg  without  additional  charge. 

Suspenders  for  Women. — ^For  obvious  reasons  the  means  of  sus- 
pending artificial  limbs  to  women  differ  from  those  employed  with 
men.  When  shoulder  straps  are  used  they  must  pass  over  the 
shoulders  and  not  press  upon  the  breasts.  Yokes,  girths,  or  bands 
must  pass  around  the  waists  so  as  to  place  the  burden  all  or  in 
part  on  the  hips. 

Yoke  Method. — Cut  H  37  shows  a  combination  of  the  roller 
straps  with  the  yoke;  rollers  or  pulleys  are  secured  to  the  sides  of 
the  thigh,  and  leather  cords  pass  around  them.    The  yoke  is  made 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


91? 


to  fit  the  loins  and  hips,  adjustable  by  lacing  in  front  or  on  the 
sides,  as  may  be  preferred;  the  shoulder  and  roller  straps  are  also 


Cut  H  37. 


Cut  H  38. 


adjustable,   so   as  to   bring  the  proportionate  weight  about  the 
shoulders  and  hips  without  displacing  the  yoke. 

Corset  Method. — As  many  women  pride  themselves  on  their  trim 
waists  and  neat-fitting  garments,  it  is  especially  desirable  that 
means  of  leg  suspension  should  be  light  and  neat.  Straps  securely 
sewed  to  the  corset,  extending  downward  and  connected  with  the 
artificial  limb,  admit  of  the  neatest  adjustment.  Cut  H  38  shows 
the  corset  method,  which  can  be  easily  adjusted  by  the  wearer. 


CHAPTER  IX 


HIP-JOINT  AMPUTATIONS 


Requirement. — An  amputation  at  the  hip  joint  or  close  to 
the  body  requires  an  artificial  leg  identical  in  construction  to 
either  of  the  patterns  heretofore  described  for  thigh  stumps,  with 
the  exception  that  some  modifications  are  introduced  in  the  knee 
and  the  means  of  suspension  is  more  complex. 

Muscle  Stump. — Cuts  I-l  and  1-2  illustrate  front  and  side 
views  of  amputations  at  the  coxo-femoral  or  hip  articulation, 
leaving  a  stump  composed  entirely  of  muscle  tissue.     A  muscle 


Cut  I-l. 


Cut  L2. 


Cut  1-3. 


stump  is  capable  of  performing  some  functions,  although  limited, 
in  the  management  of  an  artificial  leg,  and  may  be  considered  as 
more  desirable  than  no  stump  at  all.  Cuts  1-3  and  1-4  represent  a 
hip-joint  amputation  in  which  there  is  no  protruding  stump  by 
which  the  artificial  leg  cfin  be  directed.  The  amputated  surface  at 
the  base  of  the  pelvis  is  capable  of  bearing  pressure. 

Leg  Applied. — Cuts  1-6  and  1-6  show  a  leg  applied  to  hip-joint 
amputation  having  muscle  stump.  The  means  by  which  it  is 
suspended  consist  of  a  waist  belt,  shoulder  strap,  over  each 
shoulder,  flexion  and  extension  elastic  straps,  a  metal  hip  joint 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New   York   City.  99 


Cut  1-4. 


Cut  1-5. 


Cut  1-6. 


Cut  1-7. 


Cut  1-8. 


Cut  1-9. 


100         A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New   YorTc   City. 


substitiiting  the  natural  hip  articulation,  and  an  attachment  by 
vvhicli  the  knee  can  be  locked  and  made  immovable,  or  capable  of 
having  but  limited  motion,  these  features  have  all  been  explained 
in  the  preceding  chapter. 

The  hip  joint  is  important  as  it  keeps  the  artificial  leg  directly 
under  the  wearer.  The  waist  belt  with  its  elastic  straps  front  and 
rear  assists  in  flexing  and  extending  the  leg  at  the  hip.  The  leg 
is  held  firmly  to  the  body  when  standing  or  walking;  it  should 
be  especially  noted,  that  it  is  not'  advisable  to  allow  any  knee 
motion  while  the  wearer  is  learning  to  control  the  leg.  During 
this  period  the  knee  motion  is  only  for  sitting  convenience. 

Cut  1-7  shows  a  leg  with  pelvic  socket  suitable  for  a  hip-joint 


Cut  I-IO. 


Cut  I-ll. 


Cut  1-13. 


amputation  where  there  is  no  protruding  stump  to  control  the 
artificial  hip  motion. 

Cuts  1-8,  1-9,  I-IO,  I-ll,  1-12,  show  the  leg  applied  and  the 
wearer  in  many  positions.  The  pelvic  socket  takes  in  a  part  of 
the  pelvis  and  holds  the  artificial  leg  firmly  to  its  place  no  mat- 
ter what  positions  the  wearer  may  assume.  The  hip  joint  is 
controlled  by  throwing  the  body  forward  or  backward  of  the  cen- 
ter of  gravity  of  the  leg. 

Artificial  legs  for  hip- joint  amputations  support  the  amputated 
side  in  a  very  comfortable  and  natural  manner.  The  leg,  having 
little  or  no  stump  to  control  it,  is  thrown  forward  by  means  of  a 
side  motion  of  the  body.  Persons  with  reasonable  perseverance 
soon  learn  to  control  legs  under  these  conditions  in  an  advan- 
tageous way. 


CHAPTER  X 


BOTH-LEG  AMPUTATIONS 


The  triumphs  of  artificial  limb-making  are  shown  to  advantage 
in  the  restoration  to  active  life  of  those  who  have  had  both  of 
their  lower  extremities  removed.  When  such  persons  are  enabled 
to  get  about  freely,  walk  gracefully,  and  engage  in  such  labors  as 
their  callings  in  life  require,  a  great  and  beneficial  work  has  been 
accomplished,  and  the  strongest  possible  evidence  is  presented  to 
show  that  the  mind  of  the  prothesist  has  not  been  passive  during 


Cut  J  1. 


Cut  J  2. 


the  past  half  century.  The  problems  these  cases  present  are  pro- 
foundly difficult,  thought  and  effort  have  never  been  given  to  more 
laudable  purposes  than  to  their  solution.  The  amelioration  of  the 
conditions  of  these  unfortunate  persons  commands  the  highest  tal- 
ent and  the  most  humane  impulses. 

Ancient  Methods. — But  a  short  time  ago  the  loss  of  both  legs 
was  regarded  as  irreparable.  The  person  who  met  with  that  mis- 
fortune was  either  consigned  to  a  wheel  chair,  or  obliged  to  hitch 
himself  about  on  his  knees  or  haunches.  Cuts  J  1  to  J  4  show 
some  of  the  various  methods  employed  by  those  deprived  of  both 
their  limbs.     Formerly  these  methods  were  the  only  means  fox 

101 


102 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


locomotion  the  subject  could  employ.     But  at  the  present  time 
the  methods  are  used  preliminary  to  obtaining  and  wearing  arti- 


Cut  J  4. 


Cut  J  5. 


Cut  J  6. 


ficial  legs.     When  these  methods  are  contrasted  with  those  that 
are  shown  later  on,  the  progress  and  developments  that  have  been 
made  in  the  adaptation  of  artificial  legs  will  be  in  plain  view. 
Both  Feet  Partly  Amputated. — Cut  J  5  shows  a  case  in  which 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  Neiu  York  City.         103 

both  feet  were  removed  at  the  insteps;  a  pair  of  artificial  legs 
constructed  on  the  plan  of  Cut  C  18,  page  32,  was  applied. 

LoWEE  Instep  and  Leg  Amputations. — Cut  J  G  shows  an  ampu- 
tation of  the  left  foot  at  the  instep  and  of  the  right  leg  at  the 
junction  of  the  lower  and  middle  third.  Artificial  legs  C  18  and 
E  17   were  applied. 

Both  Feet  Amputated  at  the  Ankles. — Cut  J  7  shows  a 
double  ankle-joint  amputation  with  the  extremities  incapable  of 


Cut  J  7. 


Cut  J  8. 


bearing  pressure.  A  pair  of  artificial  legs,  constructed  on  the 
plan  of  D  21  and  described  on  page  43,  was  applied.  Cut  J  8 
shows  the  same  case  with  the  legs  applied  and  the  wearer  stand- 
ing. In  this  particular  instance  the  amputations  resulted  from 
frostbite,  and  the  extremities  of  the  stumps  were  very  sensitive 
and  with  impaired  circulation.  It  was  therefore  necessary  to 
avoid  interference  with  circulation  and  to  secure  the  absolute 
freedom  of  the  extremities  from  contact. 

Ankle  Joint  and  Knee  Amputations. — Cut  J  9  shows  an  am- 
putation of  the  left  foot  at  the  ankle  after  the  Pirogoff  method, 
and  the  right  leg  at  the  knee  joint  after  the  Gritti  operation; 


104        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  Neiv  Yorlc  City. 


Cut  J  9. 


Cut  J  10. 


Cut  J  11. 


Cut  J  13. 


artificial  legs    D  12  and  G  17   were  applied.     Cnt  J  10  presents 

the  wearer  with  artificial  legs  applied  and  attired  as  in  daily  life. 

Upper  Instep  and  Leg  Amputations. — Cut  J  11  shows  an  am- 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lir)ibs,  New  York  City.         105 


putation  of  left  foot  at  the.  instep  and  the  right  leg  at  the  middle 
third.     Artificial  legs  C  18  and  E  17  were  applied.     Cut  J  12 


Cut  J  14. 


Cut  J  15.  Cut  J  16. 

shows  the  wearer  with  the  legs  applied,  engaging  in  his  occupa- 
tion as  oysterman.  This  person  has  been  employed  in  that  indus- 
try for  many  years,  and  finds  himself  unhampered  in  his  work. 


106        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


Cut  J  13  shows  an  amputation  of  the  right  foot  at  the  instep 

and  of  the  left  leg  immediately  below  the  knee.     The  right  foot 

was  poorly  nourished,   and  sensitive   at  the  extremity,   so   much 

so  as  to  completely  prohibit  any  pressure.     Cut  J  14  illustrates 

■    the  same  case  with  D  21  and  E  17  legs  applied. 

Both-Leg  Amputations. — Cuts  J  15  to  J   21  illustrate  amputa- 
tions of  both  legs  at  various  points  between  the  knees  and  ankles, 
ri  covering  many  lengths,  characteristics  of  flaps,  and  situations  of 


Cut  J  17. 


Cut  J  18. 


cicatrices.  Artificial  legs  suitable  for  any  of  these  amputations, 
as  shovim  in  Cut  J  21,  are  constructed  on  the  plan  of  E  17.  Cut 
J  22  shows  the  legs  applied.  The  freedom  with  which  wearers 
of  legs  for  double  amputations  can  get  about,  the  naturalness 
with  which  they  can  sit,  lie  down,  stand,  walk,  ascend  elevations, 
ladders,  ride  bicycles,  skate,  and  engage  in  almost  any  occupation 
are  shown  in  Cuts  J  22  to  J  32. 

Practical  Results. — Persons  wearing  two  artificial  legs  are 
so  thoroughly  in  control  of  their  means  of  locomotion  that  they 
go  about  much  as  other  people.  They  readily  resume  their  former 
occupations,  no  matter  how  arduous  they  may  have  been.  Cut 
J  28  illustrates  a  case  of  double-leg  amputations  with  artificial 
legs  E  17  applied.  A  short  time  after  obtaining  the  legs  the 
wearer  resumed  his  work  of  baggage  master,  lifting  heavy  trunks, 
carrying  them  about,  and  putting  them  on  trains  as  one  v^ould 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  Cily.         107 


Cut  J  19. 


Cut  J  20 


Cut  J  21. 


Cut  J  23. 


108        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  York  City. 

do  with  natural  legs.     Cut  J  29  portrays  a  railroad  man  with  two 
artificial  legs  operating  a  switch.     He  dismounts,  attends  to  the 


Cut  J  23. 

switch,  frequently  gets  aboard  while  the  train  is  in  motion,  a-nd 
performs  the  work  of  a  brakeman.  He  moves  about  quickly,  steps 
over  ties,  and  appears  to  be  on  as  firm  footing  as  if  he  had  never 


Cut  J  24. 


Cut  J  25. 


been  deprived  of  nature's  extremities.  Cut  J  30  shows  a  young 
man  wearing  two  artificial  legs,  plan  E  17;  he  is  a  conductor  on 
a  railroad,  performing  his  duties  in  a  thoroughly  efficient  manner. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.         109 

He  walks  through  the  train  when  it  is  running  at  its  greatest 
speed,  collects  tickets,  and  punches  them.     The  cars  jolt,  pitch. 


Cut  J  26. 


Cut  J  27. 


and  sway,  but  he  retains  his  balance  with  no  perceptible  effort 
or  awkwardness. 

At  stations  he  alights,  watches  passengers,  gives   signals,  and 
boards  his  train.     It  never  occurs  to  anyone  that  his  lower  ex- 


Cut  J  28. 


Cut  J  29. 


tremities   are  not  real,  and  his   actions  never  betray  that  fact. 
With  wooden  articulating  feet  it  would  be  extremely  difficult  for 


110        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


Cut  J  30. 


Cut  J  31. 


Cut  J  33. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


Ill 


him  to  discharge  such  duties.  He  would  feel  unsafe,  tottlish, 
and  unsteady,  but  with  rubber  feet  with  spring  mattress,  rigidly 
attached,  he  has  sound  footing,  and  is  capable  of  the  most  difficult 
feats  of  balancing. 

Below-Knee  and  Knee-Joint  Amputations. — Cut  J  31  rep- 
resents a  case  with  both  legs  amputated;  the  right  disjointed  at 
the  knee,  and  the  left  amputated  three  inches  below  the  knee; 
Nos.  E  17  and  G  7  legs  were  applied.     This  man  when  in  street 


Cut  J  33. 


Cut  J  34. 


attire  presents  the  appearance  of  a  person  with  natural  extremi- 
ties. He  walks  naturally,  and  never  consents  to  use  a  cane. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  takes  pride  in 
parading  with  his  lodge.     Cut  J  32  shows  him  in  his  uniform. 

Below-Knee  and  Above-Knee  Amputations. — Cut  J  33  repre- 
sents ampTitations  of  both  legs,  the  right  below  the  knee  and  the 
left  above  the  knee.  Cut  J  34  represents  the  same  case,  with 
E  17  and  H  15  legs  applied. 

Cut  J  35  ^hows  a  similar  case;  the  right  stump  only  five 
and  one-half  inches  from  the  body,  and  the  left  one  and  one-half 
inches  below  the  knee.  E  17  was  applied  to  the  left  side  and 
H  15  to  the  right.  The  subject  was  restored  to  not  only  a  natural 
appearance,  but  to  the  ability   of  walking   without   the   aid  of 


112        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

canes  or  crutches,  and  so  naturally  that  he  has  associated  with 
persons  for  long  periods  without  betraying  the  fact  that  his  lower 
limbs  were  artificial.     This  young  man  has  walked  half  a  mile 


Cut  J  35. 


Cut  J  36. 


in  eight  minutes  without  great  effort.  He  works  at  the  bench 
during  the  day,  and  the  evenings  are  frequently  spent  at  the 
billiard  table.  Cut  J  36  shows  him  as  he  appears  on  his  artificial 
legs,  and  in  street  attire. 

Engaging  in  Former  Pursuits. — We  have  many  patrons  wearing 
E  17  and  H  15  artificial  legs  for  double  amputations  who  exhibit 
remarkable  skill  in  performing  feats  that  require  sound  footing. 

Cut  J  37  shows  a  person  with  two  artificial  legs  as  above  de- 
scribed in  a  rowboat,  illustrating  the  manner  in  which  he  can 
brace  himself  while  pulling  a  strong  oar. 

Cut  J  38  shows  another  similarly  equipped  at  the  pool  table, 
balancing  himself  on  one  foot  while  making  a  difiicult  shot. 

Cut  J  39  represents  another  with  thigh  and  leg  amputation,  on 
a  ladder,  at  a  great  distance  from  the  ground;  his  footing  is 
sound,  his  arms  are  free;  he  can  hold  a  paint  can  in  one  hand, 
while  he  applies  a  brush  with  the  other. 

Cut  J  40  represents  another  riding  horseback,  securely  seated 
in  the  saddle,  and  feet  in  stirrups.     The  spring  mattress  rubber 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.         113 

feet  are  used  in  all  of  these  cases,  and  sound  and  reliable  footing 
are  due  to  the  excellent  feature  obtained  by  that  means. 

Both  Legs  and  Both  Arms  Amputated. — Cut  J  41  represents 
a  case  in  which  both  legs  and  both  hands  were  amputated.     A 


Cut  J  37. 

pair  of  artificial  legs,  and  a  pair  of  artificial  arms  were  applied. 
The  wearer  became  able  to  walk  about  in  a  very  natural  way; 
his  artificial  arms  enabled  him  to  feed  himself  at  the  table,  write, 


Cut  J  38. 


and  perform  such  work  as  does  not  depend  upon  delicate  finger 
movements  and  the  sense  of  touch. 

Both  Legs  Amputated  Above  the  Knees. — No  matter  how  ex- 
tensively a  person  may  be  dismembered,  prothetic  science  is  ca- 


114        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  York  City. 

pable  of  rescuing  him  from  a  life  of  helplessness.  Only  a  brief 
period  has  elapsed  since  it  was  considered  rash  to  apply  a  pair 
of  artificial  legs  to  a  person  who  had  both  of  his  natural  legs 
amputated  above  the  knees.  Attempts  to  substitute  such  a  large 
portion  of  the  body  depending  on  short  thigh  stumps  for  support, 
resulted  in  failures,  and  until  modern  ideas  were  introduced  and 
appropriate  means  for  attachments  were  devised,  failure  followed 


Cut  J  39. 


Cut  J  40. 


every  effort.  In  1864  the  fi.rst  pair  of  artificial  legs  was  applied 
to  double  thigh  amputations;  the  subject  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Civil  War.  Although  he  was  able  to  sit,  stand,  and  walk  on  his 
artificial  legs,  the  effort  was  so  great  that  the  wearer  soon  tired 
of  them  and  abandoned  their  use,  and  became  the  occupant  of 
a  wheel-chair,  dependent  on  his  family. 

In  1879  Mr.  Marks  made  his  second  attempt,  and  succeeded  ad- 
mirably. The  subject  was  a  young  man  with  two  thigh  stumps 
that  reached  nearly  to  the  knees.  This  man  soon  acquired  the 
art  of  balancing,  and  became  so  adept  that  he  could  walk  about 
the  house  without  the  aid  of  canes  or  crutches,  but  when  in  the 
street  he  found  it  necessary  to  use  a  pair  of  canes.  He  has  worn 
the  pair  of  legs  made  in  1879  up  to  the  present  time.  He  is 
engaged  in  active  business  pursuits,  and  has  reared  and  supported 
a  large  family. 

Since  the  above  date  we  have  applied  upwards  of  a  hundred 
pairs  of  artificial  legs  to  double  thigh  amputations.    The  manner 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.         115 


Cut  J  41 


Cut  J  43. 


Cut  J  43. 


Cut  J  44. 


in  which  these  limbs  were  constructed,  the  way  in  which  they  were 
applied  and  adjusted,  and  the  methods  employed  to  give  better 
control  of  the  movements  have  varied  according  to  the  conditions 


116        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


of  each  case.     Each  double  thigh  amputation  presents  problems 
of  an  individual  character,  and  as  there   are  seldom  two  alike, 


Cut  J  45. 


Cut  J  46. 


Cut  J  47. 


these  problems  must  be  solved  by  the  manufacturer.     The  solu- 
tion lies  in  the  hanging  of  the  legs,  the  method  of  suspension, 


Cut  J  48. 


Cut  J  49. 


limiting  the  motion  of  the  knees,  and  the  absolute  rigidity  of  the 
ankles.    We  cite  a  fevp  cases. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


117 


Cut  J  42  represents  double  thigh  stumps,  produced  by  ampu- 
tations made  to  remove  deformed  parts.  A  pair  of  artificial  legs 
of  suitable  construction  was  applied.  The  great  lengths  of  these 
stumps  gave  such  control  over  the  artificial  limbs  that  it  w^as  not 
necessary  to  apply  hip  joints  or  knee  locks.  The  subject  was  a 
musician.  In  a  brief  time  he  was  able  to  walk  naturally,  resum- 
ing his  profession,  and  now  has  a  national  reputation  as  a  clari- 
onetist.  He  walks  on  the  stage,  plays  the  instrument,  acknowl- 
edges encores,  and  retires  in  the  usual  stage  manner. 

Cut  J  43  represents  a  double  knee  joint  amputation.  A  pair 
of  suitable  artificial  legs  are  shown  in  the  same  cut.     Cut  J  44 


Cut  J  50. 


Cut  J  51. 


shows  the  artificial  legs  applied,  and  the  wearer  in  the  act  of 
walking. 

Cut  J  45  represents  a  child  who  had  both  legs  amputated  above 
the  knees  on  account  of  a  railroad  accident.  A  pair  of  artificial 
legs  with  knee  locks  was  applied  to  advantage.  The  child  has, 
for  a  number  of  years,  walked  on  the  artificial  legs  very  satis- 
factorily. He  has  been  enabled  to  walk  to  school  and  indulge  in 
childish  pastimes.  The  manner  in  which  the  artificial  legs  were 
held  in  place  is  shown  in  Cut  J  46,  front  view,  and  Cut  J  47, 
rear  view. 


118        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City. 

Cut  J  48  represents  a  double  thigh  amputation,  the  result  of  a 
railroad  accident.  Cut  J  49  shows  the  application  of  a  pair  of 
artificial  legs  with  the  wearer  seated.  Cut  J  50  represents  the 
same  person  standing,  and  in  Cut  J  51  he  is  attired  as  he  ap- 
pears when  walking.  This  case  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  on 
record.  The  stumps  only  extended  to  about  the  middle  of  the 
thighs,  but  through  the  energy  of  the  wearer  and  the  efficiency 
of  the  artificial  legs,  he  was  able,  in-  a  brief  time,  to  walk  about 
in  a  very  natural  way,  and  go  up  and  down  stairs;  he  uses  no 
canes  about  the  house.  The  artificial  legs  H  15  were  applied  with 
hip  joints  and  automatic  knee  locks,  but  after  a  brief  time  the 
wearer  dispensed  with  the  locks  and  found  that  he  could  control 
the  artificial  knee  joints  without  danger  of  treacherous  flexing. 
Under  earlier  systems  this  case  would  have  been  considered  hope- 
less, and  the  thought  of  applying  artificial  limbs  would  never 
have  been  entertained. 


CHAPTEE  XI 

AETIFICIAL  FEET  AND  LEGS  FOR  DEFORMITIES, 
PARALYSIS,  EXCISIONS,  ARRESTED  GROWTH, 
SHORTENED    LEGS,   ETC. 

Deformities  of  the  feet  or  legs  may  be  due  to  causes  congenital, 
traumatic,  or  pathological.  Appliances  for  such  cases  frequently 
partake  of  the  character  of  artificial  legs  and  call  for  the  skill 
of  the  prothetician. 

No  matter  how  greatly  distorted,  deformed,  or  weakened  one  or 
both  legs  may  be,  there  is  reasonable  hope  that  some  appliance 
can  be  used  that  will  aid  locomotion,  hide  the  affected  parts,  and 
restore  a  fair  degree  of  symmetry  to  the  person. 

Short  Leg. — The  most  frequent  leg  abnormity  is  that  of  short- 
ening, due  to  hip- joint  troubles  in  infancy,  or  to  paralysis. 


Cut  K  1. 


Cut  K  2. 


Cut  K  3. 


Cut  K  1  represents  a  case  of  shortened  leg  caused  by  hip  dislo- 
cation. The  front  of  the  foot  is  dropped  downwardly  to  enable 
the  subject  to  walk  on  the  ball  of  his  foot. 

Talipes-equinus. — Cut  K  2  represents  a  case  of  talipes-equinus, 
leg  shortened  from  one  to  three  or  more  inches,  due  to  paralysis. 
The  ankle  joints  in  K  1  and  K  2  were  normally  strong  and  the 
knees  and  hips  under  thorough  control.  Cut  K  3  shows  an  appli- 
ance suitable  for  either  of  the  above  cases.  It  is  termed  an 
extension  foot,  and  is  constructed  from  a  wooden  block,  the  upper 
surface  shaped  to  receive  the  sole  of  the  affected  foot,  with  the 
front  part  dropped  to  a  convenient  angle  (see  dotted  line).    The 

119 


120        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City. 

under  surface  of  the  block  is  connected  with  the  lower  part  of 
a  rubber  foot.  The  entire  structure  is  covered  with  suitable 
leather,  the  upper  of  which  runs  well  up  on  the  leg,  incasing 
the  entire  foot  and  ankle.  Cut  K  4  is  a  shoe,  to  be  drawn  over 
the  foot  and  appliance.     It  is  usually  a  part  of  the  mate  of  the 


Cut  K  4. 


Cut  K  5. 


Cut  K  6. 


shoe  worn  on  the  opposite  foot,  the  quarter  having  been  removed 
and  a  larger  one  put  on  having  the  shape  and  dimensions  required 
to  fit  properly.  This  alteration  in  the  shoe  is  easily  made,  and 
can  be  done  by  any  shoemaker  at  slight  expense.  The  extension, 
when  complete  and  covered  by  a  shoe,  is  shown  in  cut  K  5.  Cut 
K  6  shows  it  covered  with  the  trousers.  Persons  with  these  appli- 
ances walk  much  better  than  they  do  with  the  old  style,  thick 
sole  and  high-heel  shoe.  They  present  a  better  appearance  and 
are  far  more  comfortable. 

Talipes  with  Lateral  Weakness. — Cut  K  7  represents  a  short- 
ened leg  with  talipes  and  loss  of  control  over  the  ankle  joint,  there 
being  a  strong  tendency  for  the  ankle  to  give  way  sidewise.  A 
suitable  appliance  is  shown  in  the  same  cut.  It  is  constructed 
of  wood,  carved  from  a  block  with  naturally  curved  grains,  or 
made  of  aluminum,  as  conditions  require.  It  receives  the  leg  and 
foot  in  a  comfortable  way  and  holds  them  firmly  in  place.  The 
heel  and  toes  are  of  ru.bber.  Cut  K  8  represents  the  case  with 
appliance  in  place  and  wearer  walking.  In  cases  of  atrophy  of  the 
calf,  which  frequently  accompanies  these  cases,  the  leg  structure 
can  be  carved  to  approximate  the  contours  and  dimensions  of 
the  sound  leg.  There  will  scarcely  be  an  appreciable  increase  in 
weight. 

Toe  Support. — An  appliance  of  above  type  is  helpful  in  holding 
the  foot  in  correct  position,  and  on  account  of  the  rigidity  of 
the  ankle  the  wearer  obtains  toe  support  that  enables  him  to  rise 
op.  the  ball  of  the  foot  when  walking.     This  produces  a  natural 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  Oily.         121 

step,  avoids  limping,  and  enables  the  wearer  to  go  up  and  down 
stairs  and  alight  on  elevations.  It  also  aids  him  in  balancing, 
and,  as  the  point  of  resistance  at  the  ball  of  the  foot  is  in  advance 
of  the  knee  joint,  the  tendency  of  the  knee  to  flex  is  counter- 
acted; this  adds  materially  to  the  efficiency  of  the  apparatus, 
giving  the  wearer  a  feeling  of  confidence  and  security.    A  person 


Cut  K  7. 


Cut  K  8. 


with  a  paralyzed  leg,  using  ordinary  braces,  usually  finds  it  neces- 
sary to  press  his  hand  against  his  knee  joint  when  his  weight 
is  on  the  affected  leg.  He  does  this  to  keep  the  knee  from  flexing 
and  precipitating  a  fall,  but  with  the  appliance  just  described 
firmness  of  the  knee  joint  is  obtained  by  phalangeal  support  in 
the  foot,  and  the  wearer  is  not  dependent  on  pressure  placed  in 
his  knee  joint,  or  on  attachments  going  above  the  knee. 

Cut  K  9  shows  a  shortened  leg  with  hip  and  knee  joints  under 
control;  the  ankle  suffered  a  loss  of  strength  and  required  sup- 
porting. 

Cut  K  10  represents  a  leg  shortened  by  hip-joint  trouble  in 
youth,  producing  a  deficiency  in  length  of  about  ten  inches;  the 
knee  and  hip  joints  are  under  control  and  the  bottom  of  the  foot 
is  capable  of  bearing  weight.  Cut  K  11  represents  a  leg,  designed 
for  each  of  the  above  cases,  the  natural  foot  is  dropped  to  the 
greatest  angle  that   can  be   tolerated  and  made  to   rest  on   an 


122        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City. 


inclined  surface  at  the  required  distance  from  the  floor.     The  leg 
is  incased  by  a  socket  made  of  wood  and  leather.     Cut  K  12 


Cut  K  9. 


Cut  K  10. 


Cut  K  11. 


represents  the  appliance  in  place,  and  Cut  K  13  shows  the  patient 
properly  and  neatly  attired. 

Congenital  Deformity. — Cuts  K  14  and  15  illustrate  the  front 
and   side    views   of   a   case   of   congenital   deformity.      The   foot 


Cut  K  13. 


Cut  K  13. 


appears  to  be  attached  to  the  external  side  of  the  tibia  immedi- 
ately under  the  fibula.  Weight  can  be  borne  on  the  sole  only 
when  the  foot  is  held  in  position.     Cut  K  16  gives  a  side  view  of 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City.         123 

a  suitable  appliance  constructed  substantially  the  same  as  K  11. 
The  displaced  foot  is  held  firmly  in  correct  position  and  the 
wearer  waU^s  helpfully  and  quite  naturally. 

Talipes-varus. — Cut  K  17  represents  a  case  of  talipes  varus, 
resulting  from  paralysis — the  knee  joint  being  involved.     A  suit- 


Cut  K  14. 


Cut  K  15. 


Cut  K  16. 


able  appliance  is  shown  in  the  same  cut.  Cut  K  18  shows  appli- 
ance in  place  and  the  wearer  seated;  with  this  appliance  the 
wearer  is  enabled  to  walk  acceptably. 

Leg  Deformities. — Cut  K  19  represents  a  deformed  right  leg. 
From  the  knee  down,  the  leg  is  diminutive,  terminating  in  a 


Cut  K  17. 


Cut  K  18. 


miniature  foot,  inclined  inwardly  and  backwardly;  the  shortening 
due  to  arrested  development  amounts  to  eight  inches.  Cut  K  20 
shows  a  suitable  leg.     The  deformed  leg,  from  the  knee  down,  is 


124        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limls,  New  YorJc  City. 

received  into  the  socket  of  the  artificial  leg  and  held  there  com- 
fortably. A  rubber  foot,  with  spring  mattress  placed  at  the 
required  distance  to  restore  length,  fully  equipped  the  child  with 
means  of  locomotion. 


Cut  K  19. 


Cut  K  21. 


Cut  K  23. 


Cut  K  20. 


Cut  K  23. 


Cut  K  21  represents  a  right-leg  deformity ;  hip,  thigh,  and  knee 
under  normal  conditions;  the  leg  from  the  knee  down  undevel- 
oped, foot  very  small,  terminating  in  a  great  toe  growing  from 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  TArribs,  New  York  City. 


125 


the  internal  side.  Cvit  K  22  shows  an  artificial  leg  devised  for 
the  case.  The  deformed  leg  is  received  in  the  socket  and  laced. 
The  toe  is  provided  vpith  a  protecting  pocket,  the  vs^eight  is  taken 
partly  on  the  plantar  surface  of  the  miniature  foot  and  partly 
about  the  leg  below  the  knee  and  about  the  thigh.  When  first 
applied  the  leg  only  reached  to  the  knee,  but  it  was  found  that 
there  was  a  weakness  in  the  knee,  with  a  tendency  to  abduct;  knee 
joints  and  thigh  support  were  added,  which  prevented  yielding  to 
lateral  weakness.  Cut  K  23  shows  the  leg  applied  and  the  child 
standing.     Since  the  application  of  the  appliance  the  child  has 


Cut  K  34. 


Cut  K  25. 


Cut  K  26. 


Cut  K  27. 


grown  rapidly  in  stature  and  weight,  well  developed,  strong  and 
healthy. 

Cut  K  24  represents  a  congenital  deformity  of  the  right  leg, 
consisting  of  a  malformed  foot,  miniature  leg,  and  abnormal  rela- 
tions of  tibia  and  fibula.  The  tibia  extends  to  the  ankle,  without 
connecting  with  the  foot.  The  fibula  connects  with  the  foot  but 
not  with  the  leg,  the  two  bones  held  in  position  by  cartilage. 
When  standing  on  the  right  foot  the  bones  would  slide  by  each 
other  over  an  inch;  there  was  also  lateral  weakness,  rendering 
walking  impossible  without  assistance.  Cut  K  25  represents  an 
appliance  constructed  for  the  case,  made  of  aluminum  formed 
to  receive  the  foot  and  leg  in  a  comfortable  way,  terminating  with 
a  rubber  foot.  The  weight,  when  standing  or  walking,  was 
placed  on  the  internal  sloping  surface  of  the  tibia,  immediately 
below  the  knee.  The  socket  held  the  tibia  and  fibula  in  position. 
This  appliance  has  been  used  for  many  years,  enabling  the 
wearer  to  engage  in  arduous  labors,  and  capable  of  walking  great 
distances  without  fatigue. 

Cut  K  26  represents  a  shortened  and  malformed  leg.  The 
shortening  appears  to  have  been  located  wholly  in  the  leg  between 


126        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorTc  City. 

the  knee  and  ankle.  Cut  K  27  represents  a  suitable  leg.  It  is 
constructed  to  receive  and  hold  the  deformed  member  firmly  in 
place.  A  rubber  foot,  placed  under  the  foot-rest,  gives  the 
required  length.  The  motion  in  the  ankle  made  it  possible  to 
drop  the  toe  to  a  concealable  angle.  Although  the  apparatus  had 
the  appearance  of  a  double  foot,  there  was  no  difficulty  in  con- 
cealing the  deformity  by  the  trousers. 

Cut  K  28  illustrates  a  deformity  of  the  right  leg.    The  hip  and 
thigh  are  normal  and  an  undersized  foot  appears  to  have  grown 


Cut  K  38, 


Cut  K  30. 


Cut  K  31. 


immediately  from  the  knee.  The  patient  was  able  to  flex  and 
extend  the  foot  the  same  as  a  1^,  or,  in  other  words,  he  had  an 
articulation  at  the  junction  of  the  thigh  and  the  foot,  the  tibial 
section  being  absent.  Cut  K  29  represents  an  artificial  leg  devised 
for  the  case.  It  is  similar  in  its  general  construction  to  that 
represented  in  Cut  E  17.  The  socket  of  the  leg  is  excavated  to 
receive  the  foot,  the  knee  joints  and  thigh  supporter  give  the  foot 
control  over  the  artificial  part. 

Cut  K  30  represents  a  deformed  left  leg.  From  the  knee  down 
it  was  misshapen,  contracted,  and  distorted.  Cut  K  31  represents 
a  suitable  artificial  leg  applied.  The  deformed  parts  were  placed 
well  up  and  out  of  the  way,  concealed  by  the  dress. 

Cut  K  32  represents  a  deformed  lower  right  leg,  very  similar  to 
the  one  just  described.  The  knee,  however,  admitted  of  more 
flexion,  and  the  artificial  leg  was  made  to  receive  the  thigh  and 
deformed  part  in  one  socket  and  was  held  in  place  by  means  of  a 
leather  sheath  passing  from  the  rear  and  lacing  to  the  front  line 
of  the  thigh,  as  shown  in  Cut  K  33. 

Infantile  Paralysis. — Cut  K  34  represents  an  undeveloped  left 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  YorTc  City.         127 

leg,  the  entire  limb  considerably  atrophied  and  the  joints  weak, 
caused  by  infantile  paralysis.  Cut  K  35  represents  an  artificial 
leg  especially  designed  for  the  case.  The  deformed  leg  is  received 
in  the  socket  and  laced  in  place  and  the  foot  dropped  to  the 
greatest  angle  of  toleration.     The  thigh  piece  incases  the  thigh 


Cut  K  32. 


Cut  K  33. 


Cut  K  34. 


and  the  joints  support  the  knee;  a  rubber  foot  is  placed  at  the 
extremity.  Cut  K  36  presents  a  side  view  of  a  similar  appliance 
with  a  knee  lock,  which  is  necessary  in  cases  of  loss  of  control 
in  the  joints. 

Cut  K  37  represents  a  deformity  of  the  right  leg;  the  hip,  thigh, 
and  knee  normal  and  healthy,  but  the  leg  and  foot  diminutive  in 
size,  with  foot  rotated  outwardly.  Cut  K  38  represents  an  arti- 
ficial limb  especially  devised  for  the  case.  The  undeveloped  leg 
is  received  into  the  socket,  the  foot  protrudes  through  an  aperture 
on  the  external  side,  the  knee  joints  and  thigh  piece,  placed  above 
the  knee,  give  support  and  strength  about  the  thigh.  A  rubber 
foot,  with  spring  mattress  at  the  lower  extremity,  completes  the 
apparatus  and  gives  the  required  support. 

Obstructed  Growth. — Cuts  K  39  and  K  40  represent  cases  of 
obstructed  growth,  the  hip  joints  normal,  the  thighs  possessing 
nearly  the  proper  lengths,  terminating  in  short  and  misshapen 
legs.  Cut  K  41  represents  a  leg  suitable  for  either  case.  Both 
these  persons  were  enabled  to  walk  nearly  as  well  as  if  normal 
conditions  existed.  A  slight  enlargement  of  the  trousers  a  little 
above  the  knee  (necessary  to  accommodate  the  deformed  leg)  is 
the  only  noticeable  difference  in  the  two  sides,  and  that  differ- 
ence so  slight  as  to  be  observed  only  by  the  critical  eye. 


128        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  Neiv  Yorlc  City. 


Cut  K  39. 


Cut  K  40. 


Cut  K  41. 


Cut  K  42  represents  a  deformity  consisting  of  an  undeveloped 
femur  and  partially  developed  leg,  the  knee  joint  located  very 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limls,  New  York  City.         129 

close  to  the  hip.  A  suitable  artificial  leg  is  shown  in  same  cut. 
The  wearer  walks  so  perfectly  with  this  leg  that  his  deformity  is 
absolutely  concealed. 

Both  Legs  Deformed. — Cut  K  43  represents  a  deformity,  both 
legs  atrophied,  talipes-varus,  feet  abnormally  large.  Ampu- 
tation of  both  feet  at  the  ankle  joint  after  the  Symes  method 
was  advised.  This  was  done  and  the  patient  obtained  a  pair  of 
legs,  on  which  he  walks  and  performs  labor  acceptably.  Cuts 
K  44  and  K  45  represent  front  and  side  views  of  a  deformity  of 


Cut  K  43. 


Cut  K  43. 


both  feet.  From  the  hips  to  a  little  below  the  calves  normal 
conditions  were  present;  at  about  the  calves  there  were  false  joints 
supplementary  to  the  knee  and  ankle  articulations.  These  false 
joints  were  under  poor  control,  not  sufficient  to  hold  the  feet  in 
proper  position.  We  advised  the  amputation  of  both  limbs 
through  the  false  joints.  This  was  done,  and  the  child  had  two 
excellent  tibial  stumps  on  which  artificial  legs,  style  E  17,  were 
applied  and  worn  with  comfort  and  efficiency. 

Cut  K  46  represents  a  case  of  amputation  of  right  leg  and 
talipes-varus  in  the  left.  A  suitable  artificial  leg  for  the  right 
side  and  a  helpful  appliance  for  the  left  are  shown  in  the  same  cut; 
Cut  K  47  shows  the  limbs  applied  and  the  wearer  standing  erect. 
The   disposition   of    the   leg   to   rotate   inwardly   was   controlled 


130        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

by  the  appliance  and  the  leg  was  compelled  to  operate  in  the  line 
of  progress. 

Cuts  K  48  and  K  49  represent  front  and  side  views  of  a  case 


Cut  K  44. 


Cut  K  45. 


of  congenital  deformity  of  both  legs,  rendering  walking  very  diffi- 
cult and  more  largely  dependent  upon  crutches  than  on  feet.  We 
advised  the  amputation  of  both  legs  at  the  calves.     The  subject 


Cut  K  46. 


Cut  K  47. 


submitted  to  the  amputation  of  the  right  leg,  but  decided  to  retain 
his  left,  which  appeared  to  have  more  sustaining  power.  Cut  K 
50  represents  the  case  after  the  amputation  of  the  right  leg,  and 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City.         131 


Cut  K  51  ropresents  him  with  the  artificial  leg  applied,  while  Cut 
K  52  shows  him  dressed.  The  condition  of  the  wearer  was  graailj 
improved  by  the  removal  of  the  right  leg  and  the  application  of 


Cut  K  48. 


Cut  K  49. 


an  artificial  one.  The  improvement  would,  have  been  carried 
further  if  he  had  submitted  to  a  similar  operation  on  the  left 
side,  thereby  obviating  the  outward  curve  of  the  lower  leg,  which 


Cut  K  50. 


Cut  K  51. 


Cut  K  52. 


is  conspicuous  even  when  covered  with  trousers.  Cut  K  53  rep- 
resents a  case  of  paralysis  of  the  right  leg,  knee  slightly  flexed. 
Cut   K   54   represents   the   same   with   one   of   our   instruments 


132        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 

applied;  wearer  seated.  It  was  constructed  with  knee  joint,  pro- 
vided with  automatic  lock,  preventing  flexing  with  the  weight, 
directly  over  the  leg,  permitting  flexion  when  the  wearer  is  seated. 
The  foot  is  held  in  proper  position  for  standing  and  prevented 
from  flexing  treacherously  when  walking. 

Gut  K  55  represents  congenital  deformities  of  both  legs; 
branches  grew  from  the  inner  surfaces  of  both  femurs.  That  on 
the  right  thigh  was  ten  inches  in  length,  on  the  left  not  more  than 
two.     The  knee  joints  were  on  the  inner  surfaces  of  the  ends  of 


Cut  K  53. 


Cut  K  54. 


the  femurs,  feet  everted  and  badly  formed.  In  boyhood,  loco- 
motion was  obtained  by  moving  about  on  his  haunches;  later  he 
walked  with  the  aid  of  crutches,  bearing  on  the  ends  of  his  femurs 
and  dragging  the  deformed  legs.  For  twenty-five  years  he  sub- 
mitted to  these  awkward  and  unsightly  means  for  getting  about. 
His  attention  was  finally  called  to  artificial  limbs,  and  upon  con- 
sulting well-informed  persons  he  found  that  he  could  improve  his 
condition  by  having  the  useless  parts  of  the  legs  removed  and 
artificial  ones  applied.  We  indicated  points  at  which  amputa- 
tions could  be  performed  to  advantage.  After  the  operations  his 
stumps  presented  the  appearances  shown  in  Cut  K  56.  We 
applied  a  pair  of  artificial  legs,  constructed  on  the  plan  of  those 
represented  in  Cut  G  8.    When  dressed,  this  man  had  the  appear- 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


133 


ance  of  a  person  with  natural  and  well-formed  legs.  Cut  K  57 
is  taken  from  a  photograph,  showing  him  as  he  appears  in  ordi- 
nary life. 

Cut  K  68  represents  a  case  of  arrested  development.  The  child 
was  well  formed  from  the  knees  up,  but  from  the  knees  down  his 
deformity  was  pronounced  and  of  a  character  to  render  walking 


Cut  K  55. 


Cut  K  56. 


Cut  K  57. 


impossible.  The  child  managed  to  get  about  rather  awkwardly 
with  crutches,  permitting  but  little  weight  to  come  on  his  feet. 
As  the  joints  in  the  ankles  and  knees  were  flexible,  and  as  the  feet 
were  small,  we  found  that  we  could  incase  the  entire  legs,  provide 
knee  motion,  and  place  rubber  feet  at  suitable  distances  below 
the  deformed  ones.  This  was  done,  and  the  lad  was  brought  to 
his  proper  height,  making  a  presentable  appearance  and  walking 
in  a  very  acceptable  way,  without  the  aid  of  crutches.  He  con- 
trolled the  artificial  knee  joints  by  means  of  his  feet  and  had 
little  or  no  difficulty  in  balancing,  walking,  sitting,  rising,  ascend- 
ing or  descending  steps.  Attention  was  given  to  ornamentation, 
and  when  dressed  his  deformity  was  entirely  concealed,  as  shovsm 
in  Cut  K  59. 


134        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City. 

Drop  Foot. — The  drop  foot,  resulting  from  paralysis  or  arrested 
development,  is  a  frequent  infirmity.  Usually  the  leg  is  of  normal 
length,  the  knee  joints  contracted  and  weak,  with  loss  of  control 
at  the  ankles  and  lateral  weakness  or  a  tendency  for  the  foot  to 
bend  sidewise,  either  varus  or  valgus.  The  only  practical  manner 
in  which  a  leg  of  this  sort  can  be  rendered  useful  is  by  fixing 
the  ankle  joint  artificially,  thus  providing  a  resistance  at  the  ball 
of  the  foot,  the  concomitant  for  balancing,  maintaining  height 
when  walking  and  serving  as  a  lever  for  propulsion,  and  as  a 
counteracting  influence  to  the  tendency  of  the  knee  to  flex.  Cut 
K  60  represents  a  case  of  this  kind.     Cut  K  61  represents  the 


Cut  K  58. 


Cut  K  59. 


Cut  K  60. 


Cut  K  61. 


appliance  we  have  devised  for  such.  It  is  practically  a  form  of 
splint,  cast  of  aluminum  to  the  shape  of  the  leg  and  foot.  The 
metal  is  carried  under  the  entire  foot,  holding  it  at  a  proper  angle 
for  walking.  The  front  is  provided  with  leather,  arranged  for 
lacing.  This  appliance  holds  the  ankle  joint  firmly  and  provides 
support  at  the  ball  of  the  foot,  which  is  so  far  in  advance  of  the 
center  of  motion  of  the  knee  that  it  prevents  the  knee  from  flexing 
when  the  weight  of  the  wearer  is  directly  over  the  foot.  Persons 
with  these  appliances  walk  rapidly  and  quite  naturally,  seldom 
requiring  any  attachments  above  the  knees. 

In  connection  with  appliances  of  this  type  for  paralyzed  lower 
extremities  we  may  quote  from  the  Cincinnati  Lancet-Clinic  of 
October  9,  1897.  A  prominent  physician  read  a  paper  before 
the  academy  regarding  the  treatment  of  his  own  paralyzed  leg: 

"An  illustrated  catalogue  fell  into  my  hands,  in  which  was 
pictured,  among  artificial  legs,  etc.,  an  apparatus  made  of  alumi- 
num, splint-like  in  character,  with  a  rubber  cushion  under  the 
foot  to  compensate  for  shortening.  It  was  made  for  a  case  of 
congenital  dislocation  of  the  ankle.     The  more  I  studied  it,  the 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.         135 

more  it  appealed  to  me  that  such  an  apparatus  could  be  made  for 
my  own  comfort.  I  had  reached  a  period  when  I  was  considering 
amputation  and  the  substitution  of  an  artificial  leg  for  my  para- 
lyzed one.  Impressed  with  the  illustration  of  this  apparatus,  I 
consulted  a  friend  upon  the  subject.  He  was  as  much  impressed 
with  it  as  I  was,  but  advised  me  to  obtain  the  opinion  of  our 
surgical  friends.  They  were  likewise  impressed  with  it  and 
advised  that  I  try  the  conservative  measure  first  before  I  resort 
to  the  radical  one.  I  went  to  New  York  and  consulted  the 
maker.  After  studying  my  deformity  for  a  few  minutes,  he  stated 
that  an  apparatus  could  be  constructed  that  would  materially 
improve  my  condition.  The  appliance  was  made  and  worn  for 
four  years.  But  those  four  years!  How  can  I  describe  them? 
Pen  and  words  fail  me.  It  was  like  a  beautiful  oasis  in  a  dreary 
desert  of  years  of  suffering.  In  connection  with  my  deformity 
there  was  a  weakness  of  the  abductor  muscles,  which  permits  of 
a  rotation  outwardly  of  the  thigh.  This  has  been  overcome  by 
rubber  abductor  muscles.  The  one  fastened  to  the  outer  side  of 
the  apparatus  crossed  the  front  part  of  the  right  thigh,  crossing 
to  the  left  side  of  the  trunk,  and  is  inserted  into  the  harness. 
The  one  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  apparatus  is  inserted  over 
the  right  posterior  part  of  the  harness,  which  is  suspended  from 
the  left  shoulder. 

"  Who  are  my  benefactors  ?  Who  are  those  who  have  given  to 
me  the  comfort  of  four  years'  duration,  with  a  bright  future  of 
many  more?  And,  within  such  a  short  period,  free  from  pain, 
caused  the  twenty  odd  years  of  suffering  to  disappear  in  the  dim 
and  misty  past? 

"  Oh,  for  a  trumpet  of  such  power  to  herald  to  the  world  their 
name,  that  those  who  are  needy  may  seek  them!  But  instead,  in 
gratitude  do  I  raise  my  feeble  voice  and  wish  the  cup  brimful  of 
happiness  for  the  firm  of  A.  A.  Marks,  New  York  City. 

"  '  By  thy  deeds  shalt  thou  be  known ! '  " 

Knee  Joints  Locked. — Shortened  and  paralyzed  legs  are  fre- 
quently accompanied  with  total  loss  of  the  power  of  extension  and 
flexion  in  the  knee  joints.  In  such  cases  the  mechanism  of  the 
artificial  knee  joints  is  provided  with  locks  that  hold  the  knees 
rigid  when  standing  or  walking.  The  joints  are  capable  of  being 
unlocked  to  admit  of  flexion  when  sitting. 

Cut  K  62  represents  a  shortened,  atrophied,  paralyzed  leg.  Cuts 
K  63  and  K  64  show  the  same  case,  with  apparatus  in  place.  The 
apparatus  consists  of  a  socket  that  incases  the  leg,  knee  joints 
with  locks  that  support  the  knee,  thigh  piece  that  takes  the  sup- 
port about  the  thigh,  and  a  rubber  foot  placed  under  the  deformed 
natural  foot  in  order  to  obtain  the  proper  length. 

Limited  Knee  Motions. — Cut  K  65  represents  a  shortened  leg 
with  limited  motion  in  the  knee,  the  knee  capable  of  flexion,  but 
incapable  of  extension  beyond  the  angle  represented  in  the  cut ;  the 
hip  normal  and  the  bottom  of  the  foot  capable  of  enduring  pressure. 
Cut  K  66  represents  an  £|jrtificial  leg  suitable  for  the  ca§Q.    It  i? 


136 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


made  with  a  wooden  socket,  fitted  to  receive  the  leg.     A  comfortable 
shelf  is  provided  for  the  foot  to  rest  upon.  Knee  joints  with  pawl  and 


Cut  K  62. 


Cut  K  63. 


Cut  K  64. 


rack  and  thigh  piece  incasing  the  thigh  are  provided.     The  pawls 
at  the  knee  joints  are  operated  by  levers  which  pass  up  the  rear  of 


Cut  K  65. 


CutK 


Cut  K  67. 


the  thigh.  When  standing  or  walking,  the  leg  is  brought  to  the 
point  of  greatest  extension,  the  pawls  automatically  drop  into  the 
rack  and  make  the  leg  immovable  at  the  knee.     The  moment  the 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City.         137 

wearer  is  seated,  the  lever  will  rest  on  the  chair  and  force  the 
pawls  out  of  their  racks,  allowing  the  knee  to  flex  (see  Cut  K  67). 
By  this  means  the  wearer  is  able  to  walk  safely  with  rigid  knee 


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Cut  K  68. 


Cut  K  69. 


and  bend  the  knee  when  sitting.  The  apparatus  has  a  rubber  foot 
with  spring  mattress  placed  at  the  proper  distance  below  the 
paralyzed  one. 

Ununited  Fractures. — Cut  K  68  represents  an  ununited  fracture 
of  the  tibia  and  fibula  at  a  point  a  little  above  the  ankle  joint. 
Usually,  in  cases  of  this  kind,  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  amputate, 
the  wisdom  of  which  we  do  not  question.  Occasionally,  however, 
and  particularly  in  the  case  here  illustrated,  the  horror  of  the  knife 
kept  the  patient  from  submitting  to  that  alternative,  and  he  came 
to  us  for  help  with  a  dangling  foot,  under  no  control  whatever.  He 
was  young  and  in  good  health,  and  cherished  the  hope  that  if  the 
fractured  parts  were  held  firmly  in  juxtaposition,  nature  might 
eventually,  in  her  mysterious  way,  bring  about  a  union.  We 
constructed  an  aluminum  socket,  incasing  the  leg  from  the  knee 
down  and  the  entire  foot,  fixing  the  ankle.  This  appliance,  shown 
in  Cut  K  69,  was  fitted  when  the  tibia  and  fibula  were  in  apposi- 
tion. Weight  was  communicated  from  the  bottom  of  the  appli- 
ance to  the  leg  immediately  below  the  knee.  No  weight  what- 
ever was  brought  on  the  foot  and  no  strains  permitted  to  cause 
the  bones  to  move  out  of  the  places  in  which  they  were  held.  The 
appliance  has  been  worn  advantageously  for  a  number  of  years. 
The  manner  in  which  the  wearer  gets  about,  walks,  and  attends 
to  his  vocation  is  exceedingly  gratifying. 

Cut  K  70  represents  an  ununited  fracture  of  the  right  tibia,  due 
to  gunshot  wound.  All  efforts  to  bring  about  a  union  failed.  The 
fibula  was  not  injured,  but  in  consequence  of  failure  of  vmion  in 


138        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

the  tibia  it  was  obliged  to  do  the  work  of  both  bones.  Being 
overtaxed,  it  gradually  yielded  and  became  curved,  as  shown  in 
the  cut.  The  dark  spot  immediately  below  the  patella  represents 
a  deeply  indented  scar  at  the  point  of  fracture.    Cut  K  71  repre- 


Cut  K  70. 


Cut  K  71. 


Cut  K  72. 


sents  a  suitable  brace  for  the  case,  made  of  wood  and  leather.  A 
block  of  wood  is  excavated  to  receive  the  fractured  member  in  its 
most  comfortable  position.  The  leg,  when  placed  in  this  splint- 
like appliance,  is  held  firmly  by  means  of  lacing.  As  the  injury 
shortened  the  leg  about  one  inch,  a  block  of  suitable  thickness 
was  hinged  to  the  lower  extremity  of  the  splint  on  which  the 
foot  rested.  Owing  to  the  proximity  of  the  fracture  to  the  knee 
articulation,  it  was  impossible  to  construct  the  brace  that  would 
admit  of  knee  motion.  The  appliance  has  done  its  work  for  a 
great  many  years  with  great  satisfaction  to  the  wearer. 

Fractured  Knee  Caps^  etc. — Resections  of  knee  joints,  frac- 
tures of  knee  caps,  weakening  of  the  patella  ligaments,  in  fact  any 
ailment  that  lessens  or  destroys  control  over  the  knee  articulation 
is  greatly  benefited  by  appliances  similar  to  that  represented  in 
Cut  K  72.  The  socket  below  the  joint  is  made  of  wood,  with  a 
leather  front  capable  of  being  laced.  The  upper  socket  is  made 
entirely  of  leather.  The  knee  joints  are  made  with  stops,  so  that 
extension  cannot  be  made  beyond  the  proper  limit.  In  cases  of 
partly  flexed  knees,  due  to  knee-joint  disease,  this  appliance  can 
be  used  to  advantage,  requiring  knee  locks  in  addition. 


CHAPTER  Xn 
FACTS   FOE   CONSIDERATION 

Wooden  Feet  Substituted  by  Rubber  Ones. — Artificial  legs, 
manufactured  with  wooden  articulating  feet,  are  more  or  less 
troublesome  and  expensive  to  keep  in  order,  and  are  deficient  in 
supplying  the  requisite  propulsive  power  in  walking,  it  is  there- 
fore often  deemed  advisable  to  remove  them  and  substitute  rubber 
ones.  We  have  devised  methods  by  which  this  can  be  done, 
whether  the  legs  be  constructed  of  wood,  leather,  or  metal.  Our 
charge  is  $20.00  in  each  case.  We  guarantee  the  attachment  to 
be  strong  and  lasting.  A  foot  of  any  size  or  shape  to  meet  the 
wishes  of  the  wearer  can  be  put  on,  and  the  leg  can  be  made 
longer  or  shorter,  as  may  be  desired. 

A  Way  to  Test  the  Rubber  Foot. — The  attachment  of  a  rubber 
foot  to  an  old  artificial  leg  is  often  done  to  test  its  merits.  It 
gives  an  admirable  opportunity  for  the  wearer  to  try  the  rubber 
foot  and  ascertain  for  himself  the  advantages  it  has  over  those  he 
has  worn. 

An  experiment  of  this  sort  can  only  be  successful  when  the 
socket  of  the  old  artificial  leg  fits  correctly;  if  it  does  not,  the 
leg  cannot  be  worn  comfortably  and  satisfactorily,  no  matter  what 
kind  of  a  foot  it  may  have. 

A  cabinet  maker,  carpenter,  or  other  mechanic,  be  his  skill  in 
his  own  line  what  it  may,  should  not  be  expected  to  connect  a 
rubber  foot  to  an  artificial  leg  with  assurance  of  satisfactory 
results.  The  alignment,  the  set  of  the  foot,  the  angle  at  which  it 
should  be  placed  relative  to  the  shaft,  are  important  factors  and 
must  be  thoroughly  understood  and  their  relations  to  each  other 
comprehended,  or  the  results  will  be  disappointing.  This  knowl- 
edge can  only  come  from  experience;  we  therefore  dissuade  per- 
sons from  buying  rubber  feet  and  having  them  put  on  their  arti- 
ficial legs  by  home  mechanics.  We  therefore  insist  that  artificial 
legs  be  sent  to  us  for  such  work,  and  for  which  we  make  no  extra 
charge. 

Ease  and  comfort  in  wearing  an  artificial  leg  depend  almost 
entirely  upon  the  manner  in  which  the  socket  receives  the  stump. 
No  matter  how  correctly  the  leg  vaay  be  constructed,  or  with  what 
nicety  the  parts  operate,  it  is  worthless  if  it  causes  pain,  abrades 
the  stump,  or  interferes  with  the  circulation. 

Fitting — an  Art. — The  fitting  of  an  artificial  leg  is  an  art,  only 
acquired  by  thought  and  the  experience  of  years.  A  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  anatomy  of  the  stump,  the  effects  of  pressure 

139 


^46        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

■?"^^"**^^^  "■"^""^^■■*"" 

(jn  various  points,  the  manner  in  which  interference  with  the  cir- 
culation or  the  displacement  of  tissues  on  the  stump  can  be 
obviated  must  be  understood,  or  the  fitter  is  not  qualified  to  be 
intrusted  with  such  work. 

Thfere  are  a  great  many  artificial  limb  manufacturers  in  the 
world,  but  there  are  a  very  few  fitters. 

Only  One  Way  to  Fit. — There  is.  but  one  way  in  which  a  leg 
can  be  made  to  fit  correctly,  and  that  is  to  excavate  a  block  of 
wood  until  it  has  the  proper  size  and  shape  to  receive  the  stump, 
so  that  pressure  will  be  placed  where  it  can  be  endured,  there 
must  be  absolute  freedom  from  contact  on  the  blood  vessels  and 
exposed  nerve  areas. 

A  leg  that  puts  pressure  uniformly  on  the  stump  is  not  a  com- 
fortable one  to  wear,  for  there  are  many  places  on  every  stump 
that  cannot  bear  any  pressure  whatever.  There  are  other  places 
that  can  endure  any  amount  of  pressure;  a  socket  to  be  comfort- 
able must,  therefore,  be  made  so  as  to  apply  pressure  only  where 
it  can  be  endured. 

When  Plaster  Casts  are  Useless. — A  plaster  cast  of  a  stump 
and  a  plaster  cast  of  the  inside  of  a  socket  that  fits  the  stump 
correctly  are  no  more  alike  than  the  last  on  which  the  shoe  is 
built  is  like  the  foot  on  which  the  shoe  is  worn.  It  is  absurd  to 
assume  that  a  serviceable,  comfortable  socket  can  be  made  by 
molding  a  plastic  material,  such  as  leather,  felt,  or  wax,  on  the 
cast  of  a  stump  or  by  molding  it  on  the  stump  itself.  Sockets 
so  made  are  always  irritating  and  cause  pain  and  suffering.  It 
is  likewise  an  error  to  assume  that  a  block  of  wood  can  be  cut 
out  to  the  contours  of  a  plaster  cast  of  a  stump  and  fit  the  stump 
comfortably.  If  it  were  so,  the  fitting  of  an  artificial  leg  would 
be  reduced  to  a  mechanical  operation  which  could  be  conducted  by 
inexperienced  and  inexpensive  persons.  If  the  work  could  be 
done  in  this  way,  the  cost  of  an  artificial  leg  might  be  considerably 
lessened. 

Machine  Fitting  a  Failure. — The  irregular  form  turning  lathe, 
with  which  all  mechanics  are  familiar,  carves  a  stick  of  wood 
to  the  exact  shape  of  the  model.  Axe  handles,  gun  stocks, 
shoe  lasts,  and  many  other  articles  are  made  in  this  way.  A 
machine  of  this  kind  has  been  modified  so  as  to  excavate  a  block 
of  wood  so  it  will  have  the  exact  shape  of  a  plaster  mold  of  a 
stump.  A  socket  for  an  artificial  leg  made  in  this  way  must  be 
greatly  modified  by  hand  before  it  can  be  worn  with  comfort. 

When  we  are  reminded  that  the  stump  is  bone  covered  with 
muscles,  fat,  blood  vessels,  nerves,  tendons,  and  skin;  that  these 
coverings  are  not  of  uniform  thickness :  that  they  are  soft,  yield- 
ing, and  easily  displaced :  that  more  pressure  can  be  applied  on  the 
least  sensitive  parts,  and  that  where  the  nerves  and  blood  vessels 
are  the  most  numerous  less  pressure  can  be  endured,  we  will  readily 
see  that  a  socket,  to  fit  properly  and  not  injiire  the  stump,  must 
be  fitted  by  persons  skilled  in  the  work,  who  know  the  location  of 
the  large  blood  vessels,  the  character  and  disposition  of  the  nerves, 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.         141 

and  who  are  keenly  alive  to  the  necessity  of  avoiding  pressure  on 
the  vascular  parts.  The  skilled  fitter  does  not  always  need  the 
presence  of  the  person  who  is  to  wear  the  leg  he  is  fitting.  Cir- 
cumferences and  diagrams  of  the  stump  will  guide  him  in  doing 
more  accurate  work  than  is  possible  for  an  incompetent  fitter, 
though  he  be  supplied  with  plaster  casts,  or  fits  directly  to  the 
stump. 

When  Casts  are  Necessary. — Plaster  casts  are  desirable  in 
some  cases.  They  convey  contours,  locate  irregularities,  promi- 
nences, and  tender  spots  on  abnormal  stumps,  or  on  those  that 
reach  to  the  knees,  ankle  joints  or  insteps,  and  in  such  cases  are 
quite  necessary,  but,  generally  speaking,  stumps  that  extend  to 
any  point  between  the  articulations  do  not  require  to  be  repro- 
duced in  plaster. 

Wood  Sockets  the  Best. — The  advantages  of  wood  sockets  are 
many.  Wood  is  light  and  firm,  retaining  the  shape  it  receives 
from  the  skillful  fitter.  No  matter  what  conditions  may  exist — the 
tender  spots  of  a  stump  are  always  protected,  weight  is  applied 
where  it  can  be  endured,  and  when  the  socket  is  highly  polished 
there  is  absolutely  no  friction.  A  stump  may  move,  slip,  and 
slide  without  becoming   blistered   or   abraded. 

Weight. — The  weight  of  an  artificial  leg  varies  from  one  to 
seven  pounds,  according  to  its  size  and  the  severity  of  the  labor 
it  is  to  perform.  We  have  made  artificial  legs  that  weighed  less 
than  a  pound  for  infants,  and  we  have  been  obliged  to  make 
them  seven  or  eight  pounds  in  weight  in  order  to  be  strong  enough 
for  active,  three-hundred-pound  persons.  The  only  way  to  obtain 
strength  is  by  the  employment  and  proper  disposition  of  suitable 
material.  A  small  leg  is  not  as  heavy  as  a  large  one,  and  a  strong 
leg  must  be  heavier  than  a  frail  one. 

KuBBER  Foot  not  Heavy. — A  leg  with  a  rubber  foot  can  be 
made  from  six  to  sixteen  ounces  lighter  than  the  ordinary  arti- 
ficial leg  with  articulating  ankle.  The  lessening  of  weight  is 
chiefly  caused  by  the  absence  of  the  metallic  ankle  connection. 

The  notions  of  those  wearing  artificial  legs  are  varied,  there- 
fore they  cannot  be  used  as  guides.  One  man  says,  make  my  leg 
as  light  as  you  can,  even  at  the  sacrifice  of  strength;  I  would 
rather  have  a  light  leg  and  renew  it  more  frequently  than  to  carry 
a  heavy  one.  Another  will  say,  do  not  make  my  leg  too  light;  I 
have  worn  light  and  heavy  ones,  and  I  find  that  I  can  walk  more 
steadily  and  step  more  naturally  with  a  leg  of  moderate  weight. 
The  leg  should  act  as  a  pendulum;  the  moment  it  is  lifted  from 
the  ground  it  should  swing  forward  of  its  own  weight  and  not 
depend  upon  energy  imparted  by  the  stump.  Still  another  will 
say,  I  do  not  care  what  the  leg  weighs  so  long  as  it  is  made 
strong:  strength  is  the  desideratum.  If  it  weighs  a  pound  or 
two  more  I  will  not  object  to  it,  as  I  can  soon  get  used  to  that, 
but  it  must  be  strong  and  last  a  long  time.  I  cannot  afford  to 
take  chances  on  the  leg  breaking.  The  utmost  diversity  of 
opinion,  therefore,  exists  on  this  subject. 


142        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  Yorh  City. 

The  greatest  demand,  however,  is  for  the  lightest  leg,  consistent 
with  strength. 

For  light,  delicate  women,  weighing  less  than  a  hundred  pounds, 
a  full-length  leg  weighing  three  pounds  without  attachments  is  as 
light  as  it  is  prudent  to  produce.  So  light  a  leg  with  ample  sus- 
taining strength  is  almost  a  marvel.  "We  know  of  nothing  calcu- 
lated to  withstand  equivalent  strains  that  weighs  so  little.  A 
leg  weighing  six  pounds  for  a  large,  heavy  person,  who  is  likely 
to  subject  it  to  severe  use,  is  not  excessive,  and  should  not  be 
objected  to. 

Let  us  think,  for  a  moment,  of  the  weight  of  other  instruments 
that  are  made  to  stand  similar  strains.  The  weight  of  the  bicy- 
cle has  been  reduced  from  sixty  to  nineteen  pounds,  and  it  is 
generally  conceded  that  a  nineteen-pound  bicycle  is  as  light  as 
prudence  will  allow.  Persons  marvel  at  a  bicycle  weighing  so 
little,  yet  the  nineteen-pound  bicycle  has  no  more  work  to  perform 
and  is  not  subjected  to  any  more  strains  than  an  artificial  leg 
weighing  from  three  to  six  pounds.  The  bicycle,  like  the  leg, 
has  only  to  support  the  weight  of  the  rider  and  resist  such  strains 
as  may  occasionally  be  brought  upon  it. 

In  constructing  a  leg  it  is  essential  to  make  it  strong  enough 
to  sustain  the  weight  of  the  wearer  and  not  break  under  such 
sudden  strains  as  it  is  likely  to  receive  at  times.  If  one  slips 
and  recovers  himself  with  his  artificial  leg,  some  part  receives  a 
strain  that  is  much  greater  than  the  weight  of  the  wearer.  In 
ascending  or  descending  stairs  the  strains  on  the  leg  are  greater 
than  in  walking.  A  leg  should  be  made  strong  enough  to  meet 
these  demands,  and,  in  addition,  must  have  a  margin  of  strength 
that  will  enable  the  wearer  to  carry  such  articles  and  lift  such 
weights  as  his  vocation  requires.  No  matter  how  crippled  one  may 
be,  or  what  his  station  in  life  is,  nor  how  delicate,  there  will  be 
times  when  he  will  thoughtlessly  lift,  carry,  push,  or  pull  some 
weighty  object.  Should  the  leg  break  under  any  of  these  condi- 
tions, the  maker  would  unquestionably  be  severely  censured. 

It  is  not  wise  to  build  an  artificial  leg  so  close  to  the  danger 
line,  especially  for  delicate  persons,  that  when  those  persons 
become  healthier,  stronger,  and  heavier  the  leg  will  break.  Condi- 
tions do  not  remain  the  same.  "  The  weak  of  to-day  are  the 
strong  of  to-morrow."  The  light  person  frequently  becomes  heavy, 
and  the  careful  limb  maker,  if  he  guards  his  reputation,  wiU  keep 
well  on  the  side  of  safety. 

The  average  weight  of  a  substantial  artificial  leg,  suitable  for 
a  thigh  amputation,  worn  by  a  man  weighing  one  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds,  engaged  in  an  ordinary  occupation,  may  be  placed 
at  five  pounds,  less  for  a  below-knee  or  foot  amputation. 

It  is  possible  to  localize  the  weight  of  a  leg  weighing  six 
pounds  so  that  it  will  feel  lighter  than  one  weighing  half  as 
much,  improperly  adjusted.  Inadeqxiate  means  of  attaching  the 
leg  to  the  body  will  make  it  feel  heavy.  A  heavy  lower  part, 
with  a  light  thigh  piece,  produces  an  apparently  heavy  leg,  because 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.         143 

the  weight  is  distant  from  the  stump  and  the  frail  thigh  piece 
does  not  hold  it  in  place  securely.  On  the  other  hand,  a  strong, 
substantial  thigh  piece,  which  properly  holds  the  leg  in  place,  will 
lessen  the  apparent  weight  considerably. 

Odor. — The  contention  that  rubber  emits  a  disagreeable  odor  is 
untrue.  Sponge  rubber  has  no  more  odor  than  wood;  moreover, 
the  rubber  foot  is  incased  with  an  air-tight  material.  Even  if  the 
rubber  had  a  disagreeable  odor — which  it  has  not — it  would  not 
be  possible  for  it  to  escape.  On  the  other  hand,  the  ankle  joints 
of  articulating  feet  have  to  be  oiled  very  frequently,  and  the  oil 
in  time  becomes  rancid.  No  refined  person  can  possibly  tolerate 
such  an  odor. 

Temperature. — The  rubber  foot  will  not  alter  its  consistency 
on  account  of  changes  in  temperature.  Properly  vulcanized 
rubber,  such  as  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  our  rubber  feet, 
will  not  lose  its  elasticity  in  any  temperature  the  human  body  is 
capable  of  enduring.  It  requires  280  degrees  of  heat  (Fahrenheit) 
to  produce  a  change  in  rubber,  and  as  there  is  no  habitable  place 
on  the  earth  with  a  temperature  half  of  that,  the  rubber  foot  is 
never  in  danger  from  heat;  no  human  being  could  live  in  a  tem- 
perature intense  enough  to  harden  pure  rubber. 

The  Mass  of  Limb  Wearers  are  of  Small  Means. — The  greater 
number  of  wearers  of  artificial  limbs  are  in  limited  circumstances. 
It  is  exceptional  to  find  a  wealthy  person  in  need  of  one.  The 
wage-earner,  the  laborer,  the  man  who  works  in  the  mill,  the  engi- 
neer, fireman,  brakeman,  or  the  miner,  the  private  in  the  army,  those 
whose  occupations  place  them  in  jeopardy  and  who  are  exposed 
to  the  dangers  that  destroy  life  or  mutilate  the  body,  these  make 
the  greatest  number  of  limb  wearers.  This  being  so,  it  is  the  more 
important  that  artificial  limbs  should  be  durable  and  as  inexpen- 
sive to  wear  as  possible.  The  first  cost,  the  purchase  of  the  limb, 
should  be  the  only  important  item  to  be  provided  for.  An  arti- 
ficial leg  constructed  with  delicate  machinery,  or  parts  subject  to 
friction,  may  be  attractive  to  look  at,  but  is  ill-suited  to  the 
wants  of  the  man  who  has  to  support  himself  and  his  family  by 
daily  toil.  The  loss  of  time  in  having  repairs  made,  the  cost  of 
repairs,  and  the  danger  of  breaking  down  at  critical  times,  are 
serious  matters,  and  the  careful  man  will  take  them  into  con- 
sideration  before  making  his  selection. 

We  do  not  know  an  artificial  leg  with  an  ankle  joint  that  is  now 
made,  that  has  ever  been  made,  or,  perhaps,  ever  will  be  made, 
that  will  not  cost  from  five  to  twenty-five  dollars  a  year  to  keep 
in  repair.  The  delicacy  with  which  an  ankle  joint  must  be  con- 
structed in  order  to  be  light  and  small  enough  for  its  narrow 
limits,  and  the  immense  strain  that  it  must  resist  at  times,  are 
conditions  incompatible  with  durable  mechanism. 

The  fact  that  persons  walk,  run,  and  perform  all  kinds  of  labor 
on  artificial  legs  with  rubber  feet  without  ankle  motion  is  evi- 
dence that  the  ankle  mechanism  is  unnecessary.  Men,  women, 
and  children  with  rubber  feet  run,  walk,  skate,  and  dance.    Work, 


144        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  York  City. 

regarded  not  many  years  ago  as  impossible,  is  now  being  daily 
performed  with  facility.  The  farmer  follows  his  plow  on  a 
rubber  foot,  the  blacksmith  works  at  his  forge,  the  sailor  climbs 
his  rigging,  the  builder  erects  houses,  and  persons  of  every  voca- 
tion attend  to  their  affairs  with  as  little  concern  and  hindrance, 
operating  on  one  or  a  pair  of  our  rubber  feet,  accomplishing  as 
much  as  their  associates  who  are  in  possession  of  all  their  natural 
limbs. 

How  Long  Will  a  Leg  Last? — The  question  is  frequently 
asked,  "  Plow  long  will  an  artificial  leg  last  ?  "  There  is  but  one 
reply :  it  depends  upon  the  care  the  leg  receives.  We  have  patrons 
who  are  still  wearing  artificial  legs  that  were  made  for  them 
twenty-five  years  ago,  and  the  legs  still  appear  to  be  in  fair  con- 
dition. These  are  exceptional  cases  and  should  not  be  referred 
to,  any  more  than  should  the  experiences  of  those  who,  through 
abuse  and  carelessness,  destroy  their  artificial  limbs  in  an  unex- 
pectedly short  time.  An  average  made  of  the  frequency  -vt^ith 
which  our  patrons  renew  their  substitutes,  fixes  the  period  at 
about  eight  years.  This  does  not  imply  that  a  leg  will  not  last 
longer.  Necessity  by  no  means  occasions  all  renewals;  wearers 
want  new  legs  much  the  same  as  they  want  new  coats,  before  the 
old  ones  are  completely  gone.  Wearers  become  as  proud  of  their 
artificial  limbs  as  they  do  of  articles  of  apparel;  those  financially 
able  frequently  supply  themselves  with  several,  so  as  to  have  u 
reserve  for  emergencies.  Accidents  are  as  likely  to  occur  to  the 
substitute  as  to  the  real  ones.  Men  have  been  run  over  by  vehicles 
and  have  had  their  artificial  legs  crushed  instead  of  their  natural 
ones.  When  accidents  of  this  kind  occur,  the  limbs  must  be  sent 
to  the  manufacturer  for  repairs.  The  wearer  who  is  fortunate 
enough  to  have  a  duplicate  which  he  can  put  on  is  at  a  great 
advantage.  Taking  all  these  facts  into  consideration,  and  fixing 
the  average  life  of  an  artificial  leg  at  eight  years  is  certainly 
estimating  on  a  fair  basis. 

Shoes  and  Stockings. — ^AU  artificial  feet  should  be  dressed  with 
stockings  and  shoes,  as  are  natural  ones.  The  wear  and  tear  on 
shoes  and  stockings,  when  the  feet  articulate  at  the  ankles,  are 
enormous  and  have  been  a  source  of  complaint.  This  annoyance 
is  removed  by  the  use  of  rubber  feet,  for  shoes  on  rubber  feet  look 
and  wear  like  those  worn  on  the  natural,  as  the  wrinkling  at  the 
toes  and  other  parts  is  nearly  identical  in  both.  We  have  heard 
patrons  say  that  in  five  years  their  rubber  feet  have  saved 
them  in  the  cost  of  stockings  and  shoes  enough  to  buy  a  new 
leg. 

How  Soon  after  Amputation  Should  an  Artificial  Leg  be 
Applied? — As  soon  as  the  stump  is  thoroughly  healed  and  the 
patient  has  regained  sufficient  strength  to  go  about  on  crutches,  it 
is  time  for  him  to  consider  the  matter  of  procuring  an  artificial 
leg.  Before  procuring  one  some  attention  should  be  given  to  the 
preparation  of  the  stump. 

Treatment  of  Stumps. — Tight  bandages  should  be  worn  from 


A.  A.  Mar/cs,  Artificial  .Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.        145 

the  moment  the  stump  is  healed  until  the  artificial  leg  is  applied. 
Bandages  are  inexpensive  and  can  be  frequently  renewed.  The 
stump  corset  suggested  by  some  is  made  as  follows.  A  block  of 
wood  is  carved  to  the  shape  and  dimensions  of  the  stump;  a 
piece  of  substantial  leather  is  moulded  upon  this  form,  the  edges 
running  down  the  front  are  permitted  to  remain  apart  about 
two  inches,  eyelets  are  put  on  each  edge  to  admit  of  lacing,  straps 
to  hold  it  in  place  are  attached  as  shown  in  the  cuts.  A  shoe- 
maker or  saddler  within  the  reach  of  the  wearer  can  usually  be 
found  who  will  make  the  corset  at  little  expense.  No  matter  how 
soft  and  pliable  the  corset  is  made,  it  has  not  the  adjustability  of 
ordinary  bandages,  therefore  its  use  is  not  encouraged. 


Cut  L  1.  Cut  L  2. 

Cut  L  1  represents  one  with  suitable  straps  for  leg  amputation 
and  Cut  L  2  represents  one  for  a  thigh  stump. 

The  knee  and  hip  joints  should  be  moved  very  frequently,  and 
the  stump  rubbed  vigorously  in  order  to  maintain  mobility. 

No  matter  what  means  are  employed  to  reduce  a  stump  before 
an  artifi^cial  leg  is  applied,  it  is  doubtful  if  all  the  changes  can 
be  brought  about.  As  a  rule  stumps  become  smaller  from  wearing 
artifi-cial  legs.  The  pressure  received  from  the  socket  has  a  tend- 
ency to  force  absorption  and  solidify  the  tissues.  The  extent  of 
this  emaciation  cannot  be  conjectured.  Some  stumps  do  not 
change  even  when  artificial  legs  are  worn  for  years.  On  the 
other  hand,  we  know  many  cases  where  the  stumps  have  grown 
larger.  The  matter  is  governed  by  the  disposition  of  the  wearer, 
his  occupation  and  his  activities. 

If  a  stump  reduces  after  an  artificial  leg  is  worn,  some  compen- 
sative adjustment  must  be  employed,  lining  the  socket  with  thick 
material  as  leather,  felt,  or  cloth,  or  by  wearing  a  number  of  socks 
on  the  stump,  one  drawn  over  the  other  is  the  most  convenient 
way,  but  in  case  of  great  shrinkage,  so  much  so  that  such  fillings 
are  objectionable,  it  will  be  necessary  to  remove  the  socket  from 
the  leg  and  substitute  a  new  and  smaller  one.    We  do  this  work 


146        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

for  our  customers  at  small  expense,  but  new  measurements  and 
diagrams  are  required  and  the  entire  leg  must   be  sent  to  us. 

If  the  stump  is  one  that  will  yield  to  pressure  it  will  not  only 
become  smaller  under  the  influence  of  the  bandage  or  corset,  but 
must  grow  still  less  by  the  use  of  the  artificial  leg.  Under  such 
circumstances,  it  is  an  important  economical  question  to  deter- 
mine whether  it  may  not  be  wiser  to  immediately  apply  a  leg  and 
change  the  socket,  should  it  become  necessary,  than  waste  time 
in  bandages  or  shrinking  corsets. 

The  Gain  in  Applying  a  Leg  Immediately. — The  immediate 
use  of  an  artificial  leg  enables  the  wearer  to  dispense  with 
crutches  at  the  earliest  possible  moment,  to  gain  the  freedom  of 
his  arms,  attend  to  his  vocation,  and  take  healthy  and  vigorous 
exercise.  The  cost  of  a  new  socket  to  fit  a  reduced  stump  is  in- 
significant when  the  advantages  of  wearing  an  artificial  leg  dur- 
ing the  interval  the  stump  is  changing  are  taken  into  account. 

Walking  on  crutches  is  dangerous,  a  slip  or  fall  may  seriously 
injure  a  stump.  An  artificial  leg  is  the  best  protective  device  for 
the  stump. 

The  single  exception  to  the  wisdom  oi  '^arly  applications  is  in 
amputations  which  result  from  malignant  diseases. 

Dangers  in  Delay. — If  a  stump  is  permitted  to  go  for  six 
months  without  performing  its  share  of  work,  it  will  become  weak, 
nervous,  and  disordered,  and  circulation  will  become  sluggish.  It 
is  much  more  difficult  to  use  an  artificial  leg  on  a  stump  that  has 
been  permitted  to  get  into  this  condition  than  if  applied  imme- 
diately after  it  has  healed. 

We  have  applied  artificial  legs  within  a  month  after  amputa- 
tion with  good  results,  although  this  time  is  exceptionally  brief. 
It  is  impossible  to  indicate  the  exact  length  of  time  that  should 
elapse  between  the  amputation  and  the  application;  it  is  safe, 
however,  to  say  that  a  limb  can  be  judiciously  applied  as  soon 
as  the  wound  is  healed,  even  if  there  be  tenderness  on  the  ampu- 
tated surface.  It  is  well  to  remember,  in  this  connection,  that 
with  rare  exceptions  the  end  of  the  stump  bears  no  pressure  what- 
ever. 

It  is  a  common  error  to  assume  that  a  stump  will  become  hard 
and  tough  in  time.  Nothing  can  harden  or  toughen  it  except 
use,  and  there  is  no  better  way  to  toughen  a  stump  than  to  use 
a  leg.  The  hands  of  a  laborer  are  strong  and  hard  because  he 
uses  them  in  performing  his  work.  Those  of  a  person  not  accus- 
tomed to  manual  labor  are  soft,  tender,  and  delicate,  and  become 
easily  blistered  because  they  have  not  been  disciplined.  Exactly 
the  same  principle  is  applicable  to  stumps. 

Surgeons  are  at  variance  in  their  views  on  this  topic.  Some 
advise  an  early  application,  others  insist  on  their  patients  waiting 
an  unreasonable  length  of  time.  The  surgeon  who  has  studied  the 
subject  in  all  its  bearings  invariably  agrees  with  the  advice  given 
above. 

Cork  Legs. — The  term  "  cork  leg  "  has  long  and  frequently  been 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.         147 

used  to  designate  an  artificial  leg.  The  prevailing  impression  is 
that  there  is  or  has  been  an  artificial  leg  made  principally  of 
cork.  This  is  an  error  and  should  be  corrected.  Cork  is  known 
to  every  mechanic  as  a  very  friable  substance,  on  account  of 
vphich  it  has  not  strength  enough  to  form  any  part  of  the  support- 
ing structure  of  an  artificial  leg. 

The  origin  of  the  term  "  cork  leg  "  is  not  known.  It  has,  how- 
ever, been  said  by  credible  authority,  that  the  term  originated 
from  the  fact  that  years  ago  very  good  artificial  legs  were  made 
in  Cork,  Ireland,  which  were  called  Cork  legs,  the  same  as  legs 
made  in  London  are  called  London  legs,  those  made  in  New  York 
are  called  New  York  legs,  etc. 

There  have  been  many  doggerels  written  in  which  the  word  cork 
is  used  to  designate  an  artificial  leg. 

Thomas  Hood,  in  his  Golden  Legend,  "  Miss  Kilmansegg  and 
Her  Precious  Leg,"  speaks  of  cork  and  wooden  legs,  neither  of 
which  was  good  enough  for  the  fastidious  Countess: 

"  She  couldn't,  she  shouldn't,  she  wouldn't  have  wood, 
Nor  a  leg  of  cork  if  she  never  stood! 
And  she  swore  an  oath,  or  something  as  good. 
The  proxy  leg  should  be  golden ! " 

It  is  evident  that  at  the  time  the  above  was  written,  many  years 
ago,  the  term  "  cork  leg  "  was  misunderstood  the  same  as  it  is  novtr 


CHAPTER  Xin 
ARTIFICIAL  LEGS  FOR  THE  AGED 

To  be  deprived  of  a  natural  leg  after  having  passed  the  allotted 
span  of  life  is  indeed  a  calamity,  and  the  thought  of  wearing  an 
artificial  one  is  entertained  with  forebodings.  Will  not  the  in- 
firmities of  age  come  fast  and  heavy?  Has  not  the  shock  sapped 
the  vital  reserve  so  that  early  decline  will  make  the  purchase  an 
unprofitable  one?  Is  the  prospect  of  living  a  few  years  promising 
enough  to  justify  the  attempt?  These  are  questions  of  gravity 
that  come  with  force  especially  to  those  in  moderate  circumstances. 

As  is  shown  in  another  part  of  this  book,  the  loss  of  a  leg,  no 
matter  how  old  or  enfeebled  the  patient  may  be,  instead  of  hasten- 
ing the  fatal  day,  has  a  tendency  to  give  a  new  lease  of  life.  The 
removal  of  a  diseased  leg  serves  as  a  tonic  to  the  entire  system. 
If  the  finger  of  death  has  been  laid  upon  the  foot,  as  in  senile 
gangrene,  remove  the  foot  and  the  decay  will  cease. 

Like  cutting  the  dying  limbs  from  an  old  tree,  the  vital  forces 
will  be  more  generously  distributed  among  the  remaining  parts 
and  the  tree  will  take  on  new  life. 

It  is  no  greater  task  to  learn  to  walk  on  an  artificial  leg  than 
to  learn  to  use  crutches,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  an  artificial  leg 
is  much  safer.  To  put  an  aged  person  in  a  rolling  chair  and  de- 
prive him  of  the  health-giving  walks  is  to  invite  disaster.  The 
aged  as  well  as  young  will  rust  out  sooner  than  they  will  wear  out. 

Age  must  not  be  taken  into  consideration;  as  soon  as  the  stump 
is  healed  an  artificial  leg  should  be  obtained;  in  a  very  brief 
time  the  wearer  will  be  able  to  get  about  without  depending  upon 
others.  Walks  in  the  open  air  and  healthful  exercise  will  be  in- 
dulged in,  and  gratifying  results  will  follow. 

A  few  cases  bearing  on  this  matter  may  be  cited: 

The  Rev.  Edward  Beecher,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  brother  of  the 
famous  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  lost  a  leg  by  accident  in  his  eighty- 
fourth  year.  For  several  years  prior  to  that  time  there  were  evi- 
dences of  senility,  and  when  he  met  with  his  accident  it  was  not 
supposed  he  had  vitality  enough  to  survive  it.  Amputation,  how- 
ever, was  proceeded  with.  Mr.  Beecher  recovered  from  the  shock, 
and  in  a  very  short  time  was  convalescent.  He  was  soon  able  to 
take  short  walks  on  crutches,  but  the  fear  of  falling  made  the  task 
difficult  and  exhausting. 

The  writer  well  remembers  when  he  was  summoned  to  this  dis- 
tinguished clergyman's  house.  He  was  seated  in  a  chair,  looking 
very  tired.  He  had  just  returned  from  a  walk  on  crutches. 
"  I  am  a  very  old  man,"  he  said,  "  and  I  do  not  think  I  have  long 

148 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limls,  New  Yorh  City.         149 

to  live.  The  idea  of  buying  an  artificial  log  appears  to  me  a 
piece  of  folly;  but  my  friend,  Mr.  Sage,  is  insistent  that  I 
should  get  one  and  try  it.  Whether  I  succeed  or  not,  it  will  make 
no  difference  to  you,  but  considerable  with  me.  If  I  ever  learn 
to  wallc  on  the  leg  I  know  I  shall  feel  better,  and  I  am  going  to 
try." 

The  leg  was  made  and  applied,  and  in  a  very  brief  time  he 
acquired  the  art  of  walking  on  an  artificial  leg.  He  moved  cau- 
tiously at  first,  but  soon  got  so  that  he  could  put  entire  confidence 
in  the  limb.  He  took  long  walks  daily,  and  attended  to  his 
church  and  parish  work  with  renewed  vigor.  The  leg  was  much 
easier  for  him  to  walk  on  than  crutches,  and  gave  him  a  feeling 
of  security.  He  wore  it  for  eight  years,  when  he  died  at  the  age 
of  ninety-two.  Is  it  reasonable  to  assume  that,  if  Mr.  Beecher  had 
not  applied  an  artificial  leg,  but  had  resigned  himself  to  the  cot 
or  rolling  chair,  he  would  have  lived  to  that  ripe  age?  Did  not 
the  wall<:ing  that  he  was  able  to  do,  and  the  open  air  exercise,  con- 
tribute to  his  health,  and  add  to  his  life?  The  denial  of  an  arti- 
ficial leg  would  certainly  have  been  a  severe  punishment  to  this 
good  man  for  having  lost  his  leg  in  old  age. 

Charles  Van  Brunt,  of  Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  had  his  foot  ampu- 
tated on  account  of  senile  gangrene  when  he  was  seventy  years 
old.  An  artificial  leg  was  applied  as  soon  after  the  amputation 
as  prudence  admitted,  and  he  lived  for  fifteen  years  and  wore  the 
leg  constantly.  He  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-six.  During  much 
of  the  time  he  performed  the  duties  of  school  janitor. 

George  Hinman,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  had  his  leg  amputated 
when  he  was  eighty  years  old.  He  obtained  an  artificial  one  and 
wore  it  continuously  for  four  years,  during  which  he  was  active 
on  his  feet  and  walked  long  distances. 

Mrs.  Susanna  Brov^m  had  her  leg  amputated  above  the  knee  when 
she  was  seventy-three  years  of  age,  a  result  of  an  accident.  An 
artificial  leg  was  applied  four  months  after  the  amputation.  She 
wore  it  three  years  and  was  active  in  domestic  work.  Dr.  A.  L. 
Britten,  of  Athens,  111.,  writes  about  this  case  as  follows: 

"  Mrs.  Susanna  Brown,  of  Cantrall,  111.,  for  whom  you  manufac- 
tured an  artificial  leg  after  she  had  passed  her  seventy-third  birth-, 
day,  found  it  eminently  satisfactory.  She  was  helpless  in  no 
sense.  She  could,  and  did,  ascend  and  descend  stairs  without 
assistance,  and  without  fear  of  falling." 

David  Penfield  lost  his  leg  on  account  of  gangrene  when  he 
was  seventy-two  years  of  age.  Dr.  White,  of  Franklin,  N.  Y.,  in 
one  of  the  letters  says  of  the  case :  "  The  facts  in  regard  to 
David  Penfield  are  briefly  told  as  follows :  He  was  in  the  seventies 
when  I  first  saw  him,  and  had  had  two  attacks  of  cerebral  apoplexy, 
which  left  one  arm  and  one  leg  paralyzed  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
make  walking  and  use  of  arm  impossible.  Gangrene  presented 
itself  and  I  amputated  the  foot  of  the  affected  leg.  He  recovered, 
and  I  obtained  an  artificial  leg  from  you  for  him.  He  very  soon 
learned  to  use  it,  and  was  able  to  walk  about  fully  as  well  as  before 


150        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City. 

his  trouble.  He  lived  a  considerable  time  after  he  obtained  the  1^, 
and  found  it  a  source  of  great  comfort.  His  family  and  I  regard 
the  wearing  of  the  limb  as  having  added  to  his  comfort  and 
health." 

Nelson  Stevenson,  Salem,  Ind.,  had  his  leg  amputated  above  the 
knee  when  sixty-seven  years  of  age.  An  artificial  leg  was  applied 
a  few  months  later,  which  he  wore  for  over  three  years. 

Frederick  Triebold,  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  had  his  leg  amputated 
above  the  knee  when  seventy-four  years  of  age  (in  1894).  An 
artificial  leg  was  applied  eight  months  after  the  amputation 
which  he  is  still  wearing  (1905).  Dr.  A.  H.  Steen,  in  writing 
of  the  case,  says,  "  Frederick  Triebold  considers  the  artificial  leg 
made  for  him  indispensable,  his  health  is  good,  and  he  wears  the 
leg  at  all  times." 

Russell  Perkins  lost  his  leg  in  1894,  when  he  was  sixty-nine 
years  of  age.  An  artificial  leg  was  applied  within  eight  months. 
Dr.  William  R.  Lough,  of  Edmeston,  N.  Y.,  says,  "  Mr.  Perkins 
gets  along  well  with  his  artificial  leg.  He  does  his  chores  around 
the  farm,  and  frequently  comes  to  town.  He  does  not  use  a  cane 
and  gets  along  very  well." 

James  R.  Bugbee  lost  a  leg  when  he  was  seventy-six  years  of 
age  on  account  of  a  fall.  He  had  an  artificial  leg  applied, 
which  he  is  still  wearing  with  great  comfort.  In  one  of  his  let- 
ters he  says,  "  I  am  now  seventy-nine  years  old.  I  am  able  to  do 
my  work  around  the  house  and  garden,  which  I  positively  could 
not  do  with  crutches." 

William  P.  Hiller,  of  Nantucket,  Mass.,  lost  a  leg  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  is  still  living,  and  has  worn  an  artificial  leg  continu- 
ously since.     He  is  now  eighty-two  years  of  age. 

Mr.  Bradford  Beal  had  his  leg  amputated  in  1894  at  the  age 
of  eighty-three.  The  leg  was  applied  the  following  February, 
and  he  wore  it  with  comfort  and  relief  for  over  five  years.  We 
quote  from  a  letter :  "  I  am  wearing  the  artificial  leg  constantly. 
I  go  about  the  house  without  cane  or  crutch.  I  have  walked  a 
mile  from  home  and  back  a  number  of  times  without  fatigue." 

Equally  encouraging  reports  can  be  given  of  hundreds  of  similar 
eases. 


CHAPTER  XIV 

ARTIFICIAL  LEGS  FOR  INFANTS  AND  CHILDREN 

The  Problem  Considered. — It  is  a  serious  problem  that  con- 
fronts the  parents  of  a  child  who  has  had  one  or  both  legs  ampu- 
tated. The  parent,  in  happy  possession  of  all  his  limbs,  realizes 
more  keenly  than  the  child  the  misfortune  that  has  happened. 
An  artificial  leg  is,  no  doubt,  the  immediate  and  only  remedy 
that  can  be  suggested,  but  even  this  presents  thoughts  of  expense 
for  remodeling,  and  the  question  is  often  asked  if  the  benefits  will 
justify  the  costs  incurred,  and  whether  it  may  not  be  better  to 
wait  until  the  child  has  obtained  his  growth,  before  equipping 
him  with  the  needed  limbs. 

A  child,  however  young,  is  as  greatly  disabled  by  the  loss  of 
a  leg  as  an  adult.  If  one  leg  is  lost  he  becomes  dependent  on 
crutches;  if  both  legs  are  lost,  he  has  to  be  carried  in  the  arms 
or  pushed  about  in  a  rolling  chair,  or  is  obliged  to  hitch  himself 
about  on  his  haunches  as  best  he  may.  Such  methods  are  at  once 
unnatural  and  objectionable;  they  have  a  hurtful  effect  on  the 
physique  of  a  growing  child,  as  well  as  harming  the  limbs,  stumps, 
and  joints.  Walking  on  a  pair  of  crutches  for  any  length  of 
time  pushes  the  shoulders  forward,  settles  the  neck  in  the  chest, 
and  the  spine  fails  to  develop  the  sustaining  strength  demanded 
in  later  life. 

Walking  on  one  crutch,  as  most  children  do,  cants  the  body  side- 
wise,  elevates  one  shoulder  above  the  other,  tilts  the  pelvis,  and 
produces  an  over-development  of  one  side  of  the  body  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  other.  If  the  use  of  crutches  is  continued  through- 
out the  growing  period,  the  disproportions  resulting  from  unequal 
development  will  bring  troubles  that  will  last  through  life  and 
imperil  health.  The  stump,  being  pendent  from  the  body  and 
performing  no  functions,  will  become  poorly  adapted  to  the  use 
of  an  artificial  leg.  The  muscles  will  become  atrophied,  the 
joints  enervated,  and  the  range  of  motion  lessened.  It  will  be 
troublesome  to  wear  an  artificial  leg  under  these  conditions,  and 
the  task  of  disciplining  the  stump  will  be  more  difficult.  It  is 
doubtful  if  the  harm  thus  done  can  ever  be  righted. 

We  can  cite  many  cases  where  the  neglect  to  apply  an  artifical 
leg  to  a  growing  child  has  been  the  cause  of  physical  weaknesses 
that  have  been  impossible  to  correct.  Contracted  hips  and  knees, 
weakened  spiiies,  deflected  and  rotated  stumps,  are  a  few  of  the 
many  ills  that  have  been  traced  to  this  neglect. 

Failure   to   apply    artificial    legs    in    double    amputations   is 

151 


152        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  York  City. 

attended  with  more  serious  consequences.  The  stumps  are  held 
in  flexed  positions  and  subjected  to  such  unnatural  influences 
that  the  wearing  of  a  pair  of  artificidl  legs,  when  undertaken 
later  on,  is  greatly  hampered.  The  art  of  balancing  is  forgotten 
and  has  to  be  learned  again.  The  hip  joints,  having  been  in 
flexed  positions  during  the  greater  part  of  the  development  period, 
have  become  more  or  less  set,  and  extension  is  difficult  and  pain- 
ful when  the  erect  position  is  atternpted. 

Support  from  the  Pelvis  More  Natural. — An  artificial  leg 
applied  to  a  child,  no  matter  how  young,  supplies  a  support  to 
the  amputated  side  that  is  the  nearest  approach  to  nature.  It 
gives  freedom  to  the  arms,  the  joints  and  muscles  are  kept  in  ac- 
tivity. Being  propped  from  the  pelvis  instead  of  from  the  shoul- 
ders, the  spine,  chest,  and  shoulders  are  not  distorted,  but  are  as 
free  to  perform  their  functions  as  if  the  child  had  never  lost  a 
limb.  All  the  parts  of  the  body  maintain  their  proper  relations 
and  develop  symmetrically. 

The  child  invariably  becomes  expert  in  the  use  of  one  or  a  pair 
of  artificial  limbs,  if  applied  soon  after  amputation;  he  mingles 
with  other  children,  and  engages  in  the  same  sports  and  exercises, 
the  variety,  which  makes  him  strong  mentally  and  physically, 
keeps  him  healthy,  and  prepares  the  foundation  for  the  vigorous 
manhood  and  active  life  before  him. 

Alterations  for  Growth. — A  child  will  outgrow  his  artificial 
leg,  but  this  does  not  entail  a  serious  loss;  the  leg  can  be 
altered  in  length  and  size  to  accommodate  his  growth  and  devel- 
opment. The  expense  attending  such  changes  is  not  large,  no 
greater  than  that  of  changing  or  renewing  crutches,  or  repairing 
rolling  chairs. 

The  only  growth  of  the  child  that  affects  the  length  of  the  arti- 
ficial leg  is  that  which  takes  place  in  the  sound  leg  from  the 
knee  to  the  floor.  A  child  may,  in  the  course  of  two  years,  grow 
four  inches  in  his  entire  height,  but  the  growth  in  the  sound 
leg,  from  the  knee  to  the  floor,  will  be  less  than  an  inch.  It  is, 
therefore,  evident  that  a  child  growing  four  inches  in  height  will 
not  require  his  artificial  leg  to  be  lengthened  over  an  inch. 

Frequency  of  Alterations. — The  frequency  with  which  an 
artificial  leg  worn  by  a  child  is  lengthened,  is  about  once  in  two 
years,  oftener  if  the  growth  is  more  than  usually  rapid,  and  the 
expense  attending  each  lengthening  is  not  over  $5.00.  In  fam- 
ilies where  economy  has  to  be  exercised  to  an  extreme  degree, 
the  lengthening  of  the  leg  can  be  deferred,  if  necessary,  by  in- 
creasing the  thickness  of  the  sole  and  the  heel  on  the  shoe  worn 
on  the  artificial  foot  as  soon  as  growth  requires.  The  size  of  the 
leg  can  be  increased,  and  the  foot  can  be  enlarged,  and  in  this 
way  the  leg  can  be  made  to  last  from  five  to  ten  years.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  in  extreme  cases  a  child  can  be  supplied  with 
an  artificial  leg,  and  the  leg  can  be  kept  in  proper  length,  at  an 
expense  of  about  $2.50  a  year.  We  can  hardly  conceive  of  a 
parent  who  is  so  poor  that  he  cannot  meet  this  expense,  or  wh<? 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


153 


is  so  heartless  that  he  would  sec  his  offspring  hobbling  about  on 
crutches  during  his  youth  merely  to  save  so  small  an  expenditure. 

The  Parents'  Moral  Obligation. — Duty  is  the  most  impor- 
tant matter  to  be  considered.  All  parents  are  bound  by  the 
laws  of  nature,  as  well  as  by  those  of  the  State,  to  perform 
those  services  that  will  protect  the  health  and  comfort  of  their 
offspring,  to  care  for  them  in  sickness,  to  lessen  their  afflic- 
tions, and  alleviate  their  sufferings.  It  seems  a  flagrant  violation 
of  these  laws  for  a  parent  to  require  his  child  to  go  on  crutches, 
subjecting  him  or  her  to  the  dangers  of  impaired  health  and 
arrested  development,  when  an  artificial  leg  can  be  easily  ob- 
tained and  cheaply  maintained,  a  leg  that  will  perform  such  im- 
portant work  in  ameliorating  the  child's  condition.  An  artificial 
leg  should  be  regarded  as  indispensable,  more  important  than  fine 
clothing,  and  next  to  the  food  that  is  required  to  sustain  life. 
No  conscientious  parent,  in  viewing  all  the  facts  connected  with 
this  important  subject,  can  hesitate  in  deciding  on  what  course 
to  pursue.  If  financial  resources  are  limited,  there  should  be  no 
disgrace  felt  in  calling  upon  friends  for  assistance;  the  urgency 
is  too  great  to  be  neglected  through  scruples.  The  child  must  be 
rescued  from  a  life  of  torture  and  embarrassment,  and  the  parents 
must  act  to  save  themselves  the  censure  and  rebuke  that  neglect 
of  this  kind  will  bring  in  later  years. 

Deformities  prom  the  Use  of  Crutches. — Look  at  the  child 
who  is  required  to  go  about  on  a  pair  of  crutches  (Cut  M  1). 


Cut  M  1. 


Cut  M  3. 


Cut  M  3. 


See  how  the  shoulders  are  pushed  upward,  how  the  head  leans 
forward,  the  chest  sunken,  and  how  generally  disfigured  he  ap- 
pears. Look  at  the  child  who  hobbles  about  on  one  crutch  (Cut 
M  2),.  see  how  one  shoulder  is  raised  higher  than  the  other;  Lq'W 


154        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

the  body  is  thrown  to  one  side,  the  sound  leg  deflected,  the  neck 
crooked.  Now,  look  at  the  child  who  has  been  cared  for  hu- 
manely (Cut  M  3),  who  has  been  given  an  artificial  leg  and 
propped  in  a  natural  way  on  the  amputated  side. 

He  is  the  picture  of  symmetry,  his  health  is  robust.  No 
one  would  suspect  that  anything  unusual  had  occurred  to  him, 
his  artificial  leg  performs  the  functions  of  the  lost  one.  He  has 
forgotten  his  loss,  and  never  admits' his  disability.  He  does  every- 
thing his  companions  do;  he  is  in  the  ball  game  with  them,  he 
rides  the  bicycle,  skates,  dances,  and  is  not  denied  a  single  privi- 
lege belonging  to  those  in  possession  of  their  natural  extremi- 
ties.. "  To  clinch  the  nail  of  theory  with  a  few  blows  from  the 
hammer  of  experience "  we  cite  a  few  cases  that  have  come 
under  our  observation. 

Practical  Illustrations. — Cuts  M  4  and  M  5  portray  Mabel 
T.,  who,  when  less  than  nine  months  old,  had  her  left  leg  ampu- 


Cut  M  4. 


Cut  M  5. 


tated  very  close  to  the  knee.  After  recovering  from  the  operation, 
it  was  discovered  that  the  tendons  of  the  knee  were  contracting 
and  the  stump  being  drawn  into  a  flexed  position.  The  mother 
became  alarmed  and  consulted  her  physician.  It  was  feared  that 
if  the  child  was  permitted  to  continue  as  she  was,  she  would, 
in  a  short  time,  lose  the  use  of  the  knee  joint.  She  had  not  be- 
gun to  creep.  It  was  evident  that  if  an  artificial  leg  were  ap- 
plied, the  stump  would  be  forced  into  such  activity  that  the 
knee  mobility  would  be  preserved,  and  one  was  obtained.     The 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.         155 

socket  was  made  to  fit  the  stump  snugly,  the  joints  were  x>laced 
on  the  sides  to  harmonize  with  the  natural  knoo  joint;  a  thigh 
piece  incased  the  thigh.  The  leg  would  swing  when  the  child 
was  carried,  and  forced  the  stump  to  move  at  the  knee. 

In  a  few  months  the  child  began  to  creep.  The  mother  was 
surprised  one  morning  to  find  her  standing  by  the  chair,  put- 
ting some  of  her  weight  on  the  leg.  It  was  not  long  before  she 
began  to  walk,  then  to  run  and  play.  The  leg  was  lengthened 
quite  frequently,  and  enlarged  several  times.  During  her  child- 
hood she  ran  and  romped  about  as  other  children,  went  to  school, 
and  was  as  happy  as  any  of  her  companions;  she  is  now  a  young 
lady  of  twenty-two.  Although  her  parents  were  in  moderate 
circumstances,  they  always  felt  that  their  daughter's  health  and 
perfect  development  were  important,  and  they  denied  themselves 
many  things,  but  considered  themselves  amply  compensated  for 
the  care  they  had  given  to  the  needs  of  their  daughter. 

Carrie  K.,  when  seven  years  of  age,  was  run  over  by  a  carriage 
and  lost  her  left  leg.  An  artificial  one  was  applied  as  soon  as 
the  stump  had  healed.  The  distinguished  Dr.  James  Knight, 
the  founder  of  the  Children's  Hospital  in  New  York  City,  took 
the  case  in  hand,  and  realizing  the  importance  of  putting  the 
child  on  a  leg  instead  of  keeping  her  on  crutches,  interceded  in 
her  behalf.  A  leg  was  applied  and  she  grew  up  with  it;  she  de- 
veloped gracefully  and  now  is  a  woman  of  forty-three  years.  Cut 
M  6  represents  her  as  she  appeared  when  brought  to  us  in  1869. 
Cut  M  7  represents  her  with  artificial  leg  applied,  and  Cut  M. 
8  gives  her  as  she  appears  to-day,  a  thankful  wife  and  a  happy 
mother. 

Thomas  Kehr,  when  eight  years  of  age,  was  run  over  by  the  cars, 
both  of  his  legs  were  crushed,  the  right  was  amputated  four  inches 
below  the  body,  and  the  left  two  inches  below  the  knee.  As 
soon  as  the  child  recovered  from  the  operation  Dr.  Samuel  J. 
Brady,  of  Brooklyn,  advised  that  he  be  provided  with  a  pair  of 
artificial  legs  with  rubber  feet.  They  were  obtained  and  ap- 
plied, and  the  manner  in  which  the  young  man  got  along  is 
clearly  stated  in  Dr.  Brady's  letter  of  1876,  from  which  we  make 
the  following  extract :  "  I  have  thoroughly  examined  the  case  of 
the  boy  Thomas  Kehr,  who  has  been  wearing  a  pair  of  artificial 
legs  for  six  months.  About  a  year  and  a  haK  ago  he  was  run 
over  and  both  of  his  lower  limbs  were  so  crushed  that  I  ampu- 
tated them,  the  one  well  above  the  knee,  the  other  an  inch  and 
a  half  below.  At  the  time  of  the  operation  many  expressed  the 
wish  that  death  would  occur,  as  the  lad  being  very  poor,  it  was 
thought  that  his  future  would  not  only  be  a  burden  to  himseK, 
but  that  his  support,  should  he  reach  man's  estate,  would  de- 
pend upon  the  charity  of  the  public,  as  it  was  considered  an 
impossibility  for  him  to  serviceably  use  artificial  limbs. 

"  I  am  thankful  that  I  can  say  that  Marks'  artificial  legs  have 
made  his  future  worth  the  living. 

*'  I  saw  him  two  weeks  after  he  had  put  the  legs  on  for  the 


156         A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

first  time,  and  it  astonished  me  greatly  to  see  the  remarkable 
use  he  had  so  soon  acquired;  since  then  I  have  seen  him  many- 
times,  and  quite  recently  I  saw  him  walking  without  the  use  of 
canes.  He  has,  much  to  my  astonishment,  been  fully  and  abso- 
lutely restored. 

"  I  ■  attribute  the  wonderful  success  in  this  boy's  case  mainly 
to  the  superior  results  achieved  by  your  inventions,  and  to  the 


CutM6. 


CutM7. 


CutM 


fact  that  the  legs  were  put  on  so  soon  after  the  amputations  that 
the  stumps  had  not  had  a  chance  to  forget  their  functions." 

Mr.  Kehr  is  now  a  man  of  forty  years.  He  is  an  active,  cap- 
able, energetic  workman,  in  perfect  health,  earning  his  livelihood 
and  maintaining  a  family.  If  this  man  had  been  neglected  in 
his  childhood,  he  would  be  to-day  a  helpless  object  of  pity,  instead 
of  a  seK-supporting  member  of  the  community, 

Annie  L.  Beckwith  lost  her  leg  below  the  knee  in  1887,  when 
she  was  seven  years  of  age.  An  artificial  leg  was  immediately 
applied.  It  has  been  lengthened  several  times  since.  She  is  now 
a  woman  of  good  proportions,  strong  and  healthy.  Cuts  M  9 
and  M  10  represents  her  as  she  appears  without  and  with  her 
artificial  leg. 

Manuel  Parraga,  of  San  Salvador,  Central  America,  had  his  leg 
amputated  above  the  knee  in  1876,  when  eleven  years  of  age. 
An  artificial  leg  was  applied  immediately.  His  weight  at  the 
time  was  seventy-five  pounds.     The  lad  has  developed  into  a  full- 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.         157 


grown  man,  weighing  two  hundred  pounds.  He  is  strong,  healthy, 
and  has  a  model  stump,  and  walks  about  in  the  most  natural 
way.  In  a  letter  recently  addressed  to  us  he  says :  "  For  a  long 
time  I  have  been  desirous  of  writing  to  you  and  expressing  my 
continued  satisfaction  in  the  work  that  you  have  done  for  me. 
Since  I  have  returned  to  Central  America  I  find  it  necessary  to 
make  long  journeys  on  horseback.  The  artificial  leg  assists  me 
very  much.  I  pride  myself  on  my  easy  and  graceful  movements, 
and  the  facility  with  which  I  mount  and  dismount.     The  India- 


Cut  M  9. 


Cut  M  10. 


rubber  foot  on  the  artificial  leg  is  a  most  excellent  invention; 
without  it  I  question  my  abiKty  to  walk  with  safety  in  this 
country,  where  the  streets  are  so  rough  and  stony." 

John  Jerome  Booth,  son  of  Dr.  J.  P.  Booth,  had  his  leg  ampu- 
tated when  seven  years  of  age;  railroad  accident.  An  artificial 
leg  was  applied  when  he  was  eight  years  old.  He  then  weighed 
fifty-seven  pounds.  The  young  man  has  grown  and  developed 
symmetrically  and  is  now  twenty-four  years  of  age.  He  refers 
to  the  early  application  of  his  artificial  leg  as  an  exhibition  of 
good  judgment  on  the  part  of  his  father,  for  which  he  feels 
greatly  indebted.  He  says  that  if  he  had  been  neglected  when  he 
was  young,  he  would  not  be  in  possession  of  his  present  strength 
and  proportion. 

George  G.  Griswold  had  the  left  leg  amputated  below  the 
knee  when  twelve  years  of  age.    An  artificial  leg  was  applied 


158 


A.  A.  MarkSj  Artificial  Limbs,  Neiv  York  City. 


within  a  year  after  amputation.  We  quote  from  a  letter  writ- 
ten by  his  father.  "  The  leg  was  applied  to  my  son  when  he  was 
less  than  thirteen  years  old,  fitted  from  measurements  without 
requiring  his  presence,  has  been  in  constant  use.  I  hardly  know 
of  anything  that  he  cannot  do  that  other  boys  of  his  age  can  with 
sound  limbs.     He  wallvs,   skates,   plays   ball    (Cut  M   11),   and 


Cut  M  11. 


climbs  trees.  When  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age  we  moved  to 
another  town,  and  for  about  a  year  scarcely  a  single  schoolmate 
or  neighbor  ever  suspected  that  he  wore  an  artificial  leg.  I  do 
not  think  it  is  possible  to  find  an  artificial  leg  equal  to  that  which 
you  construct  for  young  and  growing  children.  I  have  never  re- 
gretted having  applied  an  artificial  leg  to  my  son  on  account  of 
his  tender  age." 

William  T.  Wilson,  when  fifteen  years  of  age,  was  run  over  by 
a  railroad  car  and  had  his  leg  mangled  so  greatly  that  amputa- 
tion was  necessary.  A  few  months  after  an  artificial  leg  was 
applied.  He  weighed  one  hundred  and  ten  pounds,  and  was  at 
the  period  of  life  when  growth  and  development  promised  to  be 
rapid.     The  artificial  leg  was  lengthened  twice  in  four  years. 

James  Good,  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  was  run  over  by  the  cars 
and  the  left  leg  amputated  below  the  knee.  Seven  months  after 
amputation  an  artificial  leg  was  applied;  age  fourteen,  weight 
eighty  pounds.  The  boy  has  grown  to  a  man  of  large  proportions, 
and  at  this  writing  is  a  locomotive  engineer. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnhs,  New  Yorh  City.         169 

George  W.  Sheridan,  son  of  General  George  A.  Sheridan, 
was  thrown  from  a  carriage  by  a  runaway  horse,  when  he  was  ten 
years  old.  One  leg  was  crushed  and  had  to  be  amputated  below 
the  knee.  Nine  months  later  his  mother,  becoming  solicitous 
about  the  child's  development,  insisted  on  an  artificial  leg  being 
obtained,  this  in  opposition  to  the  advice  of  her  husband  and 
family  medical  adviser.  The  mother  gained  her  point,  and  a  leg 
was  applied,  and  the  child  used  it  immediately,  and  the  effect 
upon  his  health  was  surprising.  We  quote  from  the  General's 
letter :  "  My  son  is  now  fifteen  years  of  age.  He  has  worn  a  leg 
of  your  make  for  the  last  five  years,  always  with  comfort  and 
satisfaction.  When  visiting  him  at  his  school  a  while  since,  I 
found  he  was  out  for  a  day's  fishing.  When  he  returned  and 
stated  where  he  had  been,  the  teacher  remarked  that  he  had  walked 
at  least  ten  miles.  George  skates  on  steel  or  roller  skates,  rides  a 
bicycle,  and  in  short  enjoys  to  the  full  the  usual  sports  of  boys 
of  his  own  age.  I  now  realize  that  it  would  have  been  a  mistake, 
almost  a  crime,  to  have  made  the  boy  wait  until  he  had  stopped 
growing  before  supplying  him  with  your  artificial  leg." 

Hattie  L.  Moore  had  her  leg  amputated  at  the  age  of  thirteen. 
Six  months  after  the  operation  an  artificial  foot  was  applied. 
She  wore  it  five  years  without  lengthening.  The  growth  of  the 
natural  foot,  from  the  ankle  dovsoi,  was  not  great  enough  to  re- 
quire any  alteration  in  the  artificial  foot.  We  quote  from  her 
letter :  "  My  foot  was  amputated  when  but  a  child  of  thirteen, 
and  as  soon  as  the  stump  had  healed,  I  had  one  of  your  admi- 
rable rubber  feet  supplied,  made  and  fitted  from  measurements. 
It  fitted  me  as  if  I  had  gone  to  New  York  and  had  had  the  foot  fit- 
ted by  your  own  hand.  I  have  used  the  foot  four  years  now,  to  the 
untold  satisfaction  of  myself,  and  the  utmost  gratification  of  my 
friends,  who  often  tell  me  that  they  would  never  notice  anything 
peculiar  about  my  walk.  I  have  lived  with  people  nine  months 
without  their  discovering  that  I  was  lame. 

"  I  am  at  present  doing  a  daughter's  part  of  housework,  stand- 
ing on  my  feet  the  greater  part  of  the  time." 

William  E.  Shaw,  leg  amputated  for  injury  to  the  knee.  An 
artificial  one  was  applied  when  nine  years  of  age.  To  quote  from 
his  father's  letter :  "  My  boy  has  had  great  success  with  the  arti- 
ficial leg  that  you  made  for  him.  He  can  walk  and  get  about 
excellently.  He  would  not  be  without  it  for  anything.  It  is  un- 
questionably the  best  thing  for  a  child,  when  he  has  lost  one  of 
his  legs,  to  get  an  artificial  one  without  delay." 

John  Kershaw,  leg  amputated  above  the  knee,  railroad  accident. 
Artificial  leg  applied  when  ten  years  of  age,  immediately  after 
the  healing  of  his  stump. 

Dr.  A.  C.  Dedrick  writes:  "I  passed  John  Kershaw  in  the 
street  three  months  ago.  From  the  success  in  his  case  I  certainly 
advise  the  application  of  an  artificial  leg  to  a  young  and  growing 
lad  as  soon  as  the  stump  has  healed.  John  Kershaw  has  been 
able,  thanks  to  the  artificial  leg,  to  enjoy  his  early  life  equally 


160        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  Yorlc  City. 

with  others  not  so  unfortunate.  He  plays  football,  baseball, 
and  all  other  sports.  I  think  he  would  have  lost  all  power  of 
stump  if  the  leg  had  not  been  employed.  The  stump  is  only 
about  six  inches  long,  and  would  in  all  probability  have  become 

■  flexed  if  he  had  grown  older  without  a  leg  to  keep  the  hip  joint 
in  condition." 

Flossie  Lee,  leg  amputated  below  the  knee.  Artificial  leg  ap- 
plied when  four  years  of  age.  Dr.  G.  A.  Harris,  of  Chepachet, 
R.  I.,  writes,  "  Flossie  Lee  has  worn  an  artificial  leg,  which  you 
fitted  her  five  years  ago,  continuously  since  that  time,  except 
when  sent  to  you  for  lengthening.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  her 
health,  in  both  mind  and  body,  is  different  from  what  it  would 
have  been  had  she  been  confined  to  the  house  all  these  years. 
She  has  been  to  school,  and  runs  about  like  other  children, 
which  means  everything  to  a  growing  child.  No  change  has 
been  made  in  the  leg  all  these  years,  except  the  increase  in 
length." 

Thomas  McAleer,  leg  amputated  above  the  knee  on  account 
of  accident.  Artificial  leg  applied  when  seven  years  of  age.  *  Dr. 
D.  K.  Dickinson  writes :  "  McAleer,  whom  you  so  nicely  fitted 
with  an  artificial  limb  for  amputation  above  the  knee  joint, 
has  received  great  satisfaction.  I  recommend  the  application  of 
a  limb  by  all  means  in  similar  cases." 

Ettie  Stangl,  leg  amputated  below  the  knee  in  1889.  David 
Jones,  of  Richardson  County,  Neb.,  writes  in  regard  to  the  case: 
"  Ettie  Stangl,  to  whom  you  applied  an  artificial  leg  when  she 
was  very  young,  has  worn  it  continually.  She  does  not  appear 
like  a  cripple,  she  moves  about  so  naturally.  I  can  say  that  the 
artificial  leg  was  a  source  of  comfort  to  her,  and  I  think  provid- 
ing her  with  the  limb  when  she  was  so  young  was  the  best  thing 
that  could  be  done  for  her  health  and  comfort." 

Mary  Wiley,  both  feet  amputated  in  1891;  cause,  railroad  acci- 
dent. Artificial  feet  were  applied  several  months  later.  She  was 
then  eight  years  of  age.  This  little  girl  is  a  forcible  example  of 
the  wisdom  of  applying  artificial  limbs  to  children,  especially 
when  both  are  amputated. 

Clarence  Wintersgill,  both  legs  amputated;  right,  six  inches  be- 
low, and  left,  three  inches  above  the  knee ;  cause,  railroad  accident. 
Artificial  legs  applied  within  a  few  months.  Age,  seven.  Dr. 
E..  F.  Wintersgill  writes  as  follows :  "  In  regard  to  my  son's  case, 
the  application  of  a  pair  of  artificial  limbs  has  been  a  wonderful 

■  success.  He  was  but  seven  years  of  age  when  you  made  his 
limbs,  but  learned  rapidly  how  to  use  them.  He  now  skates,  rides 
a  horse,  goes  to  school,  and  walks  several  miles  without  resting. 
I  was  advised  not  to  get  Clarence  any  limbs  until  he  had  ceased 
growing  and  had  almost  made  up  my  mind  to  wait,  but  to  look  at 
my  little  child  sitting  out  in  the  yard  helplessly,  and  to  think  that 
he  must  do  so  until  he  had  finished  growing,  made  me  almost 
frantic.  In  the  meantime,  one  of  my  neighbors  provided  me  with 
one  of  your  books,  and  I  studied  it  day  and  night  until  I  came  to 


A.  A.  Maries,  Ariificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.         161 

the  conclusion  to  try  a  pair  of  your  legs,  with  the  results  men- 
tioned above. 

"  You  will  remember,  Clarence's  left  leg  is  off  above  the  knee 
and  the  right  below  the  knee.  He  was  wearing  his  artificial 
limbs  one  year  after  amputation,  and  if  I  had  to  do  it  over  again 
he  would  wear  them  in  one  month." 

John  E.  Palmer,  leg  amputated  below  the  knee.  Artificial  leg 
applied  within  six  months;  age,  nine  years.  His  father,  Bradford 
Palmer,  writes :  "  I  am  glad  to  let  you  know  what  success  my  boy 
has  had  in  using  his  artificial  leg.  He  was  only  nine  years  old 
when  he  commenced  wearing  it.  I  can  say  that  it  has  afforded 
him  the  greatest  satisfaction,  and  he  could  in  no  way  be  induced 
to  do  without  it.    He  is  growing  fast  and  has  the  best  of  health." 

Anton  Gaub,  leg  amputated  in  1884.  Artificial  leg  applied 
within  a  few  months  after  amputation;  age,  four,  Gaub  is  now 
(1905)  twenty-five  years  of  age,  full  grown  and  well  developed. 
He  has  always  used  the  leg  and  never  cared  for  crutches.  He  is 
strong,  in  good  health,  and  walks  great  distances  without  becom- 
ing fatigued.  He  is  actively  engaged  in  business.  His  parents 
refer  with  pride  to  their  decision  in  putting  him  on  an  artificial 
leg  when  he  was  so  young. 

Eoscoe  E.  Bosworth,  leg  amputated  below  the  knee  in  1890 ;  age, 
nine  years.  His  father,  Levi  Bosworth,  of  Worcester  County, 
Mass.,  writes :  "  I  consider  that  it  was  a  very  wise  thing  on  my 
part  to  have  supplied  my  boy  with  an  artificial  leg  when  he  was 
so  young.  He  now  has  full  use  of  his  knee  and  hip  joints,  which 
I  think  would  have  become  greatly  impaired  if  he  had  not  used 
the  leg.  He  is  now  in  good  health,  well  developed.  Crutches, 
which  he  used  for  a  short  time,  always  made  him  sick. 

"  Eoscoe  has  skated,  ridden  a  bicycle,  and  done  almost  every- 
thing other  boys  do.  If  I  had  a  child  only  two  years  of  age  and 
he  needed  an  artificial  leg  I  would  put  one  on  immediately." 

Roy  V.  Bryant,  leg  amputated  above  the  knee  when  seven  years 
of  age;  artificial  leg  applied  immediately.  His  father  writes  as 
follows :  "  My  son  has  worn  his  artificial  leg  constantly,  with  the 
exception  of  times  when  it  has  been  at  your  factory  for  lengthen- 
ing. He  is  now  twenty  years  of  age.  He  has  grown  straight, 
strong,  muscular,  well  developed.  I  am  thoroughly  convinced, 
from  the  experience  in  my  own  son's  case,  that  an  artificial  leg 
cannot  be  applied  when  a  child  is  too  young." 

Carl  T.  W.  Banks,  leg  amputated  above  the  knee;  railroad 
accident;  artificial  leg  applied  within  six  months  after  amputa- 
tion. His  mother  writes :  "  The  question  of  applying  an  artificial 
leg  to  a  young  child  was  one  of  great  thought  to  me.  Many  of 
my  friends  thought  it  unwise  to  do  so,  but  I  could  not  bear  to 
see  my  son  Carl  going  on  crutches,  so  I  got  a  leg  and  had  it  put 
on  when  he  was  only  seven  years  old.  He  has  been  wearing  it 
since,  and  he  is  now  well  developed,  strong  and  healthy.  During 
his  childhood  days  he  played  with  other  boys,  in  all  kinds  of 
weather  and  at  all  kinds  of  games." 


162        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

Emma  Zern,  leg  amputated  above  the  knee.  Dr.  J.  "William 
Trabert,  of  Annville,  Pa.,  writes :  "  Emma  Zern's  leg  was  ampu- 
tated in  the  lower  third  of  the  thigh  in  1890,  when  nine  years  of 
age.  She  received  an  artificial  leg  from  you  within  six  months. 
She  has  been  wearing  the  same  constantly.  In  the  following 
spring  she  grew  2i/2  inches.  The  leg  had  to  be  lengthened,  but 
it  did  not  cost  very  much  to  do  it. 

"  At  first  I  was  doubtful  that  a  child  of  her  age  should  have 
an  artificial  limb,  but  am  now  convinced  that  a  child  cannot  be 
too  young,  as  this  case  has  shown." 

Nellie  Cartwright,  at  the  age  of  eleven,  met  with  an  injury  to 
her  leg  that  necessitated  an  amputation  below  the  knee.  Six 
months  after  an  artificial  limb  was  applied.  Her  father  writes: 
"  I  purchased  an  artificial  leg  from  you  for  my  daughter  in  1893. 
She  was  then  eleven  years  old.  She  has  used  the  leg  constantly. 
I  am  delighted  with  the  results  and  prepared  to  say  that  I  rec- 
ommend the  use  of  artificial  limbs  to  children  of  any  age,  and 
the  sooner  the  child  has  a  leg  applied  after  losing  a  natural  one 
the  better  it  will  be  for  that  child.  There  are  two  reasons  that 
should  induce  a  parent  to  act  promptly:  First,  an  artificial  leg 
enables  a  child  to  walk  naturally,  promoting  good  health  and 
symmetrical  growth.  Second,  a  child  becomes  accustomed  to  the 
use  of  the  limb  while  young  and  active  and  will  ever  afterwards 
use  it  with  better  results  than  it  could  if  the  use  was  delayed  until 
maturity." 

Clara  Giere,  leg  amputated  below  the  knee;  age,  eight.  An  arti- 
ficial leg  was  applied  immediately.  Dr.  E.  Alonzo  Giere,  of  Hay- 
field,  Minn.,  writes :  "  The  artificial  leg  which  I  obtained  for  Clara 
has  given  good  satisfaction.  The  child  has  grown  and  the  leg 
has  had  to  be  lengthened.     She  is  still  using  it  with  comfort." 

Dr.  A.  E.  Eaton,  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  under  date  of  March  31, 
1904,  writes :  "  The  facts  of  my  case  are  as  follows :  In  March, 
1891,  I  had  my  left  leg  so  badly  crushed  as  to  require  a  supra- 
condylar thigh  amputation  (Gritti-Stokes  type).  In  May  of  the 
same  year  I  applied  one  of  your  artificial  legs  and  wore  it  for  a 
considerable  length  of  time.  Since  I  have  attained  my  growth 
I  have  had  another  one  made.  The  leg  was  a  blessing  to  me  from 
the  start.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  I  would  have  been  lost  without  it 
at  any  time.  I  walk  easily  long  distances,  sometimes  ride  a  bicy- 
cle, other  times  ride  a  horse;  I  play  tennis,  golf,  etc.  In  fact,  do 
with  ease  and  facility  almost  all  ordinary  things. 

"  My  observation  leads  me  to  believe  that  this  excellence  of 
locomotion  is  only  possible  with  the  Marks  leg,  for  I  see  cases 
similar  to  my  own  using  ankle-joint  legs  who  are  able  to  enjoy 
only   ordinary  usefulness. 

"  In  regard  to  the  application  of  artificial  legs  to  young  and 
growing  children,  I  can  say  that  my  own  case  is  an  example.  The 
artificial  leg  was  applied  when  I  was  thirteen  years  old.  I  am 
now  fully  grown  and  am  a  physician  engaged  in  active  prac- 
tice.   My  professional  knowledge  tells  me  that  it  is  a  most  advis- 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  YorTc  City.         163 

able  procedure,  for  the  use  of  a  leg  strengthens  the  stump,  pre- 
vents atrophy  of  joint  structures  and  soft  parts,  and  trains  a  child 
in  the  use  of  a  leg,  and  when  he  reaches  adult  life  he  will  have 
perfect  control  over  it,  and  he  will  become  strong  and  healthy." 

Charlie  Moore,  at  the  age  of  eight,  had  his  leg  crushed  by  a 
wagon.  Amputation  was  above  the  knee.  His  mother  writes: 
"  My  little  son,  Charlie  Moore,  when  eight  years  of  age,  met  with 
an  accident  that  resulted  in  the  amputation  of  his  right  leg.  He 
went  on  crutches  two  years.  He  was  pale  and  sickly  and  grew  but 
little.  The  doctor  said  he  was  sure  that  the  constant  use  of 
crutches  would  induce  spinal  disease  or  lung  trouble.  I  there- 
fore resolved  to  get  an  artificial  leg  for  him.  I  did  so,  and 
as  a  result  he  now  has  good  health,  is  well  grown  and  thoroughly 
developed.  I  advise  buying  your  make  of  artificial  limbs  for 
young  and  growing  children.  They  are  light  and  strong  in  con- 
struction and  easily  lengthened." 


CHAPTER  XV 

HOME   MEASUREMENTS 

Our  system,  devised  and  inaugurated  years  ago,  by  whicli 
measurements  and  diagrams  for  artificial  limbs  can  be  taken  at 
home  by  the  family  physician  or  the  subject  himself,  assisted  by 
some  member  of  his  family,  and  our  method  of  fitting  and  con- 
structing artificial  limbs  from  such  data,  have  proved  so  satisfac- 
tory that  we  encourage  those  desirous  of  saving  long,  tedious,  and 
expensive  journeys  to  have  their  limbs  made  from  measurements 
vphile  they  remain  at  home. 

This  feature  has  placed  our  facilities  and  skill  within  reach 
of  those  who  are  in  need  of  artificial  limbs,  no  matter  how  distant 
they  may  reside  from  us;  it  affords  an  opportunity  to  obtain  the 
best  at  the  least  possible  expense  and  trouble. 

So  successful  have  been  the  results  obtained  from  this  method 
that  expressions  of  gratitude  and  commendation  have  come  from 
the  most  distant  parts  of  the  world.  Men  of  prominence,  as  well 
as  those  not  so  frequently  in  public  mind,  have  benefited  by  the 
plan. 

We  have  customers  living  within  a  few  miles  of  New  York 
City  who  are  so  actively  engaged  that  they  prefer  to  have  their 
limbs  fitted  from  measurements  under  the  guarantees  we  give, 
rather  than  absent  themselves  from  their  homes. 

To  encourage  persons  to  have  their  limbs  made  in  this  way,  we 
agree  to  make  all  changes  or  reconstructions  without  charge, 
whether  such  are  required  on  account  of  errors  in  measurements 
or  changes  in  stumps,  or  any  other  cause  whatever. 

If  anyone  desires  to  be  present  at  the  fitting,  we  will  not  dis- 
suade him  from  his  intentions,  and  will  give  him  immediate 
attention  on  his  arrival. 

As  soon  as  measurements  and  diagrams  are  received,  we  subject 
them  to  the  closest  scrutiny,  and  if  errors  or  omissions  are  dis- 
covered, they  are  returned  for  corrections,  and  if  there  are  any 
indications  that  successful  fittings  from  measurements  are  doubt- 
ful we  do  not  hesitate  in  notifying  the  party  to  that  effect.  As 
soon  as  we  accept  the  data  we  assume  all  risks,  we  make  the  leg 
accordingly  and  forward  it  to  the  client  with  full  instructions  for 
its  application.  Should  it  fail  to  fit  properly,  it  can  be  returned 
with  particulars,  and  we  will  alter  or  reconstruct  it  without 
charge. 


164 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


165 


INSTEFCTIONS    WHEN    ONE    LEG    IS    AMPUTATED 

Diagrams. — First,  make  a  diagram  of  both  the  sound  and  ampu- 
tated legs.     This  is  done  by  removing  the  clothing  and  sitting 


Cut  N  i. 


Cut  N  2. 


on  a  large  sheet  of  paper,  with  both  the  sound  leg  and  the  stump 
extended   and    slightly   spread   apart,    the   foot   pointed   directly 


Cut  N  3. 


Cut  N  4. 


upward.    Beginning  at  the  body,  draw  a  pencil  down  the  outside 
of  the  sound  leg  from  the  hip,  around  the  heel  and  up  the  inner 


Cut  N  5. 


Cut  N  6. 


side  to  the  body.  Then  carry  the  pencil  down  the  inner  surface 
of  the  stump  and  around  the  outer  side  to  the  hip.  Cuts  N  1  and 
N  2  show  the  manner  in  which  tliis  is  done  if  the  amputation  ia 


166        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 

below  the  knee;  Cuts  N  3  and  N  4  show  the  same  if  the  amputa- 
tion is  in  or  above  the  knee.  For  side  diagrams,  it  is  necessary 
for  the  patient  to  lie  on  one  side  with  the  knee  bent  at  right 
angles  and  then  pass  the  pencil  around  the  leg,  as  shown  in  Cut 


Cut  N  7. 


Cut  N  8. 


N  5.  If  the  amputation  is  below  the  knee,  turn  on  the  amputated 
side,  resting  the  exterior  surface  of  the  stump  and  thigh  on  the 
paper,  and  mark  around  it,  as  shown  in  Cut  N  6.  Then,  without 
changing  the  position  of  the  body,  flex  the  knee  to  about  right 
angles,  and  mark  around  the  thigh  and  stump,  as  illustrated  in 


Cut  N  9. 


Cut  N  10. 


Cut  N  1.  These  diagrams  will  show  the  amputated  leg  in  two 
positions,  one  with  the  stump  fully  extended,  and  the  other  flexed 
at  right  angles.  If  there  is  a  limited  motion  in  the  knee  joint, 
special  care  must  be  taken  that  the  limits  of  extension  and  flexion 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.         167 

are  shown  in  the  diagrams.     Then  place  the  foot  on  the  paper  and 
draw  a  line  around  it,  as  shown  in  Cut  N  8. 

Measurements. — After  the  diagrams  come  dimensions.     Meas- 
uring  should  be  done  in   the  morning   when   the   stump   is   not 


ii>-^ 


Cut  N  11. 


Cut  N  13. 


swollen;  a  tape  line  should  be  used.  Begin  with  measuring  the 
distance  from  the  crotch,  or  perineum,  to  the  floor — the  end  of 
the  tape  line  must  be  put  close  to  the  body  between  the  legs  and 
carried  vertically  down  to  the  floor  (see  Cut  N  9) ;  in  the  same 


Cut  N  13. 


Cut  N  14. 


way  measure  the  distance  from  the  crotch  to  the  end  of  the 
stump  (see  Cuts  N  10  and  N  11).  Measure  from  the  end  of  the 
^tump  to  the  floor,  as  shown  in  Cut  N  12  or  Cut  N  13. 

While  still  standing  take  the  circumferences  of  the  sound  thigh. 


168        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

beginning  close  to  the  body,  as  shown  in  Cut  N  14,  repeat  at 
points  two  inches  apart,  until  the  knee  is  reached,  then  take  the 
circumference  of  the  knee  around  the  knee-cap,  then  the  following 


Cut  N  15. 


Cut  N  16. 


circumferences;  the  leg  immediately  below  the  knee-cap,  the  calf, 
smallest  part  of  the  ankle,  just  above  the  joint,  the  heel  and 
instep,  the  instep,  the  foot  at  the  base  of  the  toes;  then  measure 
the  length  of  the  foot. 

If  the  amputation  is  below  the  knee,  take  the  circumference  of 
the  thigh  close  to  the  body  (see  Cut  N  15)  and  repeat  these  cir- 


Cut  N  17. 


Cut  N  18. 


Cut  N  19. 


Cut  N  20. 


cumferences  at  points  two  inches  apart  until  the  entire  thigh  is 
measured;  then  take  the  circumference  of  the  knee  around  the 
knee-cap;  then  take  the  circumferences  of  the  stump,  beginning 
immediately  below  the  knee-cap,  and  repeating  at  points  two 
inches  apart  until  the  entire  stump  is  measured.  If  the  amputa- 
tion is  in  or  above  the  knee,  take  the  circumference  close  to  the 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  YorJc  City.         169 

body  and  repeat  at  points  two  inches  apart  until  the  entire  stump 
is  measured. 
After  the  circumferences  have  been  taken,  measure  the  distance 


Cut  N  31. 


Cut  N  23.        Cut  N  23. 


Cut  N  34. 


from  the  top  of  the  knee  of  the  sound  leg  to  the  floor  when  seated 
in  a  chair,  with  the  leg  bent  at  right  angles   (see  Cut  N  16). 


Cut  N  25. 


Cut  N  26. 


Write  all  these  lengths  and  circumferences  on  the  diagrams  in 
their  respective  places. 


170        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  YorTc  City. 

If  correctly  made,  the  diagrams  of  an  amputation  below  the 
knee  will  resemble  those  figured  in  Cuts  N  17  to  N  20;  for  ampu- 
tation in  or  above  the  knee  they  will  resemble  Cuts  N  21  to  N  24. 

Other  required  measurements  include  the  height  of  the  person 
when  standing  erect  on  the  sound  leg.  This  can  be  taken  by 
standing  against  a  wall  and  the  height  marked  by  a  book  or  car- 
penter's square  (see  Cut  N  25) ;  the  distance  from  that  point  to 
the  floor  should  then  be  carefully  measured;  then  sit  on  the  bare 
floor,  with  the  back  against  the  wall,  and  note  the  height  from 
the  top  of  the  head  to  the  floor,  as  shown  in  Cut  N  26. 

These  heights  are  wanted  to  verify  the  length  given  of  the  leg. 
The  height  from  the  head  to  the  floor  when  sitting  subtracted  from 
the  height  when  standing  is  equal  to  the  length  of  the  leg. 

INSTEUCTIONS  WHEN  BOTH  LEGS  ARE  AMPUTATED 

If  both  legs  are  amputated,  either  above  or  below  the  knees,  or 
if  one  is  amputated  below  and  the  other  above,  it  is  necessary  to 
make  diagrams  of  each  stump  and  thigh,  presenting  both  front 
and  side  views,  with  knee  joint  extended  and  flexed  to  as  near 
right  angles  as  possible.     These  can  be  taken  by  disrobing  and 


Cut  N  27. 


Cut  N  28. 


sitting  on  a  piece  of  paper  with  the  stumps  extended  and  marking 
around  them  from  body  to  the  ends  with  a  pencil  held  perpendicu- 
larly (see  Cut  N  27).  Then  turn  to  one  side  so  that  the  exterior 
surface  of  the  thigh  and  stump  will  rest  on  the  paper ;  the  stump 
extended,  mark  around  the  thigh  and  stump,  then  bend  the  knee 
to  about  right  angles  and  mark  around  thigh  and  stump  (see  Cut 
N  28).  A  similar  diagram  must  be  made  of  the  other  thigh  and 
stump  (see  Cut  N  29).  After  these  diagrams  have  been  made, 
circumferences  should  be  taken  by  passing  a  tape  line  around 
each  thigh,  close  to  the  body,  and  repeating  at  points  of  about 
two  inches  apart  until  the  thighs  and  stumps  have  been  measured. 
Care  should  be  given  to  take  the  measurements  when  the  stumps 
are  not  swollen  and  to  draw  the  tape  line  moderately  tight,  as 
shown  in  Cuts  N  30  and  N  31.  Write  all  the  measurements  in 
plain  figures  in  their  respective  places  on  the  diagrams.     Sit  on 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  Oily. 


171 


the  floor,  with  back  against  the  wall,  and  mark,  by  book  or  square, 
the  distance  from  the  top  of  the  head  to  the  floor,  as  illustrated  in 
Cut  N  32.     Send  this  measurement,  together  with  former  height. 


Cut  N  29. 


Cut  N  30. 


that  is,  the  height  before  amputation.  If  the  full  former  height 
is  to  be  restored  that  fact  should  be  noted. 

Stumps  that  reach  to  the  ankle  joints  or  knee  joints  should  be 
reproduced  in  plaster. 

The  following  questions  should  be  answered  in  every  case: 
Name     of     patient?     Post-office     address?     Occupation?     Age? 


Cut  N  31. 


Cut  N  33. 


Weight?  Cause  of  amputation?  When  was  the  amputation  per- 
formed ?  Which  leg  amputated  ?  Has  an  artificial  leg  been  worn  ? 
For  how  long  ?  Name  of  the  party  ordering  the  leg  ?  His  address  ? 
Is  the  leg  to  be  made  and  fitted  from  measurements  in  the 
absence  of  the  patient? 


172        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  Yorh  City. 


If  it  is  proposed  to  take  weight  on  the  end  of  the  stump,  that 
fact  should  be  noted. 

If  the  amputation  is  in  the  ankle  joint  or  in  the  foot,  the 
diagrams  and  measurements  are  the  same  as  are  required  in 
amputations  above  the  ankles. 

Plaster  Casts. — Plaster  casts  are  only  required  of  stumps  that 
reach  to  the  articulations  (knee  or  ankle  joints)  or  in  the  feet, 
and  of  deformed  limbs,  and  of  amputations  that  have  resulted 
from  deformities. 

The  method  of  making  a  plaster  cast  depends  upon  the  condi- 
tion of  the  stump.  For  tapering  stumps,  the  following  is  the 
simplest:  Remove  the  clothing,  shave  all  hair  from  the  stump 
or  fasten  it  down  with  paste,  or  thick  soap,  as  otherwise  it  will 


Cut  N  33. 


Cut  N  34. 


cling  to  the  plaster.  Then  take  two  quarts  of  thick,  quick-drying 
plaster  of  Paris,  such  as  used  by  dentists,  put  a  quart  of  water 
in  a  bowl  and  sprinkle  the  dry  plaster  in  it,  mix  thoroughly.  It 
should  be  made  about  as  stiff  as  "  pancake  dough ; "  then  spread 
it  over  all  sides  of  the  stump  to  the  thickness  of  at  least  half 
an  inch.  The  stump  must  be  held  perfectly  still  until  the  plaster 
has  become  hard,  which  will  be  about  ten  minutes.  Then  draw 
it  from  the  stump  and  the  inside  will  be  a  counterpart  of  the 
stump. 

If  the  stump  is  larger  at  the  end  than  immediately  above,  as  in 
the  case  of  partial  foot,  ankle-joint,  or  knee-joint  amputations, 
the  plaster  must  be  broken  off  in  large  pieces  and  put  together 
after  the  stump  is  removed,  or  the  string  raethod  can  be  used,  as 
follows:  A  piece  of  strong,  thin  cord  is  passed  loosely  up  each 
side  of  the  limb  (see  Cut  N  33),  to  which  it  is  made  to  adhere 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  York  City,         173 

by  thick  plaster  (see  Cut  N  34),  Work  quickly,  using  about  four 
quarts  of  slacked  plaster  and  cover  the  entire  limb  to  a  thickness 
of  not  less  than  half  an  inch.    As  the  leg  must  be  held  vertically. 


Cut  N  35. 


Cut  N  36. 


the  plaster  must  be  quite  thick,  otherwise  it  v?ill  flow  down.  Every 
part,  the  back,  sides,  front,  and  end,  must  be  liberally  covered. 
As  soon  as  the  plaster  has  become  a  little  set,  the  string  can  be 


Cut  N  37. 


Cut  N  38. 


pulled  gently  downward  (see  Cut  N  35),  cutting  the  mold  into 
longitudinal  parts.  It  must  now  be  left  alone,  so  as  to  thoroughly 
harden,  which  will  take  about  ten  minutes;  the  mold  can  then,  be 


174        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limls,  New  Yorh  City. 

separated  on  the  line  cut  by  the  string'  and  the  two  parts 
removed  (see  Cut  N  36).  These  parts  can  then  be  greased  or 
oiled  on  the  inside  and  put  together  and  bound  with  a  string;  the 
inside  can  then  be  filled  with  thin  plaster  of  Paris  (see  Cut  N  37). 
When  the  mold  is  filled,  it  should  be  laid  aside  for  several  hours, 
when  it  will  have  become  so  hard  that  the  shell  will  yield  to  slight 
pressure  and  break  off,  uncovering  a  facsimile  of  the  stump. 


Cut  N  39. 


Cut  N  40. 


The  plaster  bandage  method  is  an  excellent  way  of  taking  a 
cast  of  a  flabby  and  tapering  stump.  A  sheet  of  old  muslin  or 
cheesecloth  is  cut  into  strips  about  two  inches  wide  and  sewed 
into  lengths  of  about  twelve  feet  long.  Three  such  strips  are 
usually  needed.  Dry  plaster  should  be  spread  on  the  strips  which 
are  then  rolled  up  very  tightly  (see  Cut  N  38).     No  more  plaster 


Cut  N  41. 


should  be  put  on  than  will  fill  the  meshes.  The  stump  should  be 
prepared  by  removing  the  hair  or  fastening  it  dovsm  with  paste  or 
thick  soap.  The  plaster  bandage  roll  must  be  immersed  in  water 
and  allowed  to  remain  until  the  bubbles  cease  to  come  to  the 
surface  (see  Cut  N  39).  It  is  then  taken  from  the  water  and 
wrapped  around  the  stump  while  being  unrolled,  beginning  at 
the  end  of  the  stump  and  continuing  to  a  little  above  the  knee 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.         175 

(see  Cut  N  40),  then  work  down  and  up  again,  covering  the 
stump  with  three  or  more  layers  or  until  all  the  bandages  have 
been  used.  Allow  the  bandage  to  remain  on  the  stump  until  it 
becomes  hard,  when  the  stump  can  be  withdrawn  (see  Cut  N  41). 
The  plaster  bandage  will  form  a  mold  of  the  stump,  which  can  be 
sent  to  us  as  it  is,  or  it  can  be  greased  and  filled  with  slacked 
plaster,  and  a  true  cast  made,  as  previously  described. 

Casts  and  molds  should  be  sent  packed  in  sawdust  to  prevent 
breakage.  If  shells  are  sent,  they  must  be  filled  with  sawdust,  to 
prevent  collapse  in  transit. 


CHAPTER  XVI    • 

PKICES— ACCESSORIES— TEEMS  OF  PAYMENT- 
GUARANTEE 

Artificial  Feet  for  Partial  Feet  Amputations, 
described  on  pages  87  to  36 


Artificial  Feet  for  Ankle-joint  Amputations, 
described  on  pages  37  to  44 


Artificial  Legs  for  Below-Knee  Amputations, 
described  on  pages  45  to  69 


Peg  Legs  for  Below-Knee  Amputations,  de- 
scribed on  pages  67  to  71 


Ferrules  and  Eubber  Tips  for  Peg  Legs,  de- 
scribed on  pages  71  and  72        .        .        . 


Suspenders,  described  on  pages  71  and  72 


Straps  attached  to  corsets  .... 
Or,  $0.75  for  each  strap,  corsets  to  be  fur- 
nished by  wearer. 

Artificial  Legs  for  Knee-Bearing  Stumps,  de- 
scribed on  pages  73  to  77 

Peg  Legs  for  Knee-Beariug  Stumps,  described 
on  pages  77  and  78 


Artificial     Legs     for    Disarticulated     Knee 
Stumps,  described  on  pages  79  to  88 

Artificial  Legs  for  Thigh  or  Femoral  Stumps, 
described  on  pages  84  to  93 


178 


Cut  C    2 

each       $  30.00 

Cut  C    5 

50.00 

Cut  C  18 

60.00 

Cut  C  25 

60.00 

Cut  C  27 

60.00 

Cut  C  28 

100.00 

Cut  D    7 

60.00 

Cut  D  12 

60.00 

Cut  D  14 

60.00 

Cut  D  16 

60.00 

Cut  D  21 

100.00 

Cut  D  23 

100  00 

CutE    2 

100.00 

Cut  E    7 

100.00 

Cut  E  17 

100.00 

Cut  E  28 

65.00 

Cut  E  40 

100.00 

Cut  E  44 

100.00 

Cut  E  46 

100.00 

Cut  E  50 

100,00 

Cut  E  51 

100.00 

Cut  E  54 

15.00 

Cut  E  55 

30.00 

Cut  E  56 

75.00 

Cut  E  57 

complete      2.00 

Cut  E  58 

each          1.25 

Cut  E  59 

.75 

Cut  E  60 

set             2.00 

Cut  E  61 

3.00 

Cut  E  62 

4.00 

Cut  E  63 

1.50 

Cut  F    5 

each        100.00 

Cut  F    9 

100.00 

Cut  F  11 

15.00 

Cut  F  12 

75.00 

Cut  F  13 

50.00 

Cut  G    7 

100.00 

Cut  G    8 

100.00 

Cut  H    5 

100.00 

Cut  H  15 

100.00 

Cut  H  25 

75.00 

A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City.         Ill 

Peg  Legs  for  Thigh  Stumps    ....    Cut  H  26  each  $50.00 

Cut  H  37  "  75.00 

Suspenders,  described  on  pages  94  to  97          .    Cut  II  28  set  4.00 

Cut  H  34  "  3.00 

Cut  11 35  "  5.00 

Straps  attached  to  Vests Cut  H  36  "  3.00 

Or,  $0.75  for  each  strap,  Vest  to  be  fur- 
nished by  wearer. 

Cut  H  37  *'  6.00 

Straps  attached  to  Corsets        .        .        .        .    Cut  H  38  "  3.00 
Or,  $0.75  for  each  strap,  Corset  to  be  fur- 
nished by  wearer. 

Artificial  Legs  for   Hip-Joint  Amputations, 

described  on  pages  98  to  100     .        .        .    Cut    I    5  each  100  00 

Cut  17  "  150.00 

Artificial  Feet  and  Legs  for  Deformities,  etc.,  Cut  K    3  "  30.00 

Cut  K    7  ••  60.00 

Cut  K  11  "  60.00 

Cut  K  16  "  60.00 

Cut  K 17  "  100.00 

Cut  K  20  "  60.00 

Cut  K  22  "  100.00 

Cut  K  25  "  60.00 

Cut  K  27  "  60.00 

Cut  K  29  "  100.00 

Cut  K  21  "  100.00 

Cut  K  33  "  100.00 

Cut  K  35  "  100.00 

Cut  K  36  "  125  00 

Cut  K  38  "  100.00 

Cut  K  41  "  100.00 

Cut  K42  "  100.00 

Cut  K46  both  150.00 

Cut  K  51  each  100.00 

Cut  K  54  "  100.00 

Cut  K  57  both  200.00 

Cut  K  59  "  200.00 

Cut  K61  each  60.00 

Cut  K63  "  125.00 

Cut  K  66  "  125.00 

Cut  K  69  "  60.00 

Cut  K  71  "  75.00 

Cut  K  72  "  75.00 

Accessories. — Needful  supplies,  as  indicated  below,  are  fur- 
nished without  extra  charge. 

Artificial  Foot  for  partial  foot  and  ankle-joint  amputation.  A 
suitable  sock  for  the  stump,  an  extra  lacing. 

Artificial  Leg  for  below-knee  amputation.  A  suitable  suspender, 
one  long  and  one  short  stump  sock,  pocket  oil  can,  screwdriver,  and 
extra  lacing. 

Artificial  Leg  for  all  other  amputations.  A  suitable  suspender 
one  sock  for  stump,  lubricant  for  the  knee-joint,  screwdriver,  extra 
spring,  etc. 

Terms  of  Payment. — Payment  is  required  in  advance  with  every 
order.  If  preferred,  one-half  can  be  advanced  and  the  balance  paid 
on  delivery.  This  is  the  plan  on  which  payments  are  reasonably 
and  properly  required  on  all  articles  that  are  made  to  order. 

Guarantees. — A  guarantee  for  a  period  of  five  years  covering 
material  and  construction  is  given  with  each  leg. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

HANDS  AND  AKMS,  NATUKAL  COMPARED  WITH 
ARTIFICIAL 

History. — Artificial  hand  and  arm  construction  has  advanced 
with  that  of  artificial  legs.  The  modem  arm  is  calculated  for 
general  purposes,  the  ancient  had  only  one  object  in  its  design. 
M.  Sergius  (167  B.  C),  referred  to  by  Pliny,  wore  an  artificial 
arm,  with  which  he  held  his  shield  while  in  battle,  and  released 
Cremona  from  siege.  The  artificial  arm  made  for  a  celebrated 
tenor  of  the  sixteenth  century  was  used  successfully  in  his  his- 
trionic gesticulations;  the  arm  of  the  celebrated  Surgeon  Pare, 
as  well  as  the  productions  of  Lorrain,  Sebastian,  Bailiff,  Verduin, 
Serre,  Wilson,  and  De  Graef,  and  all  the  early  makers,  had  but 
few  functions  to  perform. 

There  is  a  strong  inclination  to  the  belief  that  artificial  arm 
construction  has  retrograded,  and  that  those  of  modem  times 
are  not  as  useful  as  those  of  the  early  masters.  Visitors  to 
European  museums,  where  many  of  the  archaic  substitutes  are 
exhibited,  are  impressed  by  the  profuse  and  extravagant  labels 
and  catalogues,  ascribing  to  the  wearers  miraculous  deeds  of 
valor,  performed  in  battle. 

We  are  in  position  to  state  that  historic  substitutes  were  useless 
beyond  the  specific  purposes  for  which  they  were  designed,  and 
were  greatly  inferior  to  those  of  modern  construction.  The 
ancient  arm  weighed  from  twenty  to  thirty  pounds,  was  made 
of  steel,  copper  and  leather,  and  could  be  worn  only  on  a  long 
and  powerful  stump.  The  modern  arm  weighs  from  one  to  two 
and  a  half  pounds,  is  made  of  rubber,  wood,  rawhide,  leather, 
and  metal,  and  can  be  worn  on  short,  enervated,  and  nervous 
stumps  to  advantage.  They  have  a  range  of  utility  infinitely 
greater  than  those  used  by  warriors  centuries  ago. 

The  need  for  artificial  arms  has  never  been  as  great  as  now. 
The  incentive  to  invent  and  improve  is  always  responsive  to 
demand.  Want  begets  supply,  and  competition  is  the  stimulus 
that  carries  improvements  close  to  the  goal  of  perfection. 

The  Demand  Greater. — The  demand  has  increased  in  direct 
proportion  to  the  utilization  of  machinery  in  the  industries  and 
to  the  expansion  of  methods  for  rapid  transportation.  As  the 
mileage  of  railroads  increases,  the  mutilation  of  the  human  body 
is  more  frequent.  The  electric  trolley  has  maimed  more  than 
the  horse-cars  of  a  decade  ago.  The  mowing  machine  and  the 
reaper  have  cut  off  more  limbs  than  the  scythe  or  cradle,  dynamite 
has  mutilated  the  human  body  more  than  the  black  powder  of 

179 


180        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City. 

former  days.  These  agencies,  necessary  for  quick  results,  are 
dreadful  implements  of  death  and  mutilation. 

Simplicity. — In  recent  years  the  tendency  of  the  arm  manu- 
facturer has  been  to  simplify  construction;  the  earlier  devices 
"were  complicated,  burdensome  to  carry,  expensive  to  maintain, 
and  Unreliable.  No  one  will  now  tolerate  a  clumsy,  heavy,  noisy, 
compHcated,  and  unwieldly  arm;  neat  adaptation  to  the  stump, 
lightness  and  naturalness  of  appearance,  durabiUty  and  utility, 
are  the  only  essentials  that  will  satisfy. 

What  an  Artificial  Arm  Must  Do. — The  artificial  arm  must 
conceal  the  loss,  protect  the  stump,  restore  a  natural  appearance 
to  the  dismembered  side,  provide  a  medium  that  will  foree  the 
stump  into  healthful  activity,  and,  in  the  way  of  utility,  it 
must  assist  the  opposite  hand,  carry  articles  of  moderate  weight, 
and,  if  the  stump  is  powerful,  the  hand  must  be  capable  of  cutting 
food  on  the  plate  and  carrying  the  morsels  to  the  mouth.  The 
modern  arm  is  capable  of  all  this,  and  still  more.  A  pen  can  be 
placed  between  the  finger  and  thumb,  and,  after  a  little  practice, 
the  wearer  will  learn  to  write  quickly  and  legibly.  Implements 
capable  of  specific  functions  can  be  held  in  the  hand  or  in  the 
socket.  A  ring  will  help  the  farmer  in  guiding  the  handles  of 
his  farming  tools;  it  will  assist  the  blacksmith  in  wielding  the 
sledge.  A  pair  of  pincers  is  capable  of  holding  the  work  of  a 
jeweler,  a  claw  hook,  a  clevis,  a  hand  vise;  in  fact,  a  great  variety 
of  implements  have  their  distinct  uses.  While  these  attachments 
are  capable  of  a  large  range  of  adaptation,  there  is  a  limit  beyond 
which  art  and  science  cannot  go.  These  operations  of  the  natural 
hand  that  depend  on  the  brain  for  their  functions  cannot  possibly 
be  performed  by  mechanical  devices. 

The  Natural  Hand  a  Marvel. — The  intelligence  with  which 
the  natural  arm  is  endowed  is  the  result  of  the  system  by  which 
mental  force  is  carried  from  the  brain  to  the  distant  fingers.  The 
human  hand  and  arm  are  marvels  of  mechanism,  their  combina- 
tions of  motions  are  almost  limitless,  their  functions  vast,  their 
capabilities  beyond  comprehension.  The  motion  of  the  shoulder  is 
circumrotary ;  those  of  the  elbow,  flexion  and  extension;  those  of 
the  wrist,  rotary,  circumrotary,  flexion,  and  extension,  and  the 
fingers  are  capable  of  a  range  of  accommodation  almost  limitless. 
Every  joint  is  connected  by  powerful  sinews,  tendons,  muscles, 
nerves,  and  blood  vessels,  which  perform  their  work  in  conveying 
the  commands  of  the  mind  to  the  most  distant  parts,  and  in  com- 
pelling an  instantaneous  obedience.  The  hand  that  is  capable  of 
placing  the  delicate  works  of  a  watch  is  capable  of  placing  the 
stones  of  a  cathedral.  And  yet  the  human  arm  is  but  a  machine, 
useless  by  itself. 

The  Brain. — The  brain  is  the  vis-viva  that  renders  it  capable 
of  its  wonderful  work.  If  the  medium  that  conveys  the  wishes 
of  the  mind  to  the  arm  be  destroyed,  if  the  co-ordination  be 
impaired,  the  natural  arm  ceases  to  be  any  more  valuable  than 
an  artificial  one  of  the  crudest  type. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.         181 

An  artificial  arm,  no  matter  how  ingeniously  it  may  be  con- 
structed, pales  into  insignificance  when  its  functions  are  com- 
pared with  those  of  the  healthy  arm  nature  has  given  us.  Never- 
theless, it  is  far  more  useful  than  the  natural  arm  that  has  become 
palsied. 

Self-Repairing. — The  natural  arm  has  other  endowments,  aside 
from  its  responsiveness  to  the  will.  The  power  of  repairing  itself 
is  one  of  its  mysterious  attributes.  The  bearing  surfaces  of  the 
bones  would  grind  away,  the  tendons  would  stretch  and  become 
inert  if  this  process  were  not  in  constant  operation.  If  a  muscle 
becomes  lacerated,  or  a  tendon  detached,  or  a  bone  broken,  the 
work  of  reparation  soon  restores  the  injured  part  to  its  normal 
relations.  Every  drop  of  blood  that  flows  through  the  arteries 
carries  new  material  to  replace  the  waste,  and  every  drop  of  blood 
that  flows  through  the  veins  carries  away  the  particles  that  have 
become  diseased  and  detached.  In  old  age,  when  the  human  repair 
shop  becomes  disorganized,  the  entire  physical  mechanism  breaks 
down,  and  the  end  soon  follows. 

Sense  of  Touch. — Another  great  and  important  endowment  of 
the  natural  hand  is  the  sense  of  touch.  This  sense  is  susceptible 
of  cultivation.  The  contact  of  the  fingers  will  convey  the  infor- 
mation that  the  substance  is  soft  or  hard,  liquid  or  solid,  dry  or 
wet.  The  blind  man  is  capable  of  reading  by  the  tips  of  his 
fingers.  When  we  place  our  hands  in  our  pockets,  we  know  by 
this  sense  whether  we  take  hold  of  a  key  or  a  jackknife,  a  hand- 
kerchief or  a  lead  pencil.  The  moment  we  touch  the  object  we 
know  what  motions  the  fingers  are  to  make  and  the  strength 
required  to  put  that  object  within  our  grasp. 

An  artificial  hand  is  absolutely  devoid  of  sensation.  When  we 
call  to  mind  the  fact  that  an  artificial  arm,  made  with  joints, 
springs,  and  cords  cannot  be  endowed  with  mental  sympathy  or 
with  the  power  of  repairing  itself,  or  with  the  sensation  of  touch, 
we  must  become  reconciled  to  the  fact  that  it  is  necessarily  of 
limited  capacity. 

Stories  Misleading. — We  are  frequently  amused  by  reading 
newspaper  articles  on  artificial  arms,  made  by  forgotten  mechanics, 
"  that  are  fully  as  good  as  natural  arms."  We  frequently  have 
to  listen  to  the  narration  of  some  magical  performances  of  men 
who  wear  artificial  arms.  We  recall  an  article  that  appeared  in  a 
Canadian  newspaper,  of  a  woman  who  had  a  pair  of  arms  adjusted 
to  her  person,  supplementary  to  her  natural  ones.  She  became 
so  dexterous  in  manipulating  them  that  when  in  a  public  con- 
veyance she  would  hold  a  book  in  her  artificial  hands,  and,  while 
apparently  reading,  would,  with  her  natural  hands,  pick  the 
pockets  of  those  who  sat  next  to  her. 

We  have  also  read  the  story  of  a  politician  who  lost  his  arm  in 
the  Civil  War,  and  who  had  an  ingenious  artificial  one  applied 
that  enabled  him  to  shufile  a  deck  of  cards,  pick  up  a  glass  of  beer 
and  carry  it  in  his  mouth;  and,  on  one  occasion,  when  in  a  bar- 
room brawl,  he  liberated  a  spring,  and  the  arm  immediately  began 


182        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

its  pugilistic  movements,  with  more  vigor  and  more  deadly  results 
than  possible  for  the  natural  arm.  Quite  recently  a  New  York 
paper  gave  a  page  to  the  description  of  an  artificial  arm,  made 
by  a  German  prothesist,  that  incases  the  undeveloped  arm  of  the 
Emperor  of  Germany;  the  description  of  the  arm  and  the  func- 
tions it  was  capable  of  performing  were  extremely  absurd  and 
amusing  to  those  acquainted  with  prothesis,  but  to  laymen  unac- 
quainted with  the  subject,  there  was  a  strain  of  plausibility  that 
must  have  made  some  persons  believe  that  at  last  a  mechanic  ia 
on  the  earth  who  is  as  skillful  as  Divinity  Himself. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 

IS   IT   PROFITABLE    TO   BUY   AN   ARTIFICIAL   ARM? 

If  I  procure  an  artificial  arm,  will  I  make  any  practical  use  of 
it?  If  I  do  not,  can  it  in  any  way  contribute  to  my  physical  or 
mental  comfort?     Is  the  risk  worth  taking? 

These  are  the  questions  that  have  to  be  answered.  They  weigh 
heavily  upon  the  minds  of  those  who  find  it  necessary  to  exercise 
economy  in  their  purchases. 

Whether  male  or  female,  rich  or  poor,  the  feasibility  of  substi- 
tuting a  member  that  has  been  lost  must  be  thoughtfully  con- 
sidered. 

Let  us  first  take  up  the  question  of  ornamentation. 

Ornamentation. — That  a  person  will  make  a  better  appearance 
with  an  artificial  arm  properly  dressed  than  with  an  empty  sleeve. 


is  obvious.  To  conceal  any  physical  defect  is  a  natural  aim. 
There  is  nothing  so  distressing,  especially  to  a  sensitive  person, 
as  the  exhibition  of  any  imperfection  in  his  anatomy. 

The  glass  eye  is  worn  for  no  other  purpose  than  ornament. 
It  fills  a  sightless  socket  and  conveys  the  impression  that  the 
natural  eye  is  there;  it  does  not  restore  vision  nor  fulfill  the 
optical  functions,  yet  thousands  of  them  are  worn  with  a  feeling 
that  they  are  indispensable.  They  certainly  look  well,  and  are 
to  be  preferred  to  the  cloth  patch  frequently  seen.  The  man  with 
a  hunched  back  pays  his  tailor  very  dearly  for  the  skillful  adjust- 
ment of  pads  in  his  coat,  so  as  to  minimize  the  visibility  of  his 
deformity. 

Any  deficiency  of  the  body  that  becomes  conspicuous  will  attract 
attention  and  invite  comment  and  sympathy.  No  person  who 
maintains  his  self-respect,  no  matter  what  his  disability  may  be, 
cares  to  be  constantly  reminded  o^  it,  and  the  commiseration  of 
others,  above  all  things,  is  the  most  abhorrent.  To  be  frequently 
asked :  "  How  did  it  happen  ? "  "  Did  you  lose  your  arm  in  the 
war  ? "  "  Were  you  in  a  railroad  collision  ? "  or  to  have  such 
utterances  as:  "Poor,  unfortunate  manl"    "How  he  must  have 

183 


184        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  York  City. 

suffered !  "  "  ^Vliat  a  terrible  loss !  "  whispered  within  your  hear- 
ing, may,  for  a  while,  be  accepted  in  good  part,  but  their  repeti- 
tion soon  becomes  annoying  and  odious. 

An  artificial  arm  will  conceal  the  loss,  restore  a  natural  appear- 
ance to  the  person,  avoid  observation  and  comment,  and  after  it 
has  been  worn  a  short  time  will  become  companionable  and  neces- 
sary to  the  wearer's  mental  comfort,. 

The  Russian  prince,  Galitzin,  obtained  an  artificial  arm  of  us 
to  cover  a  deformed  and  undeveloped  member,  the  conspicuousness 
of  which  had  given  him  much  solicitude.  He  was  elated  over  the 
results  and  pronounced  the  purchase  a  most  satisfactory  one, 
fully  paying  him  for  his  long  journey  from  Moscow  to  New  York. 

Miss  Julia  Shay  Lindsay,  of  Polk  County,  Minn.,  struggled 
with  this  subject  for  some  time,  and  finally  ordered  an  artificial 


hand.  The  results  that  followed  are  clearly  set  forth  in  a  letter 
recently  addressed  to  us :  "  It  is  over  five  months  since  I  received 
the  artificial  hand  which  my  doctor  ordered  for  me.  I  am  very 
much  pleased  with  it.  No  one  can  tell  the  artificial  hand  from 
the  natural  one.     In  this,  it  is  a  source  of  great  comfort." 

A.  T.  Basden,  of  Hamilton,  Bermuda,  who  had  both  of  his 
arms  amputated  between  the  elbows  and  wrists,  wrote  recently,  as 
follows :  "  The  artificial  arms  you  sent  me  fit  acceptably.  They 
meet  with  my  expectations.  I  find  them  helpful  and  especially 
valuable,  as  they  hide  my  misfortune.  Prior  to  the  application 
of  the  arms,  I  suffered  considerably  with  my  stumps,  but  since 
wearing  them  the  pain  has  entirely  ceased." 

Hygiene. — This  part  of  the  subject,  considering  the  importance 
it  bears  to  the  general  health  and  welfare  of  the  individual,  has 
not  been  sufficiently  emphasized.     With  much  pleasure  we  quote 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        186 

from  Dr.  Schenck,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio :  "  Pain  is  the  cry  of  a 
hungry  nerve  for  food. 

"  When  a  part  of  the  body  becomes  inactive,  as  is  the  case  with 
the  stump  of  an  amputated  arm,  the  inability  to  receive  the 
necessary  activity  on  account  of  the  abbreviation  of  its  length, 
permits  the  stump  and  muscles  to  fall  into  a  quiescent  condition; 
in  consequence  there  occurs  a  stagnation  in  the  venous  system, 
which  depends  entirely  upon  muscular  activity  for  the  return  of 
the  venous  blood  to  the  lungs  for  aeration,  from  whence  it  is  again 
pumped  by  the  heart  to  the  different  parts  of  the  body,  in  order  to 
carry  nourishment  and  oxygen  to  the  tissues  so  that  the  normal 
metabolism  can  occur,  and  thus  produce  the  physiological  tone 
required  for  a  healthy  individual. 

"  As  such,  an  abbreviated  member,  unassisted,  cannot  contribute 
the  necessary  energy  for  its  welfare;  because  of  the  above-ex- 
plained pathological  condition,  it  must  suffer  and  lose  its  normal 
tone  and  indirectly,  as  in  diseased  organs  of  the  body,  affect  the 
general  economy  in  a  more  or  less  degree,  depending  upon  the 
temperament  of  the  individual. 

"  So  that,  from  the  hygienic  view,  an  artificial  arm  will  cause 
the  defective  part  to  functionate,  causing  activity  of  the  remain- 
ing muscles,  and  thus  stimulate  its  circulation,  giving  to  the 
part  the  required  nourishment  and  preventing  the  accumulation 
of  effete  material  and  dismissing  a  conspicuous  deformity,  which, 
no  matter  how  indifferent  the  unfortunate  assumes  to  be,  has 
some  influence  upon  his  nervous  system,  all  of  which,  being 
improved,  is  conducive  to  promote  a  healthy  tone  to  the  whole 
body." 

It  is  not  an  infrequent  occurrence  for  a  person  to  complain  of 
peculiar,  dull  aches,  or  nerve  twitchings,  or  sharp,  stinging  darts 
of  pain  in  his  stump.  Investigation  will  disclose  the  fact  that 
these  are  nervous  disturbances,  due  to  muscular  inactivity,  and,  as 
soon  as  stumps  are  forced  to  do  something,  the  distress  will  almost 
invariably  disappear. 

Dr.  Cook,  United  States  Examining  Surgeon,  puts  this  phase 
of  the  subject  in  an  iiiteresting  and  unique  light: 

"  When  a  limb  has  been  amputated,  the  stump,  or  remaining 
portion,  takes  on  queer  antics  and  assumes  conditions  that  are 
in  accordance  with  well-known  physiological  and  psychological 
laws. 

"  For  instance,  it  is  no  uncommon  occurrence  for  a  man  who 
has  lost  a  part  of  his  leg  by  amputation  to  have  a  severe  pain  in 
the  heel,  foot,  or  toe  of  the  lost  member,  or  for  those  who  have 
lost  parts  of  their  arms  to  have  excruciating  pains  in  the  wrists, 
hands,  or  fingers  of  the  amputated  parts.  To  those  unaccustomed 
to  these  nerve  complications  this  may  appear  absurd,  but  they 
are  facts    well  known  to  neurologists. 

"It  would  seem  that  the  stump,  or  part  remaining  after  ampu- 
tation, either  resented  the  indignity  that  it  had  been  subjected  to, 
or  else  made  its  sorrow  for  its  loss  manifested  by  these  means. 


186        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

"  The  man  who  allows  an  amputated  arm  to  haug  indolently  by 
his  side  makes  a  mistake.  The  muscles  above  the  stump  shrink 
and  waste  away  for  a  lack  of  nourishment,  and  the  nerves  become 
irritable  and  neuralgic.  An  undisputed  physiological  law  is  that 
'  action  increases  strength,'  and  the  reverse  is  just  as  true,  that 
inaction  produces  weakness. 

"  Place  an  artificial  arm  on  the  idle  stump  and  it  at  once  begins 
to  get  a  better  circulation  of  the  blood,  the  muscles  begin  to 
develop,  and  the  nerves  have  something  to  think  about  besides 
their  terminals." 

Dr.  L.  G.  Armstrong,  of  Boscobel,  Wis.,  in  emphasizing  the 
importance  to  persons  who  have  had  legs  or  arms  amputated,  to 
procure  artificial  ones,  presents  in  a  forcible  way  the  penalty  that 
must  be  paid  if  a  stump  is  permitted  to  become  indolent: 

"  Artificial  limbs  have  added  much  to  afflicted  humanity  in  the 
way  of  happiness  and  comfort. 

"  Physiology  teaches  plainly  that  the  want  of  use  of  any  part 
begets  weakness.  Atrophy  of  the  muscles  is  sure  to  follow,  which 
is  the  legitimate  consequence  of  the  neglect.  To  prevent  this, 
begin  using  the  stump  as  soon  as  it  is  thoroughly  healed,  when 
the  adhesions  are  perfect,  save  atrophy,  and  put  the  muscles  to 
their  new  use.  Neuralgia  of  the  stump  is  always  sure  to  follow, 
or  it  may  even  antedate  the  withering  away  of  the  muscles  for 
the  want  of  proper  use.  Get  a  well-made,  perfectly  fitting  limb, 
and  you  have  at  once  removed  the  cause  of  nervous  disturbances 
and  the  mental  shock.  You  have  added  much  to  the  person's 
ability  to  earn  a  livelihood.  My  experience  is  that  artificial 
limbs  are  soon  accepted,  and  soon  used  to  advantage,  and  so  much 
so  that  money  would  not  induce  the  wearers  to  do  without  them. 
My  advice  is  to  get  an  artificial  limb  at  the  first  practical  moment, 
after  the  stump  is  perfectly  healed." 

Dr.  T.  P.  Smith,  of  Tacoma,  Wash.,  says:  "During  the  last 
fourteen  years  you  have  fitted  a  great  number  of  my  patients 
with  artificial  limbs,  and  they  have  all  given  entire  satisfaction. 
The  proposition  that  a  limb,  whether  a  stump  or  whole,  needs 
and  is  benefited  by  motion,  is  so  self-evident  as  not  to  call  for 
discussion;  a  stump  becomes  useless  without  it. 

"  I  am  in  the  habit  of  using  motion  in  all  cases  of  fracture, 
as  well  as  in  all  cases  of  amputation,  to  prevent  atrophy  of  the 
muscles,  and  stiffening  of  the  joints,  and  as  soon  as  a  stump, 
after  amputation,  is  healed,  I  insist  on  applying  an  artificial 
limb.  Until  the  limb  comes,  I  insist  on  the  patient  doing  the 
best  he  can  toward  exercising  and  using  his  stump.  After  the 
limb  is  adjusted  he  will  naturally  use  it,  and  that  will  prevent  the 
stump  from  becoming  flabby  and  fat. 

"  In  conclusion,  I  will  say  that  I  know  of  no  way  to  retain  the 
use  of  a  leg  or  arm,  except  it  be  early  fitted  with  an  artificial 
limb,  and  the  sooner  it  is  done  the  better.  In  spite  of  bandaging, 
and  such  motion  and  exercise  as  patients  can  give  their  stumps, 
they  become  large  and  flabby." 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.        187 

Dr.  Geo.  E.  Powell,  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  writes :  "  We  have  had  your 
artificial  limbs  for  twenty  years  and  consider  them  the  best  made. 
We  have  never  applied  one  that  did  not  give  satisfaction.  Many 
arm  stumps  that  were  soft  and  doughy  to  the  feel,  became  strik- 
ingly firm  and  vigorous  with  the  use  of  artificial  arms." 

Dr.  Chas.  F.  Noe,  of  Amana,  la.,  states :  "  I  wish  to  say  that  in 
my  experience  a  well-fitting  artificial  arm  exercises  a  beneficial 
influence  on  the  stump,  due  to  the  stimulus  given  to  circulation 
and  nutrition,  and  thus  preventing  stagnation  from  disuse." 

Dr.  J.  H.  Sieling,  of  York,  Pa.,  says :  "  The  arm  that  you  sent 
me  recently  has  done  more  work  than  my  fondest  hopes  expected; 
it  has  not  only  had  a  helping  influence  on  my  patient's  stump, 
but  adds  greatly  to  his  appearance.  He  is  able  to  execute  some 
very  helpful  acts  with  the  elegant  equipment;  he  eats,  by  its  help, 
very  artistically  indeed.  I  am  only  too  glad  to  add  a  word  of 
commendation  whenever  opportunity  offers." 

Carl  M.  Person,  of  Webster  County,  Neb.,  states :  "  I  will  write 
to  you  and  let  you  know  that  my  arm  is  all  right.  I  have  worn 
it  every  day  since  I  got  it,  and  have  never  been  chafed  or  ex- 
perienced any  inconvenience.  The  arm  is  useful  as  well  as  orna- 
mental. I  find  that  the  exercise  my  stump  receives  from  it 
prevents  those  dull  pains  that  I  suffered  from  for  so  long  a  time, 
and  I  value  it  for  this  reason  far  more  than  the  money  it  cost." 

William  F.  Starner,  of  Carroll  County,  Md.,  writes :  "  I  have 
been  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  arms  for  about  three  years,  and 
am  well  pleased  with  it.  I  can  do  most  any  kind  of  work.  The 
arm  exercises  my  stump,  and  keeps  it  in  a  more  pleasant  condi- 
tion." 

The  utility  to  be  derived  from  an  artificial  arm  depends  very 
largely  upon  the  length  of  the  stump,  the  strength  of  the 
muscles,  and  the  aptitude  of  the  wearer.  The  stump  must  be 
long  in  order  to  provide  a  lever  with  which  to  control  the  hand 
and  forearm  in  lifting  such  articles  as  may  be  placed  in  the  hand. 
Although  the  artificial  arm  is  very  light,  the  power  to  elevate  it 
must  come  from  the  muscles  in  the  arm  and  shoulder,  and  when 
the  stump  is  very  short,  and  the  muscles  weak,  the  utility  of  an 
artificial  arm  is  lessened.  But,  notwithstanding  these  conditions, 
the  artificial  arm  should  be  worn  on  the  shortest  of  stumps.  There 
are  persons  who  have  more  aptitude  than  others,  and  perform  feats 
under  adverse  conditions  that  are  marvelous;  some  with  short 
stumps  do  more  than  others  with  long  ones.  It  is  safe  to  say,  how- 
ever, that  any  person,  no  matter  how  short  a  stump  he  may  have, 
may,  with  patience  and  application,  learn  to  operate  an  artificial 
arm,  and  derive  a  reasonable  compensation  from  it.  Ambition, 
application,  and  thoughtful  effort  will  overcome  many  difficulties. 
If  one  person  can  learn  to  write  quickly  and  legibly  with  an  arti- 
ficial hand,  why  should  not  another?  If  one  person  can  handle 
a  farming  implement,  such  as  a  hoe,  rake,  ax,  or  wheelbarrow,  or 
a  carpenter  can  drive  his  plane,  hold  a  nail  or  carry  tools,  there 
is  no  reason  why  others  should  fail. 


CHAPTER  XIX 
WOODEN  HANDS.  EUBBEK  HANDS 

Old  Methods. — ^During  the  first  decade  of  our  prothetical 
career  (from  1853  to  1863),  we  manufactured  mechanical  hands, 
they  were  carved  from  wood  with  fingers  jointed  at  the  knuckles, 
controlled  by  straps  operated  by  the  shoulder.  By  a  forward 
motion  of  the  opposite  arm,  the  strap  would  apply  a  pulling 
force  to  the  artificial  hand  and  force  it  to  open.  By  relaxing,  the 
strain  on  the  strap  would  be  released  and  the  hand  would  close.  It 
would  seem  as  though  a  hand  of  this  character  would  be  useful  and 
valuable,  but  when  the  invariableness  of  the  spring  tension, 
the  oppressive  harness  to  be  worn,  and  the  exertion  required  to 
operate  the  straps  were  considered,  it  was  doubtful  that  the  results 
obtained  justified  the  means  employed. 

New  Methods. — In  1863  our  attention  was  attracted  to  the 
utilization  of  rubber,  the  resilient  nature  of  which  appealed  to  us 
as  being  better  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  an  artificial  hand  than 
harsh,  unyielding  wood  or  metal.  The  rubber  hand  was  there- 
upon invented.  It  was  cast  in  a  mold  made  from  the  model  of  a 
natural  hand,  and  it  was  attached  to  the  end  of  the  artificial  fore- 
arm by  means  of  a  spindle.  The  fingers  were  flexible  and  would 
yield  under  pressure,  having  sufiicient  elasticity  and  adhesion 
to  hold  light  articles.  It  presented  a  natural  appearance  and  was 
pleasant  to  the  touch.  It  was  far  more  durable  than  the  wooden 
hand.  It  might  fall  or  strike  a  hard  object  and  would  not 
break.  It  could  be  slipped  from  the  socket  and  a  hook,  knife, 
fork,  brush,  ring  or  other  implement  put  in  its  place.  For  a 
number   of   years   this   hand   found   many   purchasers,    and   was 


, 

"""'■••-.. 

» 

^i 

'$■        ^^"'*»«-~ 

'^ 

^^c 

A.A.  MARKS,  N,V, 

w 

'■jj-' 

^yyyy.yJi^U 

Cut  0  1. 

Cut  O  2. 


greatly    admired.     Improvements    were    suggested    from    time   to 
time. 

Ductile  Fingers. — A  fortunate  thought  was  that  of  changing 
the  fingers  from  flexibility  to  ductility.  Flexible  fingers  would 
move  Tinder  pressure,  but  as  soon  as  that  pressure  was  released 

188 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


189 


they  would  return  to  the  positions  in  which  they  were  cast.  The 
ductile  fingers  admit  of  change  of  position.  The  wearer  ean,  by 
the  opposite  hand,  or  by  pressing  the  fingers  against  some  resist- 
ant object,  change  their  positions  from  full  extension  to  clinched. 
The  hand  with  fingers  partly  closed  is  sufficiently  firm  to  carry 
a  valise  or  package.  Cut  O  1  represents  the  rubber  hand  partly 
closed.  The  dotted  lines  indicate  the  positions  of  extension  and 
flexion  in  which  the  fingers  can  be  bent. 

Palm  Locks. — A  lock  embedded  in  the  palm,  shown  in  Cut  O  2, 
receives  and  holds  implements  with  firmness.  A  hand  brush,  a 
knife  and  fork  (as  shown  in  Cut  O  3)  can  be  thus  placed  and 
have  the  appearance  of  being  grasped  by  the  fingers.  When  it  is 
required  to  carry  articles  of  considerable  weight  for  a  great  length 
of  time  a  steel  hook  is  slipped  in  the  palm  socket,  and,  concealed 
by  the  hand,  it  is  held  with  sufiicient  strength  to  carry  an  article 
of  one  hundred  pounds  in  weight.  A  knife  or  fork  can  be  put  in 
the  same  socket;  the  latter  will  hold  a  piece  of  meat  while  it  is 
being  cut  with  the  opposite  hand,  and  will  convey  food  to  the 
mouth.  A  brush  placed  in  the  palm  lock  can  be  used  in  washing 
the  opposite  hand.  When  it  is  desired  to  remove  an  implement 
a  little  pressure  is  applied  to  the  button  and  the  implement  is 
released,  and  can  easily  be  taken  from  the  socket. 

Wrist  Connections. — Rubber  hands  are  attached  to  forearms 
by  various  methods. 

Cut  O  3  represents  the  spindle  method.  A  steel  spindle  is 
attached  to  the  base  of  the  hand,  and  made  to  fit  a  locking  plate 
secured  to  the  base  of  the  forearm  socket.  The  hand  when  so 
placed  will  rotate  at  the  wrist  if  the  wearer  wishes.    When  it  is 


Cut  O  3. 

desired  to  remove  the  hand  a  little  pressure  applied  to  a  button 
will  release  the  hold,  it  can  then  be  taken  from  its  place.  When 
it  is  desired  to  prevent  the  hand  from  rotating  a  set  screw  is 
turned  inwardly,  and  the  hand  is  clamped  firmly  in  one  position. 
A  variety  of  implements  are  illustrated  in  the  cuts  O  4  to  O  7, 
each  can  be  placed  in  the  forearm  substituting  the  hand. 

Clamps. — ^Cut  O  8  represents  a  new  device  for  a  wrist-joint  con- 
nection, it  is  intended  for  a  person  who  works  at  the  bench.     The 


190        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


end  of  the  forearm  is  made  of  aluminum,  and  provided  witli  a 
sliding  jaw  operating  as  a  vise.  A  cold  chisel  can  be  held  firmly 
at  any  convenient  angle,  show^n  in  Cut  O  9 ;  a  saw-file  can  be  used 
to  advantage,  as  shown  in  Cut  O  10.  A  jeweler's  hammer,  or  in 
fact  any  implement  with  a  handle  not  greater  than  %  of  an  inch 
in  diameter  can  thus  be  held  in  a  thoroughly  practical  way. 
Flexion. — The  mortise  and  tenon  wrist  connection  is  preferable 


Cut  O  4. 


Cut  O  5. 


Cut  O  6. 


Cut  O  7. 


Cut  O  8. 


to  any  wrist  mechanism  that  admits  of  flexion  and  extension. 
Cut  O  11  represents  this  method.  The  mechanism  consists  of 
a  series  of  interlaying  strips,  held  together  by  a  bolt,  which  forms 
the  axis  of  motion.    Rotation  of  the  arm  is  obtained,  when  de- 


Cut  O  9. 


Cut  O  10. 


sired,  by  means  of  a  bolt  connection  introduced  immediately 
above  the  wrist  joint. 

Cut  O  12  represents  the  mortise  and  tenon  connection,  the  hand 
flexed  holding  hook.  Cut  O  13  shows  the  hand  extended,  with 
fork  held  by  the  palm  lock,  the  knife  and  other  implements  are 
held  in  the  same  way. 

For  laborers  who  wish  to  obtain  the  greatest  variety  of  prac- 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City.        191 

tical  uses  from  artificial  arms,  the  spindle  connection  at  the  wrist 
(Cut  O  3)  is  preferable.  This  device  admits  of  greater  strength 
and  enables  the  wearer  to  press  the  artificial  hand  against  any 
object  desired  to  be  held  in  place.     The  mortise  and  tenon  wrist 


Cut  O  11. 


Cut  O  12. 


Cut  O  13. 


connection,  illustrated  in  Cut  O  11,  is  chosen  by  persons  seeking 
ornament  more  than  utility. 

When  lightness  is  a  paramount  consideration  it  is  advisable  to 
have  the  hand  permanently  attached  at  the  wrist. 

This  method  obviates  any  metal  connection,  and  thereby  lessens 
the  weight. 

Spring  Thumb. — We  have  a  mechanical  device  by  which  the 
thumb  can  be  made  to  move  at  its  base,  away  from  or  toward  the 
fingers.    Cuts  0  14  and  O  15  represent  the  hand  with  the  thumb  ab- 


Cut  O  14. 


ducted;  this  is  effected  by  tension  applied  to  a  cord  passing  from 
the  under  side  of  the  base  of  the  hand  upwardly  to  the  elbow.  Cut 
O  16  represents  the  hand  with  thumb  pressed  against  the  finger. 
As  soon  as  the  tension  of  the  abductor  cord  is  released,  the  thumb 
will  be  forced  by  a  strong  spring  to  press  against  the  index  and 
middle  fingers.     When  the  abductor  cord  is  connected  with  thq 


192        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

artificial  arm  above  the  elbow,  the  thumb  will  press  against  the 
forefinger  when  the  elbow  is  flexed,  and  will  draw  away  from  it 
when  the  elbow  is  extended,  as  shown  in  Cut  O  16.  The  abductor 
cord  may  be  carried  up  the  arm,  over  the  back,  around  the 
opposite  shoulder,   by  which  it  will  be  controlled.     When  thus 


Cut  O  15.  Cut  O  16. 

connected  it  is  independent  of  elbow  motion  and  is  operated 
by  a  movement  of  the  shoulder  or  contraction  of  the  chest. 

As  considerable  mechanism  is  required  in  the  spring  thumb, 
the  construction  is  more  or  less  complicated,  and  we  do  not  ad- 
vise its  selection  except  in  special  cases.  In  double  amputations, 
when  all  dependence  must  be  placed  upon  artificial  means,  spring 
thumbs  are  advantageous;  but  in  single  amputations  they  prove 
to  be  quite  useless;  the  remaining  natural  hand  becomes  so 
adept  that  it  performs  about  all  the  work  that  prior  to  the  ampu- 
tation was  performed  by  both  hands. 

Gloves  Always  to  Be  Worn. — ^Artificial  hands  and  parts  of 
hands  must  be  gloved  at  all  times.  This  is  necessary  in  order  to 
conceal  the  fact  that  they  are  not  real.  Artificial  hands,  whether 
made  of  wood,  rubber,  or  other  material,  may  be  modeled  to  the 
shape  of  nature,  and  have  all  the  graceful  lines,  creases,  and 
folds  that  are  found  in  the  natural  hand.. 

They  may  be  painted  and  tinted  with  artistic  nicety,  yet  it  is 
not  possible  to  impart  to  them  the  characteristics  which  dis- 
tinguish nature  from  art.  The  natural  hand  has  a  different 
tint  in  the  forenoon  than  it  has  in  the  afternoon ;  when  the  fingers 
are  extended  there  are  more  creases  in  the  skin  than  when  they 
are  flexed;  when  the  hand  is  at  labor  it  is  broader  and  the 
muscles  and  blood  vessels  show  with  more  prominence  than  when 
at  repose.  An  artificial  hand,  no  matter  of  what  material  it  may 
be  constructed,  cannot  possess  this  metamorphic  power.  It, 
therefore,  must  be  concealed  by  a  glove,  otherwise  it  will  be  con- 
spicuous. 

Choice  of  ^Material  for  Sockets. — Sockets  for  artificial  arms 
may  be  made  of  wood,  leather,  or  aluminum,  to  suit  the  wishes  of 
the  purchaser.  Makers  of  experience  are  united  on  this  point, 
and  advocate  the  use  of  tough,  light  wood.  Wood  is  capable  of 
being  worked  into  convenient  shapes,  which  it  will  retain  indefi- 
nitely.   It  is  lighter  than  any  other  material  that  can  be  used, 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limls,  New  Yoric  City.        193 

and  when  strengthened  with  rawhide  is  sufficiently  strong  for 
most  purposes.  It  is  also  a  non-conductor  of  heat,  and  when 
varnished  does  not  absorb  perspiration.  The  objection  to  leather 
is  its  flexibleness.  While  this  may  appear  to  be  desirable,  it  is 
actually  the  cause  of  trouble.  A  socket  that  is  flexible  cannot 
be  comfortable  to  wear,  as  it  does  not  place  the  pressure  at  points 
of  toleration;  instead,  it  distributes  it  uniformly  over  the  entire 
surface,  causing  pressure  to  come  as  much  on  sensitive  parts  as 
elsewhere.  Leather  absorbs  perspiration,  becomes  foul  and  offen- 
sive, and  unless  extraordinary  raethods  are  used  to  keep  it  clean 
it  will  become  hard  and  dead,  it  will  crack  and  fall  to  pieces. 

Leather  sockets  are  sometimes  unavoidable;  they  will  be  spoken 
of  in  due  course. 

Metal  sockets  are  objectionable  on  account  of  their  weight, 
liability  to  corrode  from  perspiration,  and  their  disposition  to 
hold  heat.  When  arms  are  to  be  made  for  persons  who  work 
in  water,  such  as  dyers,  laundrymen,  fishermen,  oystermen,  etc., 
it  will  be  necessary  to  use  metal,  such  as  aluminum,  which  re- 
ceives no  injury  from  exposure  to  moisture  free  from  salt. 

A  rubber  hand  permanently  attached  to  an  aluminum  socket  will 
provide  a  useful,  resistant,  and  durable  arm,  and  when  frequently 
cleaned  and  coated  on  the  inside  with  sweat-proof  enamel  or  paint, 
will  last  a  great  many  years. 


CHAPTER  XX 


PAETIAL   HAND    AMPUTATIONS 


The  loss  of  a  finger  may  be  lamentable,  but  it  cannot  be  con- 
sidered a  serious  impairment.  The  remaining  fingers  as  a  rule 
are  competent  to  perform  all  the  labors  that  are  usually  demanded 
of  the  complete  hand.    Yet  there  are  times  when  the  substitution 


Cut  P  1. 


Cut  P  3. 


Cut  P  -6. 


Cut  P  4. 


of  a  lost  finger  is  essential,  either  for  cosmetic  effect  or  to  equip 
the  hand  for  some  special  purpose;  for  example,  playing  the 
piano,  or  other  musical  instrument. 

The  Loss  of  One  Finger. — Cuts  P  1  to  P  6  represent  hands 
from  which   one   finger  has  been  removed.     An   artificial   finger 


CutP5. 


Cut  P  6. 


CutP7. 


Cut  P  8. 


similar  in  appearance  to  that  illustrated  in  Cut  P  9  meets  the 
needs  of  each  case.  The  loss  of  the  thumb,  far  more  than  of  a 
finger,  impairs  the  usefulness  of  the  hand.  It  is,  therefore,  more 
important  to  substitute  that  loss.     Cuts  P  7  and  P  8  represent 

194 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        195 

hands  from  which  the  thumb  has  been  removed.  An  artificial 
thumb  similar  to  that  shown  in  Cut  P  10  is  suitable  for  such 
cases. 

Materials. — Artificial  fingers  and  thumbs  are  made  of  rubber, 


Cut  P  9. 


Cut  P  10. 


or     silver.       Eubber     is     desirable,     if     flexibility     is     an     ob- 
ject;   silver   has   the   greater   durability,    is   neater,   lighter,   and 


Cut  P  11. 


Cut  P  13. 


Cut  P  13. 


Cut  P  14. 


more  practical.     The  price  is  the  same  for  each.     When  order- 
ing   send    a    plaster    cast    of    both    the    mutilated    and    opposite 


Cut  F  15. 


Cut  P  16. 


Cut  P  17. 


Cut  P  18. 


hand,  one  is  required  for  fitting,  and  the  other  as  a  guide  in 
shaping  the  outside  to  correspond  with  its  mate  on  the  opposite 
hand.  If  the  stump,  either  finger  or  thumb,  is  very  short,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  hold  the  substitute  in  place  by  straps  passing  around 


196        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  Yorh  City. 


the  base  of  the  hand,  or  by  a  glove.  If  the  stump  is  long,  the 
substitute  will  remain  in  place  without  additional  support. 

It  is  important  that  the  artificial  part  should  be  covered  at  all 
times  by  a  glove,  as  it  is  not  possible  to  give  it  the  characteristics 
of  -nature  closely  enough  to  defy  detection. 

The  Loss  of  Two  or  More  Fingers. — Cuts  P  11  to  P  22  repre- 
sent hands  from  which  two  or  more  fingers  have  been  removed. 


Cut  P  19. 


Cut  P  20. 


Cut  P  21. 


Cut  P  23. 


An  artificial  part  for  any  of  these  cases  consists  of  rubber  fingers 
attached  to  a  socket  that  incases  the  remaining  part  of  the  natural 
hand.  This  is  essential  in  order  to  hold  the  fingers  together  and 
provide  means  for  securing  them  to  the  stump. 

Cut  P  23  represents  an  artificial  hand  devised  to  supply  the 
amputation   of  index  and  small  fingers.      Cut  P   24  represents 


Cut  P  33. 


Cut  P  34. 


Cut  P  35. 


Cut  P  26. 


an  artificial  hand  suitable  for  use  when  the  index,  middle, 
and  small  fingers  are  amputated.  Cut  P  25  shows  an  ar- 
tificial part  to  substitute  the  loss  of  middle  and  ring  fingers. 
Cut  P  26  represents  an  artificial  hand,  suitable  for  a  pahn 
amputation,  in  which  the  natural  thumb  remains.  The  fingers 
in  all  the  above  hands  are  made  ductile,  rigid,  or  flexible, 
according  to  the  choice  of  the  wearer.  For  those  who  do  little 
work  and  wish   to   combine  ornament  with  utiHty,   the   ductile 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        197 


fingers  should  be  chosen.  For  a  laboring  person,  who  wishes  to 
lift  heavy  weights  and  do  hard  work,  the  rigid  fingers  are  better. 
And  for  those  who  wear  artificial  fingers  and  parts  of  hands  for 
ornamental  purposes  only,  the  flexible  fingers  give  the  greatest 
satisfaction. 

Individual   Fingers. — 'Where  the  amputation  of  one   or  more 
fingers  has  been  made  at  the  first  or  second  joint,  it  will  not  be 


Cut  P  27. 


Cut  P  28. 


Cut  P  29. 


Cut  P  30. 


necessary  to  have  the  artificial  fingers  connected  at  their  base; 
separate  fingers,  as  represented  in  Cut  P  9,  can  be  used. 

Amputations  that  have  been  made  in  the  palms  of  hands  are 
capable  of  prothetic  treatment,  giving  natural  appearances  to  the 
m.utilated  members  as  closely  as  conditions  will  admit.  If  the 
remaining  part  of  the  hand  provides  a  stump  that  will  control 
the  artificial  part,  a  considerable  amount  of  utility  can  be  looked 


Cut  P  31. 


Cut  P  32. 


Cut  P  33. 


Cut  P  34. 


for;  but  if  the  stump  is  of  such  a  character  as  to  offer  little  or  no 
leverage  by  which  the  artificial  parts  can  be  controlled,  scarcely 
anything  beyond  ornament  can  be  assured. 

Construction. — The  hand  below  the  fingers  is  made  of  rubber, 
combined  with  canvas  and  leather,  providing  a  socket  for  the 
remaining  part  of  the  amputated  member;  this  is  laced  on  line 
with  the  palm.  If  the  remaining  thumb  is  greatly  abducted,  as 
shown  in  Cuts  P  19  and  P  20,  caused  by  the  weakening  of  the 
flexor  muscles,  it  will  be  difficult  to  apply  an  artificial  part  that 


198        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City. 


will  possess  more  than  an  approximate  approach  to  nature  in 
appearance.  It  will,  nevertheless,  materially  improve  the  hand 
and  add  to  its  utility. 

When  amputations  remove  the  thumb,  as  well  as  the  fingers,  as 
shown  in  Cuts  P  27  to  P  37,  the  artificial  hand  required  will  re- 
semble that  shown  in  Cut  P  38.  This  hand  is  similar  in  construc- 
tion to  that  previously  described. 

It  must  be  noted  that  on  account  of  the  stump  occupying  the 


Cut  P  35. 


Cut  P  36. 


Cut  P  37. 


Cut  P  38. 


interior  of  the  artificial  palm,  there  can  be  no  mechanism  in  the 
hand.  When  it  is  desired  to  have  an  appliance  connected  with  the 
artificial  part  that  will  hold  implements  of  utility,  rings  passing 
over  the  fingers,  or  plates  riveted  to  the  palms,  must  be  used. 
These  are  only  furnished  when  they  are  especially  requested  at  the 
time  the  order  is  placed. 


CHAPTER  XXI 
WKIST-JOINT   AMPUTATIONS 
Wlien  a  hand  is  amputated  at  the  wrist  articulation,  the  uhaar 


Cut  Q 1.  Cut  Q  3.  Cut  Q  3. 

and  radial  (or  styloid)  processes  are  sometimes  trimmed  off,  and 


Cut  Q  4. 


Cut  Q  5. 


Cut  Q  6. 


Cut  Q  7. 


sometimes  left  as  they  are,  as  these  prominences  form  means  by 
which  the  artificial  part  can  be  held  firmly  to  the  stump. 

199 


200        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  York  City. 


Flat  Ends. — Cuts  Q  1  to   Q  7  represent  amputations  in  the 
wrist,  in  which  the  styloid  prominences  of  the  uhia  and  radius 


Cut  Q  8. 


Cut  Q  9. 


Cut  Q  10. 


Cut  Q  11. 


are  present.  These  stumps  require  artificial  arms  constructed  on 
the  plan  shown  in  Cut  Q  8.  The  hand  is  of  rubber,  with  ductile 
fingers,    a    locking    arrangement    is    imbedded    in    the    palm,    as 


Cut  Q  13. 


Cut  Q  14. 


Cut  Q  15. 


described.  The  hand  is  permanently  secured  to  a  leather  socket, 
which  is  formed  on  a  cast  of  the  stump.  The  arm  thus  con- 
structed is  then  placed  on  the  stump  and  laced  down  the  frontal 
line.     Implements  for  the  table,  working,  and  for  washing,  etc., 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.        201 


can  be  placed  in  the  palm,  where  they  will  be  held  firmly.     Cuts 
Q  9,  Q  10,  and  Q  11  show  the  various  implements  in  place. 

Tapering  Ends. — When  the  styloid  prominences  have  been 
removed  and  the  stump  becomes  a  tapering  one,  as  shown  in  Guts 
Q  12  to  Q  15,  an  artificial  arm  constructed  on  the  plan  of  that 


Cut  Q  16. 

represented  in  Out  Q  16  must  be  used.  This  arm  is  practically 
%e  same  as  that  shown  in  Cut  Q  8,  with  the  exception  that  it  is 
supplied  with  attachments  that  go  above  the  elbow  and  connect 
with  suspenders  resting  on  the  shoulders  and  passing  around  the 
body.  These  are  essential  to  keep  the  arm  from  slipping  o£F  the 
tapering  stump.  Useful  implements  can  be  held  in  the  hand,  as 
shown  in  Cuts  Q  9,  Q  10,  Q  11. 


CHAPTER  XXII 

FOEEAEM  AMPUTATIONS 

When  an  amputation  has  been  performed,  at  any  point  between 
the  elbow  and  wrist,  the  stump  that  remains  is  called  a  ±o  rearm, 
or  radial  stump.  Cuts  R  1  to  R  6  represent  forearm  stumps  of  a 
variety  of  lengths  and  conditions.  The  most  suitable  artificial 
arm  for  an  amputation  of  any  of  the  above  is  illustrated  in  Cut 
E  7.  The  socket  is  of  wood,  leather,  or  metal,  as  may  be  yelected, 
shaped  interiorly  to  receive  the  stump  in  the  most  accommodating 


Cut  R  1. 


Cut  R  2. 


way.  The  outside  is  given  the  contours  of  the  natural  arm  as 
closely  as  conditions  will  admit,  it  is  then  covered  with  rawhide 
and  enameled  a  natural  tint. 

Leather  Elbow  Joints. — The  arm  being  intended  for  a  long 
radial  stump,  the  connection  with  the  upper  arm  piece  (incasing 
the  muscle  part)  is  of  flexible  leather,  so  as  to  permit  a  great 
range  of  motion ;  being  adjustable,  it  can  be  tightened  or  loosened, 
as  required;  it  is  absolutely  noiseless  and  very  strong;  being 
flexible,   it  admits  of  rotation  of  the  forearm.     The  hand  is  of 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        203 


Cut  R  3. 


Cut  R  4. 


Cut  R  5. 


Cut  R  6. 


rubber,  with  ductile  fingers,  as  heretofore  described.  The  con- 
nection at  the  wrist  is  by  the  spindle  or  the  mortise  and  tenon 
method,  or  the  hand  can  be  permanently  attached. 


204        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorTc  City. 

The  part  incasing  the  arm  above  the  elbow  is  made  of  leather, 
with  suitable  straps  for  regulating  pressure.     Shoulder  straps  and 


Cut  R  7. 


Cut  R  8. 


Cut  R  9. 


Cut  R  10. 


suspenders  are  attached  to  the  upper  part  of  this  section. 

Arms  of  this  construction  are  thoroughly  available  for  stumps 
below  the  elbow  five  or  more  inches  in  length. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        205 

It  is  sometimes  desirable  in  long  radial  stumps  to  secure  the 
arms  by  a  narrow  strap  above  the  elbow  instead  of  by  the  long 


Cut  R  12. 


leather  muscle  part.    Cut  R  8  represents  an  arm  of  this  character. 
This  method  of  attachment  is  adequate  when  the  artificial  arm  is 


Out  R  13. 


not  used  for  carrying  heavy  articles  or  in  performing  laborious 
work. 

Steel  Elbow  Joints. — ^Radial  stumps  that  are  shorter  than  five 
inches,  as  shown  in  Cuts  R  9  to  R  12,  require  a  firmer  method  of 
securing  the  stump  socket  to  the  upper-arm  part  than  the  leather 


206        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

joint  above  described.  Cut  K  13  represents  an  artificial  arm 
constructed  practically  the  same  as  E  7,  differing  in  the  elbow 
joint.  Steel  hinge  joints  are  used  instead  of  leather.  While 
there  is  less  freedom  in  the  elbow  movement,  the  steel  joints  place 
the  arm  under  firmer  control  of  the  stump. 

Skort  Stumps. — This  arm  is,  as  a  rule,  made  with  hand  perma- 
nently attached,  in  order  to  minimize  weight.  When  an  amputa- 
tion below  the  elbow  leaves  a  stump  so  short  that  when  flexed  the 


Cut  R  14. 

projection  beyond  the  line  of  the  upper  arm  is  insufficient  to 
control  the  movements  of  the  elbow,  it  must  be  treated  the  same 
as  an  amputation  in  the  elbow  joint,  as  described  in  the  follow- 
ing chapter. 

Arms  without  Hands. — Peg  arms  for  radial  stumps  are  of 
several  kinds,  made  of  wood,  leather,  or  aluminum;  they  are 
practically  artificial  arms  without  hands.  Cut  R  14  represents  a 
peg  arm  without  long  muscle  part  or  suspenders.  Cut  R  15  shows 
a   peg   arm   with   long   muscle   part    and   suspenders;   both   the 


Cut  R  15. 


above  peg  arms  are  constructed  in  the  same  manner  as  those  here- 
tofore described,  the  absence  of  the  hand  is  the  only  difference. 
Farming,  shop,  and  other  implements  can  be  devised  for  specific 
purposes  and  held  in  the  ends  of  the  forearms. 

Suspenders.— Cut  R  16  represents  a  suspender  suitable  for  an 
arm  for  a  radial  amputation.  Suspenders  must  be  renewed  occa- 
sionally, according  to  the  demands  that  are  made  upon  them  by 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        207 

the  wearer.  If  the  arm  is  used  by  a  laboring  person  and  he  per- 
spires very  freely,  a  new  suspender  will  be  required  more  fre- 
quently than  if  less  destructive  conditions  prevail.  The  suspender 
can  be  procured  independent  of  other  parts.     It  consists  of   a 


Cut  E  16. 


plate  of  leather  shaped  to  rest  on  top  of  the  shoulder  and  fit  close 
to  the  neck,  A  webbing  strap  passes  around  the  body  under  the 
opposite  arm  and  buckles  to  the  suspender  in  front. 


CHAPTER  XXIII 
ELBOW-JOINT  AMPUTATIONS 

Amputations  in  or  immediately  below  the  elbow  joints,  leaving 


stumps  so  short  they  cannot  be  availed  of  in  controlling  the  arti- 


Cut  S  2. 

fieial  elbow  joint,  require  artificial  arms  of  special  construction. 

208 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.         209 


The  presence  of  the  condyles,  or  bony  prominences,  affords  an 
opportunity  for  fitting  that  will  secure  firnmess  without  employing 
shoulder  straps,  or,  if  not  dispensing  with  them  entirely,  simplify- 
ing them  very  materially. 

Short  Radial  Stumps. — Cut  S  1  represents  an  amputation  a 
little  below  the  elbow  joint,  but  very  close  to  it,  leaving  a  stump 
so  short  that  it  cannot  be  utilized.  A  suitable  arm  is  illustrated 
in  Cuts  S  2  and  S  3.  This  arm  is  especially  designed  for  an 
amputation   through   the   elbow   joint. 

Construction. — The  forearm  is  made  of  wood,  shaped  to  the 
contours  and  dimensions  of  the  natural  arm,  excavated  to  receive 


Cut  S  3.  Cut  S  4.  Cut  S  5. 


the  stump  properly  and  to  reduce  weight,  covered  with  rawhide 
to  obtain  strength,  and  finished  in  enamel.  The  hand  is  of 
rubber,  attached  to  the  forearm  by  either  of  the  methods  hereto- 
fore described.  The  palm  is  provided  with  a  locking  arrange- 
ment that  will  hold  implements  of  utility.  The  elbow  joint  is  of 
the  ginglymoid  pattern  and  is  operated  by  a  flexion  strap  under 
control  of  the  opposite  shoulder.  The  elbow  joint  is  provided  with 
a  locking  arrangement  that  will  hold  the  arm  in  flexed  position 
when  desired.    The  socket  receives  the  stump,  which,  on  account 


210        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

of  its  enlarged  extremity,  is  inserted  from  the  front  and  held  by 
lacing.  Cut  S  3  represents  an  artificial  arm  practically  the  same 
as  an  S  2,  except  that  the  stump  is  placed  in  the  socket  from  the 
rear  instead  of  the  front.  Cut  S  4  represents  the  same  with  the 
hand  slipped  off  and  a  hook  inserted  in  the  end  of  the  forearm. 
This  can  only  be  done  when  the  arm  is  so  constructed  that  the 
hand  is  connected  with  the  forearm  by  the  spindle  attachment. 
In  style  S  3  the  upper  section  is  made  entirely  of  leather,  formed 
on  a  cast  of  the  stump,  modified  as  the  conditions  require. 

Arms  without  Hands. — ^Peg  arms  for  elbow-joint  amputations 
are  found  useful  for  laboring  purposes.  Cut  S  5  gives  the 
simplest  form.  It  is  without  articulation  at  the  elbow.  It 
receives  the  stump  from  the  front  and  is  held  in  place  by  lacing; 
it  may  be  made  of  wood,  leather,  or  aluminum.  When  made  of 
wood  it  is  strengthened  with  rawhide  and  enameled.  The  end  of 
the  socket  is  provided  with  a  wrist  plate  for  holding  useful  imple- 
ments. When  the  conditions  of  the  stump  require,  a  suspender 
is  provided  which  rests  on  top  of  the  shoulder  and  held  in  place 
by  a  strap  passing  around  the  body  under  the  opposite  arm.  The 
arm,  as  shown  in  the  cut,  is  usually  made  slightly  bent  at  the 
elbow  and  approximately  the  length  of  the  opposite  arm.  When 
elbow-joint  motion  is  required  it  becomes  the  same  as  S  4,  with- 
out a  hand. 

Suspenders  are  the  same  as  those  used  on  arms  for  above-elbow 
stumps. 


CHAPTER  XXIV 


ABOVE-ELBOW   AMPUTATIONS 


An  amputation  at  any  point  between  the  shoulder  and  elbow 
produces  what  is  known  by  surgeons  as  a  humeral  stump.  Cuts 
T  1  and  T  2  are  fair  examples. 


Cut  T  1. 


Cut  T  2. 


Artificial  arms  suitable  for  humeral  stumps  are  usually  provided 
with  artificial  elbow  articulations,  which  are  flexed  and  extended 
by  a  swing  of  the  body  or  by  the  contraction  of  the  shoulders. 


Cut  T  3. 


Cut  T  3  represents  such  an  arm  extended  at  the  elbow,  and  Cut 
T  4  represents  it  with  the  elbow  joint  flexed. 

This  arm  is  usually  constructed  of  wood,  shaped  to  the  con- 

211 


212        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


tours  and  dimensions  of  the  opposite  arm,  excavated  to  reduce 
weight,  covered  with  rawhide  to  add  strength,  and  enameled  a 
flesh-like  tint.  The  hand  is  of  rubber,  attached  to  the  forearm  by 
either  of  the  methods  heretofore  described.  The  palm  is  pro- 
vided with  a  locking  arrangement  for  holding  laboring,  eating', 
and  other  useful  implements.     The  joints  at  the  elbow  are  of  a 


Cut  T  4. 

substantial  character,  combined  with  an  attachment  that  will  hold 
the  forearm  at  one  or  more  desired  angles. 

Elbow  Lock. — The  locking  arrangement  is  released  by  pressure 
applied  to  button  protruding  from  the  under  side  of  the  forearm. 
Suitable  suspender  is  represented  in  Cut  T  5.  This  can  be 
renewed,  as  occasion  may  require.  By  an  ingenious  attachment 
rotation  of  the  elbow  is  obtained  when  length  of  stump  will 
permit. 

Peg  arms  for  upper-arm  amputations  are  of  several  kinds.  Cut 
T  6  represents  the  least  expensive.  It  is  usually  made  of  wood, 
excavated  to  receive  the  stump  properly  and  to  reduce  weight,  and 


Cut  T  6. 

shaped  on  the  outside  to  have  the  form  and  dimensions  of  the 
opposite  arm.  The  end  of  the  socket  is  provided  with  a  catch 
that  will  hold  implements  of  utility.  This  arm  is  partly  flexed 
and  immovable  at  the  elbow,  as  it  is  found  to  be  more  convenient 
that  way.  If  a  peg  arm  with  elbow-joint  motion  is  wanted,  it 
becomes  the  same  as  T  4  without  a  hand. 


CHAPTER  XXV 
SHOULDEK-JOINT   AMPUTATIONS 

Amputations  that  are  made  in  the  shoulder  joints  leave  short 
muscle  stumps  or  no  stumps  "at  all.  They  require  artificial  arms 
the  same  as  when  amputations  are  between  the  elbow  and  shoul- 
der joints. 

Cut  U  1  represents  a  shoulder-joint  amputation,  leaving  a 
muscle  stump.     Cut  U  2  shows  a  shoulder-joint  amputation  with 


Cut  U  1. 


Cut  U  2. 


no  stump,  and  Cut  U  3  represents  a  congenital  malformation,  the 
clavicle  turned  upward  at  its  extremity,  affording  a  knob,  or 
prominence,  on  which  an  artificial  arm  can  be  securely  adjusted. 

An  artificial  arm  constructed  on  the  plan  of  that  represented  in 
Cut  U  5  is  suitable  for  any  of  the  above  cases.  The  manner  in 
which  it  is  applied  and  held  by  body  strap  is  shown  in  Cut  TJ  4. 

Artificial  arms  are  quite  necessary  in  shoulder  amputations  or 

213 


214 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


malformations;  they  keep  the  shoulders  in  position,  restore  sym- 
metry to  the  body,  and  provide  a  means  for  assisting  the  other 


Cut  U  3. 


Cut  U  4. 


arm.     By  a  shrug  of  the  shoulder,  the  artificial  arm  is  thrown 
forward,  the  flexion  strap  is  contracted,  and  the  elbow  bends. 

Young  persons  become  very  dexterous  in  manipulating  arms 
under  these  conditions;  they  have  been  known  to  operate  them 
so  skillfully  that  few  persons  ever  suspect  the  arms  to  be  artificial. 


Cut  U  5. 


Artificial  arms  for  shoulder- joint  amputations  are  constructed 
essentially  the  same  as  those  for  amputations  between  the  elbows 
and  shoulders.    In  addition  to  the  usual  stump  socket  there  is  a 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


215 


pad  that  runs  well  above  the  top  and  over  the  shoulder,  resting 
on  the  shoulder  close  to  the  neck.  The  stump  is  held  in  position 
by  a  strap  passing  around  the  body  under  the  opposite  arm.  The 
elbow  joint  admits  of  flexion  and  extension,  and  is  provided  with 


Cut  U  6. 

a  locking  arrangement  that  will  hold  it  at  right  angles.  The 
attachment  can  be  released  by  pressure  applied  to  a  press-button 
immediately  under  the  forearm.  Cuts  U  6  and  U  7  represent  the 
arm  flexed  at  right  and  oblique  angles. 


Cut  U  7. 


Peg  arms  for  shoulder- joint  amputations  are  practically  the 
same  as  those  for  above-elbow  amputations,  and  are  described 
in  previous  chapter. 


CHAPTER  XXVI 

DOUBLE  AEM  AMPUTATIONS 

The  amputation  of  both  arms  is  a  deplorable  loss  and  presents 
the  strongest  appeal  to  the  artificial  limb  maker.  The  subject  is 
absolutely  dependent  upon  others  unless  artificial  arms  are  applied. 
He  is  neither  able  to  feed  himself,  prepare  his  food,  dress  himself, 
or  perform  labor  of  any  kind.  Something  must  be  done  to  better 
his  unfortunate  condition.  If  not,  he  is  obliged  to  remain  depend- 
ent upon  some  kindly  disposed  friend  or  relative.    Anything  that 


Cut  V  1. 


Cut  V  2. 


will  help  him  in  his  condition,  no  matter  how  little,  will  be  a 
benefit  and  will  materially  lessen  the  burden  on  others. 

Cut  V  1  represents  the  amputation  of  both  forearms,  leaving 
stumps  that  are  long  and  powerful.  Cut  V  2  represents  double 
forearm  amputations,  stumps  short.  Cut  Y  3  shows  artificial 
arms  applied.  Artificial  arms,  under  control  of  long  and  power- 
ful stumps,  will  enable  the  wearer  to  prepare  his  food  at  the 
table,  convey  it  to  his  mouth,  perform  labor  of  a  great  variety, 
carry  articles  of  considerable  weight,  write  a  legible  hand,  open 
and  close  a  door,  and  attend  to  the  adjustment  of  his  own  attire 

216 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City.        217 


Cut  V  3. 


Cut  V  5. 


Cut  V  6. 


to  a  reasonable  degree.    When  the  stumps  are  short,  the  range  of 
utility  is  correspondingly  lessened. 


218        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City. 


The  use  of  spring  thumbs  is  always  desirable  in  double  arm 
amputations,  and  unless  otherwise  instructed,  we  assume  that 
they  are  wanted  and  construct  the  hands  accordingly. 

Cut  V  4  represents  double  arm  amputations,  one  immediately 
above  the  wrist,  and  the  other  above  the  elbow.  Cut  V  5  repre- 
sents similar  cases,  with  artificial  arms  applied. 

Ciit  V  6  represents  amputations  of  the  right  hand  at  the  wrist 
and  the  left  arm  at  the  shoulder.  A  pair  of  artificial  arms  were 
applied  to  this  case  with  gratifying  results. 

The  right  artificial  arm  was  under  control  of  the  natural  elbow. 
The  left  was  secured  to  the  stump  by  straps  with  a  locking  attach- 
ment at  the  elbow  and  clamp  at  the  wrist.     Considerable  labor 


Cut  V  7. 


Cut  V  8. 


was  capable  of  being  performed  by  the  right,  the  left  arm  depend- 
ing upon  a  strap  passing  around  the  body  for  flexion  and  exten- 
sion of  the  elbow. 

Cut  V  7  represents  a  young  man  with  both  arms  amputated 
above  the  elbows,  the  result  of  a  railroad  accident.  Out  V  8 
shows  him  with  a  pair  of  artificial  arms  applied.  As  may  be 
surmised,  the  arms  were  of  very  limited  use,  but,  nevertheless, 
they  mitigated  his  affliction  to  a  compensating  degree.  By  the 
working  of  his  right  shoulder,  he  was  able  to  bring  the  artificial 
forearm  to  right  angles.     In  this  position  it  would  remain,  pro- 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


21d 


viding  a  means  by  which  articles  could  be  laid  on  the  forearm 
and  carried.  His  left  arm  could  be  flexed  by  means  of  the  stump, 
which  was  long  and  powerful.  When  at  extension,  a  pail,  basket, 
or  valise  could  be  carried,  and  other  services  performed.  The 
arms  rescued  him  from  a  life  of  absolute  idleness. 

Cut  V  9  represents  a  man  who,  while  attending  his  duties  on  a 
railroad,  was  overtaken  by  a  severe  storm,  and  before  he  could 
reach  shelter,  both  feet  and  hands  were  frozen.  It  was  necessary 
to  amputate  the  right  hand  between  the  thumb  and  wrist  and  the 
left  at  the  base  of  the  fingers  and  thumb.  The  great  toe  was 
removed  from  the  right  foot,  and  left  leg  amputated  a  little  above 


Cut  V  9. 


Cut  V  10. 


the  ankle.  The  same  cut  shows  a  pair  of  artificial  hands  and  an 
artificial  left  leg  suitable  for  the  case.  Cut  V  10  represents  the 
limbs  applied.  Each  hand  had  moving  thumbs,  which  were  con- 
nected with  levers,  operated  by  the  forearm.  When  the  stumps 
were  flexed  the  levers  would  force  the  thumbs  against  the  index 
and  middle  fingers.  When  the  stumps  were  extended  this  pressure 
was  released,  and  the  thumb  was  permitted  to  withdraw.  An 
artificial  leg  was  applied  to  the  left  side.  By  these  appliances 
this  person  was  rendered  capable  of  earning  his  livelihood. 


CHAPTER  XXVII 

APPLIANCES  FOR  DEFORMITIES,  EXCISIONS, 
WEAKENED  JOINTS,  ETC. 


In  cases  of  unmiited  fractures  of  either  bone  of  the  forearm  or 
of  the  elbow  joint  or  upper  arm,  it  is  necessary  to  apply  a  brace 
constructed  upon  durable  lines  and  capable  of  being  removed  and 
readjusted  as  conditions  require.  Cut  W  1  shows  an  apparatus 
for  an  ununited  fracture.     The  forearm  and  muscle  parts  are  con- 


Cut  W  1. 

structed  of  material  sufficiently  firm  to  serve  the  purpose.  They 
are  connected  by  articulating  joints  that  work  in  harmony  with 
the  elbow,  or  supply  the  elbow  motion;  the  parts  are  adjustable  by 
lacing,  they  hold  the  bones  in  place  and  give  strength  and  firmness 


Cut  W  2. 

to  the  fractured  member.  Cut  W  2  represents  an  apparatus  for 
elbow-joint  resection  or  for  dislocated  shoulder  joint.  The  forearm 
and  muscle  parts  are  made  of  suitable  material  and  are  connected 
by  steel  joints.     The  muscle  part  is  provided  with  a  hood,  which 


Cut  "W  3. 


Cut  W  4. 


Cut  W  5. 


rests  comfortably  upon  the  shoulder.  When  necessary,  a  strap 
connected  with  the  hood  is  passed  around  the  body,  holding  the 
appliance  firmly  in  place. 

220 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        221 

Cut  W  3  represents  a  hand  mutilation,  the  subject  being  a 
sailor,  requiring  an  appliance  that  would  enable  him  to  hold  a 
rope,  tie  a  knot,  climb  the  shrouds,  and  carry  articles  about  a 
vessel.    Cut  W  4  represents  a  socket  composed  of  canvas,  rubber. 


Cut  W  6. 


Cut  W  7. 


Cut  W  8. 


and  leather,  formed  to  fit  the  mutilated  hand,  with  apertures  to 
admit  the  passage  of  the  remaining  fingers;  a  steel,  flattened  hook 
was  riveted  between  the  apertures.  Cut  W  5  represents  the 
apparatus  applied,  which  proved  to  be  useful  and  satisfactory. 


Cut  W  9. 


Cut  W  10. 


Cut  W  11. 


Cut  W  12. 


There  are  many  cases  of  deformities,  resections,  etc.,  of  the 
tipper  extremities  that  can  be  treated  practically  the  same  as 
amputations.  They  require  artificial  parts  that  incase  the  weak- 
ened members  and  strengthen  them. 


222       A.  A.  MarlcSj  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City. 

Hands  and  parts  of  hands  are  attached  to  malformed  members 
so  as  to  correct  the  deformity  and  supply  the  want  to  a  degree 
sufficient  to  make  the  remaining  parts  useful.  Cut  W  6  represents 
a  deformity  of  the  forearm,  the  elbow  joint  possessing  normal 
conditions.  This  deformity  case  was  treated  as  an  amputation 
below,  the  elbow,  adjustments  to  meet   the  peculiarities   of  the 


Cut  W  13. 


Cut  W  14. 


Cut  W  15. 


Cut  W  16. 


stump.  Cut  W  7  represents  a  deformity  of  elbow  joint  and  fore- 
arm, a  very  slight  movement  remaining  in  the  elbow,  the  forearm 
terminating  in  an  enlargement.  An  artificial  arm,  constructed 
similar  to  one  for  wrist-joint  amputation,  was  made  and  applied. 

Cuts  W  8  to  W  20  represent  congenital  deformities  of  the 
hands. 

In  these  cases,  the  conditions  being  somewhat  similar  to  ampu- 


Cut  W  17. 


Cut  W  18. 


Cut  W  19. 


Cut  W  30. 


tations,   artificial  hands  for  partial  hand  amputations,   as   illus- 
trated and  described  in  Chapter  XX.,  were  applied. 

Cut  W  21  represents  a  European  prince  of  distinguished  line- 
age.   When  an  infant,  he  fell  from  his  nurse's  arms,  paralysis  of 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        223 

the  right  arm  followed.  As  he  grew  to  manhood,  the  affected 
member  grew  in  length,  but  failed  to  develop  in  size.  It  was  limp 
and  useless.  In  1893  he  came  to  us,  and,  upon  examination,  wo 
found  that  the  entire  right  side  of  the  thorax  was  undeveloped, 
and  that  an  artificial  arm  could  be  applied  without  producing 
noticeable  disproportion.  The  case  was  treated  the  same  as  a 
shoulder-joint  amputation,  and  an  arm  constructed  accordingly 
was  attached  outside  the  withered  member.  The  supporting  part 
covered  a  great  area  of  the  shoulder,  chest,  and  back;  this  held 


Cut  W  22 


Cut  W  23. 


the  artificial  arm  in  place,  as  shovra.  in  Cut  W  22.  In  dressing, 
the  withered  arm  was  (as  had  always  been  the  custom)  permitted 
to  rest  close  to  the  body,  the  clothing  was  placed  between  the 
artificial  and  the  withered  arm,  and,  when  dressed,  the  prince 
presented  an  appearance  that  was  beyond  criticism,  as  shovra.  in 
Cut  W  23. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII 
AKM   IMPLEMENTS 

Implements  for  artificial  arms  are  of  endless  variety:  hooks, 
knives,  forks,  clevises,  claw-hooks,  pincers,  clamp  rings,  are  a 
few  of  the  many  devices  that  have  been  made  for  persons  whose 
occupations  demand  something  aside  from  the  usual  line.  Each 
arm  we  make  is  supplied  with  a  hook,  knife,  fork,  and  brush. 
These  are  included  in  the  cost.  Additional  implements  are  fur- 
nished when  desired,  and  if  a  customer  desires  one  made  to  order 
for  any  special  purpose,  we  will  gladly  make  it  for  him.  Our 
charges  for  the  same  will  be  moderate. 

Cut  X  1  represents  a  table  knife.  Cut  X  2  a  table  fork.  Cut 
X  3  a  hand  or  nail  brush;  these  are  fitted  to  slip  in  the  pahn  of 


XI.      X  3 


hand  or  in  the  end  of  the  forearm.  They  are  of  great  assistance 
at  the  table  and  in  washing  the  opposite  hand. 

Cuts  X  4  and  X  5  are  hooks  to  be  carried  in  the  palm  of  the 
hand  or  in  the  end  of  the  forearm.  They  are  made  with  straight 
shanks,  so  that  they  can  be  received  in  the  palm,  are  of  two  sizes, 
large  and  small,  as  shown  in  the  illustrations. 

Cut  X  6  is  a  round  hook,  to  be  used  in  the  end  of  the  forearm. 
The  curved  back  prevents  it  being  placed  in  the  palm  of  the  hand. 
Cut  X  7  is  a  claw  hook,  to  be  used  in  the  end  of  the  forearm. 
One  part  is  made  with  two  prongs  and  the  other  with  one;  it  can 

224 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        225 

be  opened,  closed,  and  set.  This  device  enables  a  mechanic  to 
clasp  a  tool  with  firmness. 

Cuts  X  8  and  X  9  show  rings  which  can  be  placed  in  the  end 
of  the  forearm.  One  is  immovably  attached  to  the  shank,  and  the 
other  is  loose;  either  is  serviceable  for  mechanics  and  farmers. 
Through  the  ring  the  handle  of  a  tool,  or  farm  implement,  can 
slide,  while  the  tool  is  directed  by  the  opposite  hand. 

Cut  X  10  shows  a  clevis  to  be  used  for  holding  shop  or  farm- 
ing implements.  A  quarter-inch  hole  must  first  be  bored  through 
the  handle  of  the  tool  to  be  held,  then  the  pivot  pin  unscrewed 
and  the  clevis  placed  over  the  handle,  the  pivot  pin  passed  through 
one  tine  of  the  clevis,  through  the  hole  in  the  handle,  and  then 


Cut  X  8. 


Cut  X  9. 


Cut  X  10. 


Cut  X  11. 


Cut  X  13. 


screwed  into  the  other  tine.     This  will  hold  the  tool  in  an  accom- 
modating way,  and  permit  it  to  swivel. 

Cuts  X  11  and  X  12  show  implements  for  light  laboring  pur- 
poses. X  13  and  X  14  show  the  improved  utility  hook  which  can 
be  used  for  more  general  purposes.  The  jaws  are  opened  by  a 
leather  strap  running  up  the  arm  connecting  with  the  muscle 
section.  When  the  artificial  arm  is  extended  the  strap  is  pulled 
upon  and  the  jaws  of  the  pinchers  open.  When  the  arm  is  flexed 
the  strap  is  released  and  the  spring  of  the  pinchers  forces  the 
jaws  together,  holding  whatever  may  be  placed  between  them. 


Cut  X  13. 


Cut  X  14. 


CHAPTER  XXIX 
UTILITY 

Althougli  claim  is  not  made  that  an  artificial  arm  possesses 
functions  comparable  to  those  of  the  natural,  it  is  contended  that 
a  reasonable  and  a  compensating  amount  of  utility  is  assured. 

The  wholesome  effect  an  arm  has  on  the  stump,  that  of  keeping 
it  in  a  healthy  and  vigorous  condition,  protecting  it  from  injuries, 
forcing  it  into  healthful  activity,  together  with  its  ornamental 
aspect,  are  sufficient  reasons  for  wearing  one,  even  if  utility  is 
totally  ignored. 

As  before  stated,  there  are  persons  who  have  more  aptitude  than 


Cut  Y  1. 


others.  Some  with  very  short  stumps  do  more  than  others  with 
long  ones. 

Notwithstanding  how  short  a  stump  may  be,  there  is  always  a 
possibility  of  its  controlling  an  artificial  arm  to  advantage.  If 
one  person  can  use  an  arm  on  a  short  and  difficiilt  stump,  there 
is  hope  that  every  person  can  do  likewise,  no  matter  what  length 
or  kind  of  stump  he  may  have. 

A  few  cases  are  presented,  to  give  some  idea  of  the  scope  of 
the  value  of  artificial  arms  from  the  utility  point  of  view. 

226 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.         227 


Cut  Y  3. 


One  of  our  lady  patrons  is  an  amanuensis.  While  she  is  holding 
and  guiding  a  pen  with  her  rubber  hand,  she  is  keeping  the  paper 
from  sliding  on  the   desk  with  her  natural  hand.     She  writes 


•^nn 

Cut  Y3. 


Cut  Y  4. 


quickly  and  legibly  and  earns  her  livelihood  by  that  employment. 
Cut  Y  1  represents  her  at  the  desk. 

One  ol  oui   patrons,  a  physician,  who  is  engaged  in  general 
country  practice,  wearing  an  artificial  arm  for  amputation  below 


228        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limls,  New  YorTc  City. 

the  elbow,  finds  his  rubber  hand  convenient  and  valuable  in  hold- 
ing the  reins  of  his  horse  while  driving.     (See  Cut  Y  2.) 

Mr.  WooUey,  of  Ohio,  is  a  ticket  agent  at  a  railroad  station. 


Cut  Y  5. 


He  has  held  the  position  for  a  number  of  years  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  company.  He  holds  tickets  in  his  natural  hand  while  he 
operates  the  stamp  and  dating  machine  with  the  rubber  one. 
(See  Cut  Y  3.) 


Cut  Y  6. 


Cut  Y  7. 


W.  G.  Bray,  of  Dunklin  County,  Mo.,  lost  his  arm  below  the 
elbow  some  years  ago.  He  has  worn  an  artificial  one  since.  He 
is  a  clerk  in  a  store  and  has  to  handle  all  kinds  of  heavy  mer- 


A.  A.  Maths,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        220 

chandise.  He  handles  a  wheelbarrow  to  advantage.  (See  Cut 
Y  4.) 

Cut  Y  5  represents  a  customer  who  uses  his  rubber  hand  in  row- 
ing a  boat;  he  is  a  farmer,  located  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  and 
finds  it  necessary  to  cross  the  stream  frequently. 

Mr,  Ely,  of  Windham  County,  Conn.,  has  no  difficulty  in  work- 
ing with  other  laborers  and  earning  laborer's  wages,  although  he 
has  to  do  a  great  amount  of  work  with  the  pickax.  His  right 
arm  is  artificial.     (See  Cut  Y  6.) 

A  physician  in  Michigan  writes  that  his  patient,  for  whom  he 
bought  an  artificial  arm,  has  learned  to  operate  the  key  of  his 


Cut  Y  8. 


Cut  Y  9. 


telegraph  apparatus  very  skillfully  with  his  rubber  hand.  (See 
Cut  Y  7.) 

The  accompanying  Cut  Y  8  portrays  a  railroad  conductor  who 
wears  an  artificial  arm  and  holds  the  ticket  in  his  rubber  hand 
while  he  operates  the  punch  with  the  other. 

A  patron,  residing  in  Providence,  wears  an  artificial  arm  on  a 
short  shoulder  stump;  he  could  not  be  induced  to  do  without  it; 
it  exercises  his  shoulder,  improves  his  appearance.  He  finds  the 
rubber  hand  a  great  convenience  in  holding  cards  while  playing 
whist,  a  game  he  is  greatly  attached  to.    (See  Cut  Y  9.) 


CHAPTER  XXX 

DIEECTIONS  FOE  TAKING  MEASUKEMENTS  FOE  ONE 
OE  A  PAIE  OF  AETIFICIAL  AEMS. 

Place  a  sheet  of  paper  (about  twenty  or  thirty  inches)  on  a 
smooth  table,  remove  all  clothing  from  the  upper  part  of  the 
body,  and  place  both  arm  and  stump  on  this  paper  at  full  length. 
Be  sure  that  the  edge  of  the  paper  presses  closely  against  the 
chest.  Pass  a  long  pencil  down  the  inside  of  the  arm  (Cut  Z  1), 
around  the  fingers,  and  up  the  outside  to  the  shoulder.  Then  pass 
the  pencil  around  the  amputated  side,  from  body  around  end  of 
stump,  and  up  to  the  shoulder  (Cut  Z  2).  Bend  the  elbow  of  the 
sound  arm  to  about  right  angles,  mark  from  the  shoulder  around 
the  elbow,  down  the    forearm,    around    the   hand,  up  the  inside 


Cut  Z  1. 


Cut  Z  3. 


to  the  shoulder  (Cut  Z  3).  Bend  the  elbow  of  the  amputated  arm 
to  right  angles  and  mark  around  it,  from  the  shoulder  to  the  end 
of  the  stump  (Cut  Z  4).  If  these  diagrams  are  correctly  made, 
they  will  resemble  Cuts  Z  5,  Z  6,  Z  7,  and  Z  8. 

With  a  tape  line  measure  the  distance  from  the  point  of 
shoulder  to  the  point  of  elbow  of  the  sound  arm,  also  the  distance 
from  the  armpit  to  the-  bend  of  elbow  (indicated  by  dotted  lines 
in  Cut  Z  7).  Measure  the  distance  from  the  point  of  the  shoulder 
to  the  point  of  the  elbow  of  amputated  arm,  also  the  distance 
from  the  armpit  to  the  bend  of  elbow.  Give  the  circumference  of 
each  arm  at  points  two  inches  apart,  beginning  close  to  the  body. 
These  circumferences  are  represented  by  dotted  lines  A,  B,  C,  D, 

230 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  Cily.        231 

E,  and  F  of  sound  arm,  and  the  dotted  lines  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,, 
G,  and  H  in  the  diagram  of  the  stump  (Cut  Z  5).  Then  give  the 
circumference  of  the  hand  at  the  base  of  the  thumb,  the  circum- 
ference of  the  pabn  at  the  base  of  the  fingers,  the  circumference 


Cut  Z  3. 


Cut  Z  4. 


of  the  thumb  at  the  first  joint,  represented  by  dotted  lines  G,  H, 
and  I  (Cut  Z  6). 

If  one  arm  is  amputated  in  or  above  the  elbovs^,  the  diagrams 


Cut  Z  5. 


Cut  Z  8. 


and  measurements  of  the  sound  arm  called  for  by  Cuts  Z  5  and 
Z  6  are  required,  and  only  one  diagram  of  the  stump,  together 
with  circumferences  at  places  two  inches  apart,  the  distance  from 


232        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

point  of  the  shoulder  to  the  point  of  the  stump  and  from  arm- 
pit to  the  point  of  the  stump  are  also  required. 

If  both  arms  are  amputated  above  the  elbow,  diagrams  of  each 
stump,  and  the  distances  from  the  point  of  each  shoulder  to  the 
point  of  each  stump,  and  from  armpit  to  the  point  of  each  stump 
are  required,  also  the  circumferences  of  each  taken  at  points  two 
inches  apart. 

If  both  arms  are  amputated  below  the  elbows,  the  diagrams  and 
measurements  may  be  taken  as  suggested  by  Cuts  Z  6  and  Z  8. 

All  amputations  in  the  shoulders,  elbows,  or  wrists,  or  in  the 
hands,  leave  extremities  that  are  bony,  more  or  less  sensitive, 
requiring  very  exact  fitting.  Such  stumps  should  be  reproduced 
in  plaster. 

Answers  to  the  following  questions  should  be  attached  to  the 
blank  and  forwarded  with  every  order:  Name  of  patient?  Post- 
office  address  ?  Occupation  ?  Age  ?  Cause  of  amputation  ?  When 
was  amputation  performed?  Which  arm  amputated?  Has  the 
patient  worn  an  artificial  arm  ?     If  so,  whose  make  ?     Name  of 


A.W.MARKS.Kr. 


Cut  Z  9. 


Cut  Z  10. 


party  ordering?  His  address?  Is  the  arm  to  be  made  and  fitted 
from  measurements  in  the  absence  of  the  wearer?  To  what  ad- 
dress shall  it  be  shipped? 

Plaster  casts  of  arm  stumps  are  only  required  in  amputations  in 
the  wrists,  elbows,  shoulders,  and  in  the  hands,  and  in  other  cases 
when  there  are  peculiarities  that  cannot  be  clearly  indicated  by 
the  diagrams.  A  dentist,  wax  flower  maker,  or  plaster  statuette 
maker  is  familiar  with  the  manipulation  of  plaster,  and  if  one  is 
available  he  should  be  employed  for  the  purpose.  The  operation, 
however,  of  taking  a  plaster  cast  is  not  difficult,  and  can  be  done 
by  almost  any  person. 

The  simplest  method  is  as  follows:  Remove  all  clothing,  shave 
away  all  hair,  or  stick  it  down  with  glue,  paste,  thick  plaster,  or 
thick  soap.  Then  place  about  two  quarts  of  plaster  of  Paris 
in  a  basin  containing  one  quart  of  water,  stir  it  up  thoroughly, 
so  that  the  plaster  will  become  pasty.  Then  spread  it  upon  the 
stump,  until  it  is  entirely  covered  with  at  least  one-half  an  inch 
in  thickness.     The  stump  should  be  kept  very  quiet  until  the 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City.        233 

plaster  has  become  hard,  at  which  time  it  can  be  withdrawn,  and 
the  plaster  will  form  a  mold  of  the  stump.  This  can  be  sent  to  us, 
or,  if  preferred,  the  inside  can  be  greased  and  filled  up  with 
slaked  plaster  of  Paris,  which,  when  hard,  can  be  taken  from 
the  mold. 

If  the  end  of  the  stump  is  large,  or  if  there  are  prominences  on 
the  stump,  it  will  be  necessary  to  make  the  mold  in  two  parts,  so 
that  they  can  be  separated  when  hard,  and  the  stump  removed. 
The  simplest  way  is  to  spread  a  little  slaked  plaster  on  the 
table,  lay  the  stump  upon  it,  pressing  it  down  until  it  sinks  half 
way  into  the  plaster  (see  Cut  Z  9).  Then  lay  pieces  of  thin,  wet 
paper  all  over  the  exposed  surfaces  of  the  plaster.    Then  pour  and 


Cut  Z  11. 


Cut  Z  12. 


spread  plaster  on  the  top  of  the  stump  (Cut  Z  10).  Let  the  plaster 
run  down  the  sides  on  the  paper.  The  stump  should  be  covered 
with  at  least  one-half  inch  in  thickness.  When  it  has  become  thor- 
oughly hard,  the  piece  of  paper  will  permit  the  plaster  to  separate 
and  the  stump  can  be  withdrawn.  The  mold  thus  produced  can 
be  sent  to  us,  or,  if  preferred,  a  plaster  facsimile  of  stump  can 
be  made  from  it,  by  first  speading  oil  or  grease  in  the  mold,  then 
placing  the  two  parts  together,  tying  them  by  a  string;  then  mix 
plaster  of  Paris  to  about  the  thickness  of  cream  and  pour  it 
inside  the  mold.  When  this  has  become  hard,  the  mold  can  be 
separated  and  the  cast  withdravpn. 


AEMS  FITTED  FEOM  MEASUREMENTS 

Artificial  arms  can,  as  a  rule,  be  fitted  from  measurements  and 
diagrams,  while  the  wearers  remain  at  home.  The  same  reasons 
that  are  given  for  fitting  artificial  legs  from  measurements  apply 
to  arms.  The  guarantees  that  we  give  protect  the  ordering  party 
in  the  strongest  possible  way.  Should  an  arm  fail  to  fit  acceptably, 
when  made  from  measurements,  it  may  be  assumed  that  the  stump 
has  changed,  or  that  there  are  peculiarities  about  the  stump  which 
have  not  been  made  known.     No  matter  what  conditions  may  be 


B34        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorTc  City. 

responsible  for  such  misfit,  the  arm  can  be  returned,  with  particu- 
lars, and  all  the  needed  alterations  or  reconstructions  will  be  made 
by  us  without  charge,  or,  if  the  wearer  desires,  he  can  at  that  time 
§all  upon  us  and  have  the  arm  refitted  and  readjusted  directly  to 
his  stump.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  conditions  under  which 
fittings  are  made  from  measurements  are  entirely  in  the  interest 
of  the  wearer.  As  a  rule,  fitting  from  measurements  results  in 
saving  the  party  expense,  annoyance,  and  loss  of  time  in  traveling. 


CHAPTER  XXXI 

PKICES,  ACCESSOEIES 


A.rtificial  Fingers  for  Partial  Hand  Amputa- 
tions, described  on  pages  194  to  197 


Artificial  Hands  for  Partial  Hand  Amputa- 
tions, described  on  pages  197  to  198 

Artificial  Arms  for  Wrist-Joint  Amputations, 
described  on  pages  199  to  301 


Artificial    Arms    for  Forearm  Amputations, 
described  on  pages  303  to  306 


Peg  Arms  for  Forearm  Amputations 

Suspenders  for  Forearm  Amputations     . 
Artificial  Arms  for  Elbow-Joint  Amputations, 
described  on  pages  208  to  310 

Peg  Arms  for  Elbow-Joint  Amputations 

Artificial  Arms  for  Above-Elbow  Amputa- 
tions, described  on  pages  311  and  218 

Suspenders  for  Above-Elbow  Amputations 
Peg  Arms  for  Above  Elbow  Amputations 
Artificial  Arms  for  Slioulder-Joint  Amputa- 
tions, described  on  pages  813  to  815 


Appliances  for  Deformities,  Excisions,  Weak- 
ened Joints,  etc.,  described  on  pages  330  to 
283 


Arm  Implements 


Cut  P 

9      each        $30.00 

Cut  P 

10 

30.00 

Cut  P  33 

50  00 

Cut  P  84 

50  00 

Cut  P  85 

50.00 

Cut  P  86 

50.00 

Cut  P  38 

50.00 

Cut  Q 

8 

35.00 

Cut  Q 

9 

35.00 

Cut  Q 

10 

35.00 

Cut  Q 

11 

35.00 

Cut  Q 

16 

50  00 

Cut  R 

7 

50.00 

Cut  R 

8 

40.00 

Cut  R  13 

50.00 

Cut  R  14 

30.00 

Cut  R  15 

40.00 

Cut  R  16 

3.00 

Cut  S 

3 

75.00 

Cut  S 

3 

75  00 

Cut  S 

4 

65.00 

Cut  S 

5 

50.00 

Cut  T 

3 

75.00 

Cut  T 

4 

75  00 

Cut  T 

5 

8.00 

Cut  T 

6 

50.00 

Cut  U 

5 

75.00 

Cut  U 

6 

75.00 

Cut  U 

7        " 

75.00 

Cut  W 

1 

50.00 

Cut  W 

3 

50.00 

Cut  W 

4 

25.00 

Cut  W  38 

75.00 

Cut  X 

1 

.75 

Cut  X 

3 

.75 

Cut  X 

3 

1.35 

Cut  X 

4 

1.35 

Cut  X 

5 

1.35 

Cut  X 

6 

1.35 

Cut  X 

7 

5.00 

Cut  X 

8 

2.00 

Cut  X 

9 

2.50 

Cut  X  10 

3.00 

Cut  X  13 

8.00 

235 


236        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  Yorh  City. 

Cut  X 11        "  8.00 

Cut  X  12        "  9.00 


Accessories. — Artificial  arms  for  wrist-joint,  forearm,  elbow- 
joint,  above-elbow  and  shoulder- joint  amputations  will  be  ac- 
companied, free  of  charge,  with  necessary  suspenders,  sock  for  the 
stump,  knife,  fork,  hook,  brush,  pair  of  kid  gloves,  etc. 

Peg  arms  for  the  above  amputations  wiU  be  accompanied  with  all 
the  above-mentioned  articles  except  gloves. 


CHAPTER  XXXn 

TEEMS  OF  PAYMENT,  INSTALLMENT  PAYMENTS, 
GUARANTEE 

Advance  Payment  Avoids  Delay. — An  article  so  important  as 
an  artificial  leg  or  arm,  which  has  to  be  made  expressly  to  order 
for  the  person  who  is  to  wear  it,  should  be  paid  for  in  advance. 
Time  and  expense  are  saved  by  doing  so.  If,  however,  objection 
is  made  to  paying  the  full  amount  in  advance,  one-half  the  value 
can  be  forwarded  with  the  order  and  the  balance  paid  on  delivery. 

How  TO  Make  Payments. — Remittances  can  be  made  by  bank 
draft  on  New  York,  by  postal  money  order,  by  express  money  order, 
or  by  money  package  by  express.  All  drafts  should  be  made  pay- 
able to  the  order  of  A.  A.  Marks. 

Our  Reliability. — Every  assurance  is  given  that  the  interests 
and  the  welfare  of  the  wearer  will  be  subserved  in  every  detail. 
Our  reliability  and  business  and  financial  standing  can  be  ascer- 
tained by  consulting  any  mercantile  agency. 

Success  Most  Important  to  Us. — It  is  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance to  us  that  every  client  shall  be  satisfied,  not  only  with  the 
fitting  and  construction  of  his  artificial  limb,  but  that  he  shall 
become  clever,  skilKul,  and  dexterous  in  its  use.  He  must  do  this 
in  order  to  reflect  credit  on  our  skill.  We  take  as  much  pride  in 
the  successful  results  of  our  work  as  do  our  clients. 

As  manufacturers,  we  cannot  afford  to  neglect,  or  hastily  dismiss 
a  case,  or  show  a  lack  of  interest,  or  the  least  hesitancy  in  doing 
everything  that  is  possible  for  the  relief  and  comfort  of  our  patrons. 
Wisdom  compels  the  strictest  integrity  in  the  discharge  of  every 
obligation.  Trouble  and  expense  are  not  to  be  considered  when 
disappointment  and  displeasure  can  be  averted.  No  establishment 
can  exist  long  that  becomes  careless,  or  allows  its  conduct  to  be 
criticised  or  impugned. 

Advanced  Payments  Are  in  the  Interest  of  the  Wearers. — 
Payments  in  advance  may  be  looked  upon  by  some  as  arbitrary  and 
unreasonable,  but  by  the  man  of  business  they  are  viewed  in  the 
proper  light,  and  not  objected  to.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  best 
and  most  skillful  services  are  always  paid  for  in  advance.  If  you 
wish  to  send  a  letter,  you  must  attach  a  stamp  to  the  envelope,  and 
the  stamp  must  be  paid  for  when  purchased,  before  the  letter  is 
delivered.  This  may  appear  to  be  a  small  matter,  but  to  publishers 
and  business  men  who  have  large  correspondence,  it  amounts  to 
hundreds  of  dollars  every  day.  If  you  wish  to  send  a  telegram, 
you  must  pay  for  it  in  advance.    If  you  want  a  telephone  in  your 

337 


238        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Torh  City. 

house,  you  must  pay  a  month's  fee  in  advance.  If  you  wish  to 
travel  by  land  or  sea,  you  must  buy  your  ticket  before  you  start; 
not  after  you  have  finished  your  journey.  If  you  vpant  a  Lorenz 
to  perform  a  surgical  operation,  you  must  pay  him  before  he  leaves 
his  home.  If  you  want  a  Makart  to  paint  your  portrait,  you  must 
pay  him  before  he  will  entertain  your  order.  And  so  it  goes,  the 
world  over.  The  best  talent  and  the  most  skillful  services  are  only 
obtainable  by  paying  in  advance  for  them.  The  richest  men — the 
jnost  reputable  merchants — ^have  always  to  yield  to  these  terms 
when  they  seek  the  best. 

The  same  can  be  said  of  artificial  limbs.  The  best  can  only  be 
obtained  by  meeting  the  maker's  terms.  The  poorest,  those  made 
by  the  inexperiencd,  can  be  obtained  upon  any  terms  that  the  pur- 
chaser may  wish  to  make. 

The  question  then  resolves  itself  into  whether  the  applicant 
prefers  to  get  the  best  limb,  and  pay  for  it  in  advance,  or  whether 
he  is  willing  to  put  up  with  the  product  of  an  unskilled  maker, 
merely  to  have  his  notion  indulged  regarding  payment. 

Artificial  Limbs  on  Trial^  Prejudicial  to  Success. — It  has 
been  said  that  "  things  that  are  not  paid  for  are  good  for  nothing," 
and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  articles  that  are  constructed  and  sold 
under  the  consideration  that  they  can  be  accepted  or  rejected,  are, 
as  a  rule,  rejected.  It  is  safe  to  estimate  that  at  least  seventy-five 
per  cent,  of  the  artificial  limbs  that  are  made  and  delivered  by 
small,  inexperienced,  and  eager  manufacturers,  with  the  under- 
standing that  they  can  be  tried  for  a  reasonable  length  of  time, 
and  if  not  satisfactory,  can  be  returned,  are  throvpn  back  on  the 
hands  of  the  maker,  and  as  these  terms  are  only  allowed  by  the 
maker  of  small  means,  he  cannot  afford  to  lose  the  time  and  ma- 
terial expended  in  the  rejected  limb.  He,  therefore,  makes  some 
slight  alterations  in  the  limb,  and  passes  it  to  the  next  victim. 
There  is,  therefore,  a  strong  probability,  when  placing  an  order 
with  a  manufacturer  who  permits  his  work  to  be  returned,  of 
getting  a  limb  that  was  originally  made  for  some  other  person. 

Why  Correctly  Made  Limbs  are  not  Always  Pleasant  at 
THE  Start. — An  artificial  limb,  no  matter  how  scientifically  it  may 
be  made  and  correctly  fitted,  is  not  a  very  comfortable  article  to 
wear  during  the  period  required  to  get  accustomed  to  it.  During 
this  time  there  are  many  moments  of  discouragement.  The  stump, 
being  weak,  soon  tires  and  fails  to  control  the  limb,  and  because 
of  this  weakness,  the  wearer  gets  discouraged  and  either  concludes 
that  the  limb  has  not  been  properly  made  and  fitted,  or  that  his 
stump  is  of  a  character  that  will  never  control  one.  If  the  leg  is 
not  paid  for,  it  will  in  all  probability  be  rejected  and  returned  to 
the  maker  during  one  of  these  periods  when  the  wearer  is  in  a 
discouraged  frame  of  mind. 

Patient  Endeavor  Brings  Its  Keward. — If,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  limb  is  paid  for,  the  effort  to  wear  it  will  be  repeated  again 
and  again,  until  finally  the  task  is  accomplished,  and  the  services 
derived  will  prove  to  be  valuable  beyond  calculation.    Viewing  the 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limls,  New  York  City.         238 

<—— ^ 

subject  in  this  aspect,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  fact  that  the  limb 
is  paid  for  has  a  stimulating  effect  on  the  wearer,  impelling  him  to 
put  forth  further  effort. 

Money  Deposited  in  Banks  Not  Acceptable. — The  proposition 
to  place  money  for  the  payment  of  the  limb  on  deposit  with  some 
bank,  to  be  paid  to  us  as  soon  as  the  limb  is  received  and  found 
satisfactory,  is  often  made.  We  invariably  decline  to  accept  such 
terms,  as  money  deposited  is  subject  to  such  conditions  that  the 
feature  of  security  is  removed.  The  money  cannot  be  drawn, 
unless  the  party  ordering  the  limb  gives  his  consent.  If  he  de- 
clines to  accept  the  limb  from  caprice,  or  hasty  judgment,  he  can 
demand  his  money,  and  we  have  no  redress. 

Installment  Payments. — We  are  willing  to  accept  payments  on 
the  installment  plan  to  accommodate  those  in  indigent  circum- 
stances, provided  such  obligations  are  imposed  as  will  make  the 
payments  absolutely  sure  from  the  legal  point  of  view.  On  an 
order  for  an  artificial  leg  the  first  payment  must  be  at  least  one- 
third  its  value,  and  for  an  artificial  arm,  one-half  its  value;  and 
this  amount  must  accompany  the  order.  The  balance  can  be  paid 
in  large  or  small  amounts — weekly,  monthly,  or  at  other  periods — 
as  may  be  desired.  Deferred  payments  must  be  secured  by  the 
indorsement  of  a  reliable  business  person  who  has  an  acceptable 
mercantile  rating. 

Deferred  Payments  jMust  Be  Guaranteed. — The  deferred  pay- 
ments can  be  made  by  promissory  notes,  one  note  for  each  pay- 
ment, signed  by  the  party  ordering  the  limb,  and  also  by  the  party 
offering  himself  as  security,  or  they  can  be  secured  by  a  letter 
written  by  the  party  guaranteeing  the  payments.  The  following 
is  an  example  that  will  be  acceptable : 

Place Date 

A.  A.  Marks,  New  York : 

Dear  Sir — Mr desires  to  procure  from 

you  an  artificial  leg,  and  wishes  to  pay  for  the  same  in  the  following 

manner :   dollars  will  be  advanced  with  the  order 

and dollars  will  be  paid  at  the  rate  of  ten  dollars 

per  month,  beginning  one  month  after  the  delivery  of  the  leg. 

In  case  of  failure  to  meet  the  payments  as  agreed,  or  in  case  of 
default  due  to  any  cause  whatsoever,  you  may  hold  me  respon- 
sible, and  upon  demand  I  will  pay  the  same  to  you. 

Signed    

Post-office    address,     Occupation,     

Acceptable  Guarantors. — ^We  know  no  mercantile  agency  that 
quotes  the  financial  standing  or  business  liability  of  professional 
men,  such  as  ministers,  lawyers,  doctors,  farmers,  retired  men,  em- 
ployees, or  agents.  Mercantile  agencies  only  give  the  standing  of 
credit  of  those  who  are  actually  engaged  in  commercial  or  manu- 
facturing industries.  For  this  reason,  we  require  the  signature  of 
a  person  engaged  in  business. 


240        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  N&w  Itork  City. 

We  believe  there  are  but  few  dishonest  persons ;  those  whose  mo- 
tives and  impulses  are  entirely  void  of  integrity.  Promises  are 
made  in  good  faith,  but  because  of  inability  to  keep  them,  they  fre- 
quently go  by  default,  A  man  without  means,  and  being  in  need  of 
an  artificial  leg,  will  assume  almost  any  obligation,  in  order  to  pro- 
cure one.  He  has  the  promise  of  a, situation  as  soon  as  he  can  go 
without  crutches.  The  future  is  promising  and  bright.  He  will 
go  to  his  minister,  or  to  his  doctor,  or  his  legal  adviser,  and  as  a 
rule,  he  will  receive  his  favor.  The  clergyman  or  the  doctor  will 
promise  to  go  security  for  him.  The  limb  is  obtained;  the  man 
wears  it;  he  gets  the  situation,  and  earns  fair  wages;  he  becomes 
a  little  careless  in  his  expenditures,  or  some  relative  or  friend  be- 
comes afflicted  and  requires  some  financial  help  from  him.  The 
time  arrives  for  payment  to  be  made,  and  the  young  man  has  no 
money.  The  minister,  or  the  doctor,  who  has  guaranteed  the 
payments,  feels  that  it  is  unjust  to  be  called  upon  to  make  pay- 
ments. He  writes  a  pitiful  letter,  and  time  is  extended.  This 
is  repeated  until  patience  becomes  exhausted,  and  drastic  meas- 
ures have  to  be  resorted  to.  It  suddenly  dawns  upon  the  manufac- 
turer that  it  would  be  poor  policy  to  force  payment  out  of  the  min- 
ister, or  to  make  enemies  with  the  doctor,  and  the  matter  is  dropped, 
the  manufacturer  suffering  the  loss. 

This  is  an  old,  old  story,  so  often  enacted  in  life  that  the  manu- 
facturer has  been  forced  to  accept  no  guarantors,  except  men  en* 
gaged  in  business  who  have  acceptable  mercantile  standings,  and 
are  prepared  to  meet  losses,  should  the  party  default. 

Our  Guarantee. — ^Every  artificial  leg  or  arm  delivered  by  us  is 
accompanied  by  a  guarantee  giving  the  assurance  to  the  wearer  that 
the  artificial  limb  is  constructed  of  the  best  material,  and  in  a 
thoroughly  workmanlike  manner,  and  if  any  defects  present  them- 
selves, we  obHgate  ourselves  to  remove  them  without  charge,  pro- 
vided the  limb  is  delivered  to  us  as  soon  as  the  defects  have  be- 
come known,  and  before  the  limb  has  become  further  damaged  on 
account  of  being  worn  when  out  of  order.  The  guarantee  covers  a 
period  of  five  years  from  date  of  delivery. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII 

PENSIONERS   OE   THE  UNITED    STATES   ARMY  AND 

NAVY  FURNISHED  WITH  ARTIFICIAL  LIMBS 

AT  GOVERNMENT  EXPENSE 

The  Original  Law. — ^It  has  been  the  purpose  of  the  United 
'States  Government,  since  the  early  part  of  the  Civil  War  (1862), 
to  furnish  artificial  limbs  to  those  who  lost  their  natural  ones  from 
injuries  received  while  in  service.  The  first  law,  passed  in  1862, 
gave  one  limb  for  each  amputation,  and  to  soldiers  and  sailors  only. 
It  was  soon  amended  so  as  to  include  officers. 

The  Amended  Law. — In  1870,  a  new  law  was  passed,  which  in- 
creased the  number  of  those  entitled  to  artificial  limbs,  and  re- 
peated the  issue  every  five  years.  This  law  was  in  force  for  twenty 
years. 

The  New  Law  Now  in  Force. — In  the  early  part  of  1891  Con- 
gress enacted  additional  pension  laws,  and  added  to  the  list  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  soldiers  who  had  never  before  received 
pensions,  and  who  had  never  dreamed  of  receiving  any.  The  same 
Congress  adopted  measures  by  which  additional  benefits  were  given 
to  the  beneficiaries  of  the  artificial  limb  laws.  The  old  law  was 
amended  so  that  the  issue  was  changed  from  five  to  three  years. 
This  was  done  not  because  soldiers  required  new  limbs  so  fre- 
quently, but  as  an  additional  gratuity  to  the  maimed.  The  law, 
as  amended,  reads  as  follows: 

"  Every  officer,  enlisted  or  hired  man,  who  has  lost  a  limb  or  the 
use  of  a  limb  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States 
is  entitled  to  receive,  once  every  three  years,  an  artificial  limb  or 
apparatus.  The  period  of  three  years  is  reckoned  from  the  last 
maturity  subsequent  to  March  3, 1888." 

Those  whose  maturity  under  the  old  law  occurred  between  March 
3,  1886,  and  March  3,  1888,  were  given  a  new  date :  namely,  March 
3,  1891  (the  day  the  bill  became  a  law). 

Transportation  Free. — Necessary  transportation  to  the  manu- 
facturer is  only  issued  when  the  order  calls  for  an  artificial  limb  to 
be  made  by  the  government  manufacturer  who  is  located  the 
nearest  to  the  applicant;  if  the  limb  chosen  is  to  be  made  by  a 
manufacturer  more  distant,  transportation  will  not  be  given,  but 
the  order  will  be  issued  just  the  same,  provided  the  applicant  is 
willing  to  have  the  limb  constructed  from  measurements  or  will 
pay  his  own  traveling  expenses. 

The  Bond. — As  manufacturers  to  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, we  have  met  the  requirements  of  furnishing  bonds  with  two 
sureties,  of  five  thousand  dollars  each,  for  the  faithful  perform- 
ance of  our  work. 

241 


242         A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirtibs,  New  YorTc  City. 

A  blank  application  for  an  artificial  limb  and  transportation 
will  be  sent  upon  request.  The  same  can  be  filled  out,  signed,  and 
mailed  to  us.  As  soon  as  we  receive  it,  we  will  ascertain  the  date 
that  the  applicant  will  be  entitled  to  a  new  limb,  and  at  the  proper 
time  will  pass  the  application  to  the  proper  officials. 

Those  who  reside  at  a  great  distance,  and  do  not  care  to  travel, 
can  remain  at  home  and  have  their  limbs  constructed  and  fitted 
from  measurements.  We  extend  to  them  every  protection,  every 
assurance,  every  guarantee,  and  assume  every  risk,  exactly  as  we 
do  to  civilians. 

We  have  on  file  the  measurements,  diagrams,  records,  and  dimen- 
sions of  all  the  artificial  limbs  made  by  us  since  the  founding  of 
our  house,  and  can  duplicate  any  limb  at  any  time. 

If  a  soldier  wishes  to  have  a  limb  duplicated,  he  will  not  be  re- 
quired to  send  any  additional  measurements. 

We  advise  pensioners  to  procure  artificial  limbs  under  the  laws, 
and  apply  for  them  promptly  upon  the  maturity  of  their  claims, 
and  lose  no  time. 

When  Congress  makes  changes  in  any  law,  the  law  in  force  up 
to  that  time  becomes  null  and  void.  No  one  can  predict  what  Con- 
gress will  do,  any  more  than  he  can  predict  what  public  sentiment 
will  be  on  any  issue.  Should  a  party  clamoring  for  extreme  econ- 
omy in  the  administration  of  public  affairs  become  dominant,  there 
is  no  telling  what  would  be  done  in  cutting  down  allowances. 

Advantages  in  Eegistering  with  Us. — As  pensioners  seldom 
keep  records  concerning  themselves,  we  make  it  a  point  to  notify 
them  a  little  prior  to  the  date  of  their  maturity.  Any  change,  or 
threatened  change,  in  the  law  affecting  the  issue  of  artificial  limbs 
is  watched  by  us  and  communicated  immediately  to  those  on  our 
records  whom  the  law  may  affect.  It  is,  therefore,  to  the  advantage 
of  the  pensioner  to  keep  within  touch  of  us;  to  inform  us  of  his 
change  of  address,  and  to  see  that  our  records  are  complete,  so  far 
as  rank,  company,  regiment,  number  of  pension  certificate,  etc., 
are  concerned. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV 
CHEAP    AKTIFICIAL    LIMBS 

From  the  International  Journal  of  Surgery 

Cheaply  Made  Limbs  Not  Safe. — From  time  to  time  the  news- 
papers chronicle  severe  accidents  happening  to  the  wearers  of  ar- 
tificial limbs  as  the  result  of  faulty  construction.  Here  is  an  in- 
stance taken  from  the  Cincinnati  Enquirer  of  December  19,  1901 : 

"Fred  Rentz  was  severely  injured  last  evening,  about  five 
o'clock,  by  falling  on  the  street  at  Central  Avenue  and  Liberty 
Street.  His  fall  was  due  to  a  cork  leg  breaking.  The  unfortunate 
man  was  taken  to  a  hospital  by  Patrol  No.  5." 

Inviting  Disaster. — There  is  material  in  this  brief  item  for 
profound  thought  on  the  part  of  every  man  who  has  occasion  to 
require  an  artificial  leg.  There  is  material,  too  for  a  sermon  on 
the  iniquity  of  dealers  who  sell  artificial  limbs  of  inferior  or 
defective  workmanship.  That  there  are  many  persons  who  com- 
mit the  folly  of  risking  their  bodies,  and  possibly  their  lives,  upon 
poorly  made  limbs  for  the  sake  of  the  few  dollars  saved  thereby, 
and  that  there  are  dealers  who  are  willing  to  encourage  them  in 
this  folly,  may  be  proved  to  the  satisfaction  of  anyone  who  will 
read  the  daily  papers  carefully.  Every  few  days  cases  are  re- 
ported similar  to  the  above,  and  in  almost  every  case  the  disaster 
may  be  traced  to  the  same  cause — ^poor  material  or  inefficient  work- 
manship. 

Mr.  Eentz  undoubtedly  wore  a  cheap  leg — cheap  in  construction, 
but  very  costly  in  the  price  he  ultimately  paid  for  it  in  money, 
suffering,  and  lost  time.  Some  weakness  in  the  wood  or  leather  or 
steel  (there  is  no  cork  in  any  artificial  limb)  was  revealed  by  an 
accidental  slip  which  brought  an  unusual  strain  upon  it,  and  caused 
it  to  give  way  just  when  he  had  most  need  to  rely  upon  it.  The 
saying  that  "  no  chain  is  stronger  than  its  weakest  link  "  applies 
with  the  fullest  possible  force  to  an  artificial  leg.  Every  part  may 
be  perfect  except  one,  and  yet  that  one  is  certain  to  precipitate  a 
fall  of  serious  if  not  fatal  results. 

The  adage  that  "  the  best  is  the  cheapest "  applies  to  almost 
everything  that  one  may  require.  It  applies  without  exception 
to  the  purchase  of  artificial  limbs.  The  steeplejack  will  not  make 
use  of  a  cable  unless  he  knows  that  it  has  been  tested  and  proved 
to  be  capable  of  sustaining  the  weight  that  he  will  bring  to  bear 
upon  it.  The  caisson  worker  will  not  descend  below  the  bed  of  a 
river  unless  he  is  assured  that  the  air-pumps  are  in  perfect  working 
order.    No  more  should  the  wearer  of  an  artificial  limb  trust  him- 

243 


244        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  YorTc  City. 

self  upon  it  unless  proved  material,  skill,  and  honesty  have  entered 
into  its  construction. 

Confidence  Necessary  to  Success. — The  essence  of  success  in 
walking  with  an  artificial  leg  is  confidence.  To  learn  to  manipu- 
late the  limb  is  a  very  simple  matter,  but  unless  the  wearer  knows 
that  he  can  rely  upon  it  as  thoroughly  as  he  would  upon  his  natural 
legs  he  will  never  be  able  to  walk  well  or  to  move  about  with  a  sense 
of  perfect  freedom.  There  are  thousands  of  persons  walking  about 
to-day  on  Marks'  artificial  legs  whose  intimate  friends  are  not 
aware  that  they  have  lost  any  of  their  natural  members.  They  do 
not  limp  or  hobble,  and  they  do  not  find  the  slightest  difficulty  in 
moving  about  as  freely  as  their  most  active  neighbors — all  because 
they  have  confidence;  they  know  that  every  bit  of  material  that 
enters  into  the  leg  is  carefully  tested  and  proved  before  it  is  used, 
and  that,  therefore,  it  cannot  possibly  give  way  under  ordinary  use 
or  at  some  critical  moment  when  they  most  need  its  support. 

A  vast  amount  of  care  and  trained  ability  enters  into  the  con- 
struction of  a  thoroughly  reliable  artificial  leg,  foot,  or  arm.  It 
will  not  be  sufficient  to  use  ordinary  material,  or  even  the  best 
material  that  can  be  bought  through  the  ordinary  channels  of  trade. 

Selection  of  Material. — As  the  first  step  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  artificial  leg,  an  expert  visits  the  woods  and  selects  the  tree 
from  which  the  material  is  to  be  cut.  To  do  this  is  no  easy 
matter,  and  requires  long  experience.  The  tree  must  be  neither 
too  young  nor  too  old.  It  must  be  free  from  knots  and  must  have 
a  firm,  even  grain  that  it  will  be  equally  strong  in  every  part. 

When  the  tree  has  been  felled  it  must  be  cut  into  lengths  and 
carefully  split  into  sections,  use  being  made  only  of  the  main  body 
of  the  tree  trunk  in  which  the  grain  is  firm  and  even.  Only  a  small 
portion  of  the  ordinary  tree  is  available  for  this  purpose. 

When  the  wood  has  been  thus  carefully  selected,  it  is  by  no 
tneans  ready  for  use.  It  must  then  be  kiln-dried,  so  as  to  be 
thoroughly  shrunk  before  it  can  be  utilized.  About  four  years  is 
required  in  this  process  before  the  stick  of  timber  can  be  manu- 
factured into  an  artificial  leg. 

It  is  not  the  wood  alone  that  is  selected  with  such  careful  atten- 
tion to  its  strength  and  wearing  qualities.  The  steel  which  goes 
to  form  the  braces  and  joints  of  the  leg  is  first  carefully  tested  to 
detect  the  existence  of  any  flaws  or  defects  and  to  prove  that  it  is 
capable  of  carrying  a  larger  weight  than  it  will  be  called  upon  to 
support. 

The  leather  for  the  jacket  which  forms  the  upper  part  of  the 
leg  is  selected  with  equal  care.  Only  the  strongest  and  most 
valuable  parts  can  be  used;  the  rest  must  be  thrown  away  or  used 
for  some  other  purpose.  The  buckskin  lacings  are  also  a  matter  of 
solicitude,  and  are  subjected  to  thorough  tests  to  determine  the 
weight  they  will  sustain. 

Even  a  more  delicate  matter  is  the  proper  vulcanizing  of  the 
rubber  foot  which  plays  an  important  part  in  every  successful 
artificial  leg.    The  elasticity  of  the  foot  depends  upon  the  exact 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linibs,  New  York  City.        245 

degree  of  heat  applied  to  the  rubber.  Thus,  at  every  step  in  the 
selection  of  material,  the.  greatest  care  and  judgment  must  be 
exercised. 

The  need  of  practical  experience  and  expert  judgment  does  not 
end  with  the  selection  of  materials.  Equal  skill  is  needed  to 
assemble  them  properly.  An  artificial  leg,  to  be  a  source  of  com- 
fort and  usefulness  to  its  wearer,  must  fit  perfectly,  and  no  two 
persons  can  be  fitted  by  exactly  similar  legs.  The  highest  skill  of 
the  artisan  is  required  to  meet  and  make  allowances  for  all  the 
little  peculiarities  of  each  individual  wearer.  It  is  ridiculous  to 
assume  that  it  is  possible  to  fit  all  comers  with  artificial  legs  simply 
by  carrying  a  few  sizes  in  stock. 

The  worst  mistake  that  the  prospective  purchaser  of  an  artificial 
limb  can  make  is  to  patronize  one  of  the  cheap  establishments 
which  are  continually  being  started  by  disgruntled  apprentices  or 
discharged  workmen.  It  seems  incredible  that  a  man  who  will  not 
permit  his  horse  to  be  shod  by  an  incapable  blacksmith,  or  his 
beard  to  be  trimmed  by  a  man  of  no  experience  as  a  barber,  will 
nevertheless  trust  the  delicate  and  vital  task  of  supplying  an 
artificial  limb  for  himself  or  a  member  of  his  family  to  a  crude 
bungler  or  a  cheap  mechanic.  Yet  such  cases  come  to  notice 
frequently.  Too  late,  when  permanent  injury  has  been  done  to 
some  delicate  blood  vessel  or  tender  nerve  center,  or  when  a  bad 
fall  and  broken  bones  have  taught  the  lesson  that  better  counsel 
might  have  imparted  in  the  beginning,  he  turns  to  the  firm  that 
has  a  long-established  reputation  for  efficiency,  reliability,  and 
honest  dealing. 

How  much  better — ^yes,  how  much  cheaper — it  would  be  to  in- 
trust one's  self  in  the  beginning  to  a  firm  the  members  of  which 
have  gained  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subject  through  a  business 
experience  of  years,  which  spares  no  expense  to  secure  the  most 
perfect  materials  for  its  artificial  limbs,  which  employs  the  most 
carefully  trained  and  thorough  workmen,  which  owns  the  most 
important  and  successful  patents  for  artificial  limb  appliances, 
and  the  name  of  which  is  a  guarantee  of  good  faith,  good  work- 
manship, and  satisfaction  to  its  customers  I 


CHAPTER  XXXV 

DO  THE  MAIKED  DIE  YOUNG? 

A  False  Belief. — There  appears  to  be  a  belief,  shared  by  the 
medical  profession  as  well  as  the  laity,  that  the  amputation  of  one 
or  more  of  the  limbs  from  the  human  body  necessarily  curtails  the 
allotted  years  of  man,  that  there  is  a  law  that  establishes  a  ratio 
between  the  length  of  the  life  of  the  normally  equipped  man  and 
that  of  the  dismembered  one.  That  the  ratio  is  according  to  the 
extent  of  the  dismemberment.  If  a  man  is  born  to  live  three 
score  and  ten  years,  provided  he  retains  all  his  limbs,  the  loss  of 
one  limb  will  take,  say,  ten  years  from  that  allotment;  and  if  he 
loses  two  limbs  the  lopping  off  of  a  few  more  years  will  be  the 
consequence. 

What  Oue  Eecords  Disclose. — During  our  career  as  protheti- 
cians  we  have  had  opportunities  to  investigate.  An  examination 
of  our  records,  which  comprise  the  histories  of  many  thousands  of 
maimed  persons,  has  led  us  to  the  conclusion  that  the  dismembering 
of  the  human  body  plays  no  part  whatever  in  shortening  life.  Our 
records  date  back  to  1853,  and  it  is  a  fact  that,  of  the  entire  num- 
ber of  our  patrons,  less  than  twenty-five  per  cent,  have  died,  and 
most  of  those  have  died  from  old  age  or  accident,  and  in  no  case 
can  we  learn  of  a  death  that  can  be  directly  ascribed  to  the  loss  of 
a  limb.  We  know  of  very  few  persons  wearing  artificial  limbs  who 
have  suffered  or  died  from  pulmonary  or  cardiac  diseases,  and  those 
who  have  fallen  under  those  diseases  were  affected  before  their 
Hmbs  were  amputated.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  occurrence  for 
octogenarians  who  have  been  our  patrons  for  years  to  order  new 
limbs,  expecting  to  live  long  enough  to  wear  them  out. 

Amputations  Eevitalize  the  System. — As  we  investigate  this 
subject  more  thoroughly  we  are  persuaded  that  amputations  re- 
vitalize the  entire  person,  and  render  it  not  only  possible  but 
probable,  that,  on  account  of  amputations,  the  lives  of  the  subjects 
will  be  prolonged,  comparatively  immune  to  disease. 

It  is  obvious  that  diseased  and  mangled  limbs  that  cannot  be 
cured  will  cause  death  if  they  are  not  removed ;  but  this  is  not  the 
phase  of  the  question  we  are  discussing.  Will  the  length  of  life 
of  the  person  who  has  had  his  limb  removed  on  account  of  disease 
or  injury  be  less  than  it  would  had  his  limb  never  been  diseased, 
injured,  and  amputated?  While  it  is  absolutely  impossible  to  give 
a  direct  reply  to  this  question  we  believe,  and  we  say  it  with  all 
sincerity,  that  the  compensation  for  the  loss  of  a  limb  lies  in 
assured  good  health  and  prolonged  life.  Numerous  instances  sup- 
port this  belief  and  many  of  them  are  of  national  reputation. 

S46 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City.        247 

Illustrations. — Rev.  Edward  Beecher  reached  the  age  of  eighty- 
four.  Evidences  of  senility  were  apparent.  By  making  a  false 
step  he  fell  from  a  railroad  train  and  had  one  of  his  legs  so  badly 
crushed  that  it  had  to  be  amputated.  He  recovered  from  the  opera- 
tion and  had  an  artificial  leg  applied.  He  lived  for  eight  years  and 
enjoyed  excellent  health  and  remarkable  physical  strength  and 
mental  energy.  It  was  his  custom  to  take  long  walks  every  day, 
to  preach  sermons  on  Sundays,  lead  prayer  meeting  during  the 
week,  and  in  fact,  perform  all  the  duties  expected  of  a  clergyman. 
From  the  moment  he  recovered  from  the  accident  that  deprived  him 
of  his  leg,  new  life  and  renewed  energy  came  to  him.  He  was  a 
stronger,  healthier,  and  more  sprightly  man  after  the  accident  than 
he  had  been  for  a  number  of  years  prior  to  it. 

Governor  Wade  Hampton  lived  to  be  an  octogenarian.  He  had  a 
leg  amputated  a  number  of  years  before  and  wore  an  artificial  one 
up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  up  to  the  last  moment  mentally 
and  physically  strong. 

John  Pearson  lived  to  be  eighty-five  years  of  age.  He  lost  a  leg 
when  seventy,  recovered  quickly,  obtained  an  artificial  leg,  enjoyed 
vigorous  health,  giving  his  time  to  his  railroad  interests  almost  up 
to  the  moment  of  his  death.  General  Butler,  General  Wager 
Swayne,  and  scores  of  others  have  more  than  fulfilled  the  biblical 
allotment  and  enjoyed  many  years  of  active  life  after  having  been 
deprived  of  one  of  their  limbs. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  there  are  very  few  maimed  persons 
in  insane  asylums.  Records  of  suicides  are  almost  free  of  the 
crippled.  The  mental  as  well  as  the  vital  forces  appear  to  become 
stimulated  by  the  dismemberment. 

Athletes. — Dare,  Melrose,  Conway,  Leland,  and  Fitzpatrick  are 
one-legged  acrobats  whose  muscular  developments  are  the  envy  of 
the  world.  Few  possessed  of  natural  limbs  can  vie  with  them  in 
athletic  activities. 

It  is  a  noticeable  fact  that  persons  who  lose  their  legs  become 
powerful  in  their  arms,  large  in  chest  and  girth,  and  persons  who 
lose  their  arms  become  powerful  in  their  legs  and  large  in  girth. 
The  loss  of  one  part  of  the  body  stimulates  the  growth  of  the  re- 
maining parts. 

Compensation. — A  reasonable  explanation  may  be  found  in  the 
hypothesis  that  the  removal  of  a  part  of  the  body  lessens  the  de- 
mand on  the  vital  forces  and  permits  the  supplying  reservoirs  to 
contribute  more  abundantly  to  the  remaining  members.  If  it  over- 
taxes the  heart  to  force  the  blood  through  all  the  avenues  of  the 
body,  will  not  its  labors  be  lessened  if  some  are  cut  off?  And 
will  not  the  remaining  avenues  receive  a  larger  share  of  the  life- 
giving  essences?  If  the  nervous  system  is  taxed  to  its  limit,  will 
not  the  tax  be  lessened  if  a  part  of  the  nerve  organization  be  re- 
moved? If  a  tree  is  permitted  to  grow  unpruned,  it  will  sap  itself 
by  many  choking  branches  and  the  trimming  up  of  the  limbs 
always  gives  vigor.  The  tree  will  grow  larger,  stronger,  and  will 
live  longer. 


248        A.  A.  Maths,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

It  has  been  said  that  a  maimed  person  takes  care  of  himself,  does 
not  expose  himself  to  the  elements,  or  to  the  dangers  that  beset  other 
human  beings;  that  on  account  of  being  crippled,  he  is  compelled 
to  be  more  cautious  than  others;  he  cannot  indulge  in  the  riotous, 
inebriate  course  which  wrecks  so  many  lives.  In  this  connection 
we  will  say,  and  we  speak  from  knowledge,  that  a  person  who  is 
deprived  of  one  or  more  of  his  limbs  is  not  necessarily  a  convert 
to  a  life  of  virti;e.  He  is  not  always  the  sober  man,  the  epitome 
of  morality  that  some  persons  think  he  is.  He  goes  through  life 
in  the  same  careless  manner  as  other  healthy  mortals,  doing  what 
he  ought  to  do,  and  many  times  what  he  ought  not  to  do.  He 
sometimes  observes  propriety,  but  oftentimes  is  as  reckless  as  his 
companions.  There  are,  however,  many  maimed  persons  who  are 
sober,  industrious,  thoughtful,  and  prudent.  The  same  habits, 
indulgences,  and  discretions  that  are  found  among  those  in  posses- 
sion of  their  natural  limbs  are  found  in  about  the  same  proportion 
among  those  who  have  been  amputated. 

Gratitude. — It  is  also  an  error  to  suppose  that  the  loss  of  a 
limb  induces  despondency.  There  will  not  be  found  a  class  of 
people  who  are  less  lugubrious  and  who  lament  their  losses  as  little 
as  that  class  of  humanity  having  abbreviated  extremities.  We 
recall  the  visit  of  a  man  some  years  ago  who  had  both  of  his  legs 
and  one  arm  amputated.  After  reciting  a  harrowing  tale  of  a 
railroad  collision  and  fire,  weeks  of  suffering  at  the  hospital,  and 
his  recovery  to  health  with  only  one  of  his  four  limbs  remaining, 
he  closed  his  narrative  with  the  ejaculation:  "  Thank  God,  it  was 
no  worse ! "  This  illustrates  fairly  well  a  crippled  man's  disposi- 
tion. He  is  more  thankful  that  he  has  not  lost  more,  than  he  is 
regretful  for  having  lost  so  much.  He  is  constantly  meeting  with 
persons  who,  in  his  mind^  have  met  with  greater  hardships  than 
himself.  It  is  an  ordinary  occurrence  for  a  one-legged  man  to 
meet  a  one-armed  man,  and  for  each  to  say  to  the  other,  "  I  prefer 
to  be  as  I  am  rather  than  as  you  are." 

A  cripple  is  neither  a  cynic  nor  a  pessimist.  His  misfortunes 
have  driven  from  him  whatever  there  may  have  been  of  the  choleric. 
Being  always  in  good  health,  he  is  a  happier  and  a  more  contented 
man  than  the  dyspeptic,  the  rheumatic,  or  the  gouty  man,  who  is  in 
possession  of  all  his  limbs.  It  is  a  common  occurrence  for  a  man 
wearing  two  rubber  feet  to  take  consolation  from  the  fact  that  he 
can  never  be  troubled  with  corns,  gout,  or  suffer  the  torture  of  hav- 
ing some  ponderous  lout  tread  on  his  feet. 

Nature,  with  her  usual  generosity,  compensates  for  every  mis- 
fortune. We  look  about  us  and  see  conditions  that  are  appalling, 
and  are  impelled  to  pour  out  our  commiseration ;  but  we  little  think 
how  useless,  how  unsolicited,  and  often  uncharitable  it  is  for  us 
to  do  so.  Those  that  are  the  most  afflicted  need  our  commiseration 
the  least.  Their  minds  and  dispositions  have  already  been  prepared 
by  Nature  to  bear  their  misfortunes,  and  they  dislike  to  have  others 
notice  or  mention  them,  much  less  to  shed  tears  over  that  which 
they  so  little  regret  themselves. 


CHAPTER  XXXVI 

AWARDS 

1858.  The  first  Exposition  at  which  A.  A.  Marks  exhibited  artifi- 
cial limbs  was  at  the  Crystal  Palace  at  New  York  in  1858.  As 
that  exhibition  was  destroyed  by  fire  no  awards  were  given. 

1859.  American  Institute,  New  York  City. — The  silver  medal 
was  awarded  to  A.  A.  Marks  for  his  superior  artificial  limbs. 

1865.  American  Institute,  New  York. — After  a  careful  and 
extended  examination,  and  practical  tests  of  the  various  kinds  of 
artificial  limbs,  the  First  Premium  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to  A. 
A.  Marks. 

1867.  American  Institute,  New  York,  First  Premium. — Marks' 
Patent  Artificial  Limbs  have  frequently  been  before  the  Institute 
and  continue  to  sustain  their  former  reputation.  The  First 
Premium  awarded. 

1869.  American  Institute,  New  York. — A.  A.  Marks  Best. 
This  limb  is  constructed  with  an  india-rubber  foot,  which  from 
its  elasticity  does  away  with  the  necessity  of  motion  at  the  ankle, 
and  also  obviates  entirely  that  heavy,  thumping  sound  when  the  foot 
strikes  the  ground  in  walking.  The  control  which  the  wearer  has 
over  it  and  its  movements,  so  closely  resembling  those  of  the 
natural  limb,  entitles  it  to  the  highest  commendation.  First 
Premium  awarded. 

1870.  American  Institute,  New  York. — The  especial  point  of 
excellence  appears  to  be  the  rubber  foot,  by  the  use  of  which  all 
complications  in  the  construction  of  an  ankle  joint  are  avoided. 
First  Premium  awarded. 

1871.  American  Institute,  New  York. — The  artificial  limbs  with 
rubber  feet  and  rubber  hands  are  especially  recommended  for  their 
simplicity,  durability,  and  easy  movements.  First  Premium 
awarded. 

1872.  American  Institute,  New  York. — The  artificial  limbs 
manufactured  by  A.  A.  Marks  continue  to  merit  approval,  and  are 
entitled  to  all  the  confidence  the  public  have  reposed  in  them. 
First  Premium  awarded. 

1873.  American  Institute,  New  York. — After  full  and  impartial 
examination  of  the  articles  above  described,  the  undersigned  Judges 
make  report  that  they  find  the  artificial  limbs  on  exhibition  by 
A.  A.  Marks  worthy  of  the  confidence  heretofore  reposed  in  them. 
We  cheerfully  indorse  all  that  has  been  said  of  them  by  former 
examiners,  their  simple  construction,  easy  movements,  dura- 
iility,  etc.     First  Premium  awarded. 

1874.  American  Institute,  New  York. — We  consider  the  arti- 
ficial limbs  of  A.  A.  Marks  of  great  value.    A  great  improvement 

249 


250        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

— better  than  any  known  to  us;  and  entitled  to  the  highest  award. 
First  Premium  awarded. 

1875.  American  Institute^  New  York. — ^We  regard  the  artificial 
limbs  presented  by  Mr.  Marks  superior  to  all  others  in  practicaJ 
efficiency  and  simplicity.     First  Premium  awarded. 

1876.  Centennul  Exhibition^  Philadelphia,,  Pa. — The  Judges 
having  examined  Marks'  artificial  limbs  respectfully  recommend 
the  same  to  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission  for  the 
highest  award,  for  the  following  reasons,  viz :  Utility,  Workman- 
ship, and  Adaptation  to  Purposes  Intended.      Highest  award  given. 

1876.  American  Institute,  New  York. — The  judges  consider 
the  limbs  made  by  A.  A.  Marks  remarkable  for  simplicity  of  con- 
struction, durability,  efficiency,  and  comfort  to  the  wearers. 
Special  Gold  Medal  awarded. 

1877.  American  Institute,  New  York. — After  a  full  and  im- 
partial examination  of  Marks'  artificial  limbs,  the  Judges  report 
that  they  consider  the  exhibit  of  great  value  and  entitled  to  highest 
award.     Medal  for  Superiority  awarded. 

1878.  American  Institute,  New  York. — Having  received  the 
Medal  of  Superiority  in  1877,  The  Diploma  for  Maintained 
Superiority  is  awarded  at  the  Exhibition  of  1878. 

1881.  International  Cotton  Exposition,  Atlanta,  Ga. — First 
Premium,  Gold  Medal,  awarded  for  the  following  reasons: 

First.  Simplicity  in  the  mechanism  of  the  knee  joint  and  its 
excellent  movement.  Second.  Durability.  Third.  Ilubber  Foot, 
possessing  many  excellent  qualities  and  compensating  for  the 
absence  of  the  motion  in  the  ankle  joint.  The  highest  award  was 
declared  in  favor  of  A.  A.  Marks. 

1885.  The  World^s  Industrial  and  Cotton  Centennial  Exhibi- 
tion, New  Orleans,  La. — The  Jurors  having  carefully  examined 
the  exhibits  of  artificial  limbs  concur  in  recommending  the  award 
of  the  First  Class  Medal  to  A.  A.  Marks,  New  York.  Gold  Medal 
awarded. 

1889.  The  John  Scott  Legacy  Premium  and  Medal. — John 
Scott,  late  of  Edinburgh,  by  his  will  made  in  the  year  1816,  be- 
queathed a  sum  of  money  to  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  Phila- 
delphia, directing  that  the  interest  and  dividends  received  there- 
from shall  be  laid  out  in  premiums,  to  be  distributed  among  in- 
genious men  and  women  who  make  useful  inventions,  and  that 
therewith  shall  be  given  a  medal  with  this  inscription: 

"  To  The  Most  Deserving." 

The  great  improvements  in  artificial  limb  construction  consist 
in  the  substitution  of  rubber  for  wood  in  both  the  foot  and  hand. 

The  rubber  foot  consists  of  a  wooden  block  rigidly  secured  or 
formed  with  the  leg  and  extending  downwardly  to  within  about  two- 
fifths  of  the  distance  from  the  ankle  to  the  sole,  and  forward  to 
nearly  the  first  articulation  of  the  metatarsus  and  toes ;  this  block  is 
covered  with  india-rubber. 

The  action  of  such  an  artificial  foot  is  that  of  an  elastic  segment 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        251 

of  a  wheel.  The  shock  of  placing  the  weight  upon  the  heel  at  each 
step  is  avoided  by  the  elastic  cushion  of  rubber  forming  the  heel, 
and  as  the  weight  is  progressively  transmitted  to  the  forward  part 
of  the  foot,  by  the  combined  effect  of  muscular  exertion  in  the  re- 
maining part  of  the  natural  limb,  and  the  momentum  previously 
acquired,  an  easy  flexure  of  the  toes  takes  place,  which,  reacting 
elastically  as  the  weight  is  transferred  to  the  other  limb,  giving  an 
easy  and  naturally  appearing  movement.  Such  artificial  feet  are, 
upon  trial,  found  to  be  easier  to  use,  lighter,  and  more  comfortable. 

The  desire  to  adapt  the  india-rubber  hands  to  changes  of  flexure, 
for  purposes  of  better  and  more  natural  appearance  and  to  grasp 
light  objects,  led  Mr.  Marks  to  improve  them  by  making  a  light 
wooden  core  in  the  palm  or  metacarpal  portion  of  the  ht^nd  and 
inserting  ductile  metallic  wires  in  such  core,  which  extended 
centrally  through  the  fingers.  By  bending  the  fingers  they  retain 
the  form  in  which  they  are  set. 

The  latest  improvement  in  artificial  limbs  consists  in  forming 
the  leg  and  foot  part  of  a  single  piece  of  wood,  having  the  grain 
curved  naturally  in  its  growth,  such  pieces  being  procured  from  the 
parts  of  the  trunk  contiguous  to  the  roots  and  branches  of  trees; 
limbs  made  in  this  way  are  stronger  with  the  same  amount  of  wood 
remaining  in  them  than  when  made  of  parts  glued  together,  and  are 
made  waterproof,  which  is  a  valuable  feature  when  the  occupation 
of  the  wearer  exposes  it  to  constant  dampness,  or  to  water  itself, 
as  in  fishing,  mining,  dredging,  etc. 

The  above  report  was  presented  to  the  committee  appointed  by  the 
City  of  Philadelphia,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Franklin  Institute, 
and  it  was  unanimously  decided  that  the  John  Scott  Legacy  Medal 
and  Premium  be  awarded  to  A.  A.  Marks. 

1891.  Augusta  Exposition^  Augusta,  Ga. — Seven  Gold  Medals 
and  Awards  for  distinct  and  separate  features  of  excellence. 

First.  For  Improved  Artificial  Legs  with  Rubber  Feet. 

Second.  For  Improved  Artificial  Arms  with  Rubber  Hands. 

Third.  For  Superior  Methods  of  Suspenders  for  Artificial  Legs 
and  Arms. 

Fourth.  For  Superior  Crutches  and  other  Auxiliaries  for 
Cripples. 

Fifth.  For  a  Combined  Knife  and  Fork  for  the  use  of  one-armed 
men. 

Sixth.  For  Improved  Waterproof  Artificial  Legs,  carved  from 
natural  crook  timber. 

Seventh.  For  Improved  Artificial  Legs  and  Arms  with  Alu- 
minum Sockets. 

1893.  The  Elliott  Cressons  GtOld  Medal,  awarded  to  A.  A. 
Marks  for  aluminum  socket  artificial  legs  and  arms,  as  stated  in 
the  following  report : 

At  the  stated  meeting  of  the  committee  on  Science  and  the  Arta 
of  the  Franklin  Institute,  held  February  1,  1893,  the  following  re- 
port was  adopted  and  ordered  to  be  issued : 

This  invention  consists  of  an  improved  method  of  making  arti- 


252        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

ficial  limbs,  adapted  to  amputations  in  the  ankle,  or  below,  in  the 
tarsus  or  metatarsus,  in  which  the  former  modes  of  construction, 
with  articulated  ankle  joints  of  wood  as  the  material,  were  im- 
practicable and  unsatisfactory.  The  new  method  of  construction 
involves  the  use  of  aluminum  as  the  material  to  form  the  shell 
socket  or  sustaining  frame,  as  it  might  be  called,  the  aluminum 
shell  supporting  the  body,  and  forming  the  attachment  for  the 
elastic  rubber  foot,  which  acts  as  a  rolling  elastic  segment  simulat- 
ing the  functions  of  the  natural  foot  in  walking,  and  acting  as  an 
elastic  cushion  in  relieving  the  wearer  from  the  jar  or  shock  of 
resting  the  weight  upon  the  limb. 

Your  committee  has  examined  the  limbs  in  the  course  of  manu- 
facture, and  as  completed  and  as  in  use  by  wearers.  When  clothed, 
they  give  no  indication  in  walking  that  they  are  not  natural  feet. 

It  is  clearly  apparent  that  the  invention  is  one  affording  much- 
needed  relief  to  persons  heretofore  greatly  embarrassed,  and 
further  that  the  surgeons  may  save  much  more  of  the  patient's  body 
from  mutilation  than  heretofore,  and  yet  render  comfortable  and 
satisfactory  artificial  limbs  practicable. 

In  view  of  these  points  of  excellence  and  well-attested  evidence 
thereof  the  committee  awards  the  Elliott  Cresson  Medal  to  Mr. 
Marks,  of  New  York. 

1893.  WoRLD^s  Columbian  Exposition,  Chicago. — The  judges  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  artificial  limbs  decided  in  favor  of  Marks' 
artificial  limbs  and  recommended  to  highest  award  on  the  following 
points  of  excellence. 

First.  Rubber  Foot,  (a)  Its  close  approximation  to  the  mo- 
tions and  actions  of  the  natural  foot. 

(h)  Its  durability  and  lightness;  the  yielding  and  elastic  quali- 
ties of  rubber  supply  requisite  motion  without  necessitating  mech- 
anism. 

(c)  Phalangeal  assistance.  The  methods  of  construction  and 
connection  with  the  body  of  the  leg  in  each  case  are  such  as  to 
provide  assistance  in  walking  from  the  anterior  portion  of  the  foot, 
at  the  same  time  maintaining  the  height  of  the  wearer  when  walk- 
ing, same  as  is  obtained  from  the  natural  foot;  the  feature  of 
phalangeal  assistance  avoids  limping,  and  removes  the  fear  of  top- 
pling forward  when  standing. 

(d)  The  elasticity  of  rubber  affords  a  yielding  medium  to  alight 
upon,  thus  avoiding  jars  and  concussions  to  the  stumps. 

Second. — Knee  Joints,  (o)  The  construction  of  knee  joints  is 
such  as  to  render  them  capable  of  adjustment,  thus  obviating  the 
noise  that  follows  attrition. 

(h)  The  disposition  of  the  knee  spring,  which  assists  extension 
of  the  lower  leg,  is  such  as  to  become  neutralized  when  the  leg  is 
flexed  to  a  given  angle ;  this  avoids  "  kicking  out "  of  the  lower  leg 
when  the  wearer  is  sitting  and  unguarded. 

(c)  Safety  lock.  This  attachment  is  combined  with  the  knee 
mechanism,  and  provides  against  treacherous  flexing  of  the  kne^ 
thus  avoiding  dangerous  falls. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City.        253 

Third.  The  production  of  waterproof  legs  from  natural  crook 
timber  with  rubber  feet  attached. 

Fourth.  Aluminum  sockets,  especially  designed  for  stumps  that 
extend  to  the  ankle  and  in  the  body  of  foot. 

The  advantages  obtained  by  the  utilization  of  this  metal  are  as 
follows : 

(a)  The  production  of  a  socket  that  can  be  closely  fitted  to  the 
stump,  without  touching  or  allowing  painful  contact  with  any  of 
the  tender  spots  on  the  stump,  at  the  same  time  possessing  suf- 
ficient strength  to  properly  support  the  wearer. 

(&)  The  construction  of  a  socket  that  will  possess  the  requisite 
strength  without  conspicuously  enlarging  the  ankle. 

Fifth.  Eoller  Suspenders.  The  object  of  this  method  of  suspend- 
ing an  artificial  leg  to  the  wearer  is  to  avoid  the  moving  and  rub- 
bing of  the  shoulder  straps  on  the  shoulders. 

First.  The  Kubber  Hand,  (a)  Being  composed  of  rubber,  is 
pleasant  and  natural  to  the  touch  and  durable  in  construction. 

(6)  The  fingers,  being  ductile,  can  be  placed  into  accommodating 
positions. 

(c)  The  palm  of  the  hand,  being  provided  with  a  locking  socket, 
is  capable  of  holding  implements  of  utility  with  firmness. 

Second.  The  ability  to  detach  the  hand  at  the  wrist  for  laboring 
purposes. 

Third.  Rotation  of  hand  at  wrist. 

Fourth.  The  elbow  joint,  with  lock  for  holding  the  arm  in  a 
flexed  position. 

Fifth.  Fingers  and  parts  of  hands  made  of  rubber. 

Sixth.  Rotation  of  upper  arm  socket. 

In  conformity  with  the  Judges'  report,  the  highest  award  (medal 
and  diploma)  was  declared  in  favor  of  A.  A.  Marks,  New  York 
City. 

Two  additional  diplomas  were  awarded  by  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  one  for  Design,  and  the  other  for  Invention. 

1895.  Cotton  States  and  International  Exposition,  Atlanta, 
Ga. — This  certifies  that  the  appropriate  jury  has  awarded  to  A.  A. 
Marks  of  New  York  City  the  Gold  Medal  "  For  the  most  complete 
exhibition  of  ingenious  mechanics  for  the  relief  of  physical  defects 
and  deformities,  namely:  Artificial  Legs,  Rubber  Feet,  Artificial 
Knee  Joints,  Self -Adjusting  Suspenders,  Artificial  Arms,  Rubber 
Hands,  Duplex  Elbow  Joints,  and  Aluminum  Socket  Legs ;  also  for 
Imitating  the  Movements  of  Knee,  Elbow,  Wrist,  and  Finger 
Joints." 

1896.  American  Institute,  New  York. — After  a  full  and  im- 
partial examination  the  Judges  made  report : 

That  the  exhibit  of  A.  A.  Marks  of  artificial  limbs,  deserves  the 
highest  award  for  the  following  reasons. 

First.  To  the  rubber  foot  with  imbedded  metallic  mattress  spring. 

Second.  To  the  flexible  fingers  on  artificial  hand,  and  their  great 
adaptability  to  everyday  use. 

Third.  The  use  of  aluminum  in  place  of  wood  for  climatic  varia- 


254        A,  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City. 

tions  seems  to  be  of  practical  use  for  those  engaged  in  certain  em- 
ployments. 

Finally,  the  ingenious  combination  KJaife  and  Fork  for  the  one- 
armed  is  highly  commended.  The  medal  of  superiority  was  accord- 
ingly awarded. 

1897.  Tennessee  Centennial  and  International  Exposition, 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

The  highest  and  only  award  for  artificial  limbs  was  given  to  A. 
A.  Marks  of  New  York. 

The  merits  that  received  especial  recognition  were:  Artificial 
Legs  with  Rubber  Feet,  Adjustable  Knee  Joints,  Artificial  Arms 
with  Rubber  Hands,  and  a  Combination  Knife  and  Fork  for  one- 
armed  persons. 

1898.  Trans-Mississippi  and  International  Exposition,  Omaha, 
Neb.  Diploma  and  Gold  Medal  awarded  to  A.  A.  Marks,  New 
York. 

Marks'  Artificial  Legs  with  Rubber  Feet  and  Artificial  Arms 
with  Rubber  Hands  are  superior  to  all  others  in  the  following 
points : 

Excellence  of  mechanical  construction. 

Minimum  weight,  maximum  durability. 

Noiselessness. 

Motions  that  simulate  nature. 

Knee  joints,  adjustable  and  noiseless. 

Suspenders,  of  variety  adaptable  to  every  condition. 

Knee  lock  for  short  and  enervated  stumps. 

Fittings  that  permit  pressure  at  points  of  toleration,  avoiding 
impact  on  the  vascular  parts,  thereby  preventing  choking  of  blood 
vessels. 

Rubber  hands  with  ductile  fijigers,  most  accommodating  and 
possessing  the  greatest  range  of  utility. 

1900.  Exposition  Universelle  de  Paris,  France. 

A.  A.  Marks,  New  York. 

Dear  Sir: — I  am  instructed  by  Commissioner  General  Peck  to 
inform  you  that  you  have  been  awarded  the 

(GRAND  PRIX)  Grand  Prize 

for  your  exhibit  in  Class  16  at  the  International  Exposition,  Paris, 
1900. 

Respectfully  yours, 

J.  H.  Gore,  Juror-in-Chief. 

In  competition  with  nearly  fifty  manufacturers  from  all  parts 
of  the  world,  A.  A.  Marks  won  over  20  POINTS  OF  MERIT, 
thereby  earning  the  ONLY  GRAND  PRIZE  FOR  ARTIFICIAL 
LIMBS. 

1901.  Pan-American  Exposition,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  The  points 
of  merit  and  claims  for  superiority  presented  to  the  Board  of 
Jurors,  as  f  oUows : 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        255 

First.  The  rubber  foot  with  spring  mattress. 

Second.  Knee  joint  with  adjustable  bearings  and  removable 
bushings. 

Third.  Hip  joint  for  hip-joint  amputations. 

Fourth.  Knee  lock  for  short  and  enervated  stumps. 

Fifth.  Suspenders  arranged  to  minimize  the  burden  and  tax 
on  the  shoulders. 

Sixth.  Aluminum  sockets  for  ankle-joint  and  partial  foot  ampu- 
tations. 

Seventh.  Rubber  hand  with  ductile  fingers  and  palm  attachment 
for  holding  implements. 

Eighth.  Wrist  joint  admitting  of  rotation,  displacement  of  the 
hand  and  substitution  of  laboring  implements. 

Ninth.  Elbow  lock,  holding  arm  in  flexed  and  other  positions. 

Tenth.  Humeral  rotation,  admitting  the  arm  to  rotate  above  the 
elbow  joint,  so  that  when  flexed  it  can  be  brought  closer  to  the 
person. 

Eleventh.  Artificial  hand  for  partial  hand  amputation. 

Twelfth.  Artificial  legs  for  bathing  purposes  that  are  absolutely 
waterproof. 

Thirteenth.  Artificial  arms  that  are  absolutely  waterproof. 

Fourteenth.  Combination  knife  and  fork  designed  for  persons 
who  are  temporarily  or  permanently  disabled  in  one  hand. 

Upon  these  points  of  merit  the  Gold  Medal  and  Diploma  were 
awarded  to  A.  A.  Marks. 

1902,  South  Carolina  Inter-State  and  West  Indian  Exposi- 
tion, Charleston,  S.  C.  Gold  Medal  awarded  to  A.  A.  Marks, 
of  New  York,  for  artificial  legs  and  arms  of  superior  construction. 

1904.  The  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  (World^s  Fair), 
St.  Louis,  awarded  to  A,  A.  Marks,  of  New  York,  the  only  GRAND 
PRIZE  for  ARTIFICIAL  LIMBS,  the  highest  award  given  to  any 
exhibit  in  any  department. 

The  Grand  Prize  at  St.  Louis  following  the  Grand  Prix  at  Paris. 
1900,  prove  beyond  controversy  the  superiority  of  Marks'  artificial 
legs,  feet,  arms,  and  hands,  and  the  maintenance  of  their  excellence 
not  only  in  America,  but  throughout  the  entire  world. 

1905.  The  Lewis  and  Clark  Centennial  Exposition,  Portland, 
Oregon,  awarded  two  Gold  Medals  (highest  awards)  to  A.  A. 
Marks,  New  York,  manufacturers  of  the  celebrated  artificial  limbs 
with  rubber  feet  and  hands. 

1907.  New  Zealand  International  Exhibition,  Christchurch, 
New  Zealand,  November,  1906,  to  April,  1907.  The  highest  award 
of  merit.  Gold  Medal,  to  A.  A.  Marks,  New  York,  U.  S.  A.,  Arti- 
ficial Limbs. 

1907.  Jamestown  Exposition,  Norfolk,  Va.,  April  26th  to  No- 
vember 30th.  The  highest  award  Gold  Medal  to  A.  A.  Marks, 
Artificial  Limbs,  New  York. 


266        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


FOREIGN  MONEY  EQUIVALENTS. 

The  prices  given  in  this  book  are  in  United  States  money.  Parties  ordering  artificial 
limbs  or  supplies  can  make  remittances  in  their  own  national  money  or  any  money  that 
may  be  most  available.  The  following  table  has  been  computed  according  to  the  rates  of 
exchange  Angust  2,  1910. 


UNITED  STATES. 

BRITISH. 

FRENCH. 

eSRMAN. 

ITALIAN. 

g 

-^ 

i 

d 

s 

•i 

8 
S 

a 
6 

s 

1 

1 

1 

8 

6 

100 

00 

20 

11 

6 

512 

80 

416 

00 

512 

80 

75 

00 

15 

8 

n 

384 

60 

312 

00 

384 

60 

65 

00 

13 

7 

6 

333 

30 

270 

80 

330 

30 

60 

00 

12 

6 

11 

307 

60 

250 

00 

307 

60 

50 

00 

10 

5 

9 

256 

40 

208 

30 

256 

40 

40 

00 

8 

4 

74 

205 

20 

166 

65 

205 

20 

35 

00 

7 

4 

0+ 

179 

50 

145 

80 

179 

50 

30 

00 

6 

3 

5* 

153 

90 

125 

00 

153 

90 

25 

00 

5 

2 

10* 

128 

20 

104 

15 

128 

20 

20 

00 

4 

2 

4' 

102 

60 

83 

35 

102 

60 

15 

00 

3 

1 

9 

77 

00 

62 

50 

77 

00 

10 

00 

2 

1 

2 

51 

30 

41 

65 

51 

30 

5 

00 

1 

0 

7 

25 

65 

20 

85 

25 

65 

2 

00 

8 

4 

10 

25 

8 

35 

10 

25 

1 

00 

4 

2 

5 

15 

4 

17 

5 

15 

60 

2 

1 

2 

60 

2 

9 

2 

60 

25 

1 

Oi 

1 

30 

1 

5 

1 

30 

10 

5 

52 

42 

52 

5 

n 

26 

21 

26 

CHAPTER  XXXVII 

TESTIMONIALS 

Letters  commendatory  of  the  work  we  have  done  for  the  comfort 
of  those  with  amputated  or  injured  limbs  can  be  numbered  by 
the  thousands.  To  print  them  in  full  would  be  impracticable. 
One  hundred  and  forty  pages  are  all  that  can  be  given  to  this 
subject  and  in  order  to  make  it  interesting  and  far  reaching  we 
can  take  but  a  few  lines  from  those  letters  only  that  cover  the 
field,  not  only  in  the  scope  of  industry,  age  of  wearers,  experience 
with  limbs  of  other  manufacture,  but  remoteness  of  residence, 
thus  proving  that  our  work  is  capable  of  every  conceivable  use 
Bot  only  in  efficiency  but  strength  of  construction  and  endurance 
under  every  climatic  condition. 

Nearly  every  kind  of  amputation,  as  well  as  deformity,  is  shown; 
nearly  every  industry,  and  practically  every  part  of  the  world, 
represented. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  most  of  the  writers  were  supplied  with- 
out leaving  their  homes.  They  had  their  measurements  taken, 
and  sent  to  us,  and  had  artificial  limbs  constructed  by  them. 
Chapters  XV  and  XXX  enlarge  on  this  feature. 

*ALL  TESTIMONIALS  MAEKED  WITH  AN  ASTEEISK  (*)  ARE 
FROM  PERSONS  WHO  WERE  FITTED  FROM  MEASUREMENTS. 

It  was  customary  in  former  times  to  give  with  each  testimonial 
the  full  post-office  address  of  the  writer;  but  the  frequency  of 
complaints  by  the  writers  as  well  as  the  readers,  has  induced  us 
to  locate  by  counties  and  states  only  and  furnish  complete  ad- 
dresses when  asked  for.  Artificial  limb  wearers  move  about  the 
same  as  other  persons.  Among  eight  hundred,  a  large  proportion 
change  their  locations  every  year  and  cannot  be  reached  by  the 
old  addresses.  For  this  reason  it  is  better  to  give  up-to-date  ad- 
dresses as  they  are  needed  and  called  for.  Any  person  desirous  of 
communicating  or  conferring  with  testimonial  writers  can  make 
a  list  from  this  chapter  and  send  it  to  us.  Immediately  upon  its 
receipt  we  will  send  addresses  that  have  been  corrected  to  date. 

*  GEORGE    ABBOTT— Railway    Agent,    Harbor    Grace,    Newfound- 

land.    Below  knee. 
The  leg  you  made  for  me  is  now  ten  years  old  and  has  given 
perfect  satisfaction.  June  10,   1909. 

*  JAMES  A.  ADAMS— Laborer,  Northumberland  Co.,  N.  B.     Partial 

hand   amputation. 
The  artificial  hand   you  made   for  me  ten   years   ago   is   still  in 
good  order,  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  hands  that  is  made.     I  would 
not    be    without    it,    I    can    do    most    any    kind    of   work   with    it. 

March  23,  1910. 

257 


258        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  MES.  E.  E.  ABEL — Housewife,  Ontario.     Knee  amputation. 

I  am  very  thankful  for  the   leg  made  me  from  measurements. 
I  do   all  my   housework   and   a   lot  of   walking   and  I   have   never 


used   a  cane   or  anything,   and   I   can  walk  without   any   trouble. 

TOWNSEND   ACKERMAN— Hotel   keeper,    Ulster   Co.,    New   York. 

Above   knee. 

The  leg  you  sent  me  is  O.K.     I  get  along  nicely  with  it.     I  keep 

it  on  all  day  long  and  it  does  not  trouble  me  at  all.    March  16,  1909. 

*  ANTONIO  ALAECON— Merchant,  Mexico.     Below  knee. 

When  I  gave  my  order  in  1887  I  never  imagined  that  an  artificial 
leg  could  form  so  perfect  a  substitute  for  the  natural  one  in  walk- 
ing, riding  on  horseback,  and  even  dancing;  I  supposed  it  would 
merely  serve  to  hide  the  defect.  Experience  has  demonstrated  to 
me  the  superiority  of  artificial  legs  with  the  rubber  feet.  They 
combine  simplicity  of  construction  with  stability  and  ease  in 
walking. — Translated  from  Spanish.  April  24,  1910. 

*  WM.  E.  ALBEE— Stoker,  Franklin  Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

I  have  used  the  leg  you  made  for  me  for  six  years.  My  work 
is  firing  stationary  boilers;  it  is  hot  and  heavy.  I  believe  that  I 
could  not  have  done  the  work  that  I  had  to  do  with  any  other 
artificial  leg.  Oct.  10,  1909. 

*D.   A.   ALLEN — Station   Agent,   Pike   Co.,   Ark.     Knee   amputat'n. 

The  artificial  legs  furnished  by  you  at  different  times  have 
given  entire  satisfaction  in  every  respect  and  have  all  been  j^erfect, 
although  made  from  measurements  taken  by  myself.  I  am  em- 
ployed as  E.  R.  agent  and  operator  and  attend  to  all  the  various 
duties  connected  with  the  position.  May  30,  1908. 

LEONAED  D.  ALPAUGH— Brakeman,  Morris  Co.,  N.  J.   Below  knee. 

On  July  29th,  1903,  I  lost  my  left  leg  three  inches  below  the 
knee,  and  soon  after  purchased  an  artificial  one  from  you,  which 


A.  A.  Marls,  Arlificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  City.        259 


has  given  me  entire  satisfaction.  The  leg  is  a  good  strong  one, 
and  can  be  depended  upon  in  i)erforming  all  the  work  I  have 
occasion   to   put   upon   it.  Oct.    5     1909. 

*  EOBEET  F.  ALLEN— Carriage  Painter,  Livingston  Co.,  111.   Above 

knee. 
I  am  still   satisfied  to  wear  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me 
in    1895.     It    is    very    comfortable.  Nov.    23     1908. 

*  J.  HENRY  ALSTON  M.D.— Dorchester  Co.,  S.  C. 

The  artificial  arm  I  recently  ordered  for  my  patient  was  received 
and  found  to  fit  perfectly,  and  the  patient  is  very  much  pleased 
with  it.  The  mechanism  and  material  are  superb.  July  29  1907. 
ALICE  ANDEESON— New  Zealand.     Above  knee. 

My  friends  say  I  have  improved  wonderfully  in  walking  since  I 

obtained  your  new  style  of  artificial  leg  for  thigh  amputation.     I 

am  nearly  as  well  as  if  I  had  never  lost  a  leg.  Dec.  27,  1908. 

EICHAED  ANDEESON— Farm  Superintendent,  Somerset  Co.,  N.  J., 

Ankle  amputation. 

I  have  worn  many  makes  of  artificial  feet,  but  there  are  none 
so  satisfactory  as  yours.  Work  every  day  from  Iz  to  18  hours 
and  frequently  walk  twenty  miles.  Cannot  say  too  much  in  praise 
of  your  limbs.  July  17,  1909. 

*  VICTOE  A.   ANDEESON— Penobscot   Co.,  Me.     Above  knee. 

I  am  wearing  one  of  your  legs  now  that  I  bought  fifteen  years 
ago.  March   24,   1909. 

*  WM.   EOBEET  ANDEEWS— Storeman,  Auckland,  New  Zealand. 

Above  knee. 
The    artificial    leg    I    received    from    you    eighteen    months    ago 
pleases  me  very  much.     It  is  a  great  blessing  to  me.      May  8,  1909. 

*  JOHN  WESLEY  ANDEEWS— Clerk,  Argentine  Eep.,  S.  A.    Below 

knee. 
I  am  acquainted  with  a  Spaniard  in  need  of  an  artificial  leg. 
I  have  told  him  repeatedly  that  your  make  is  the  best  in  the 
world.  The  one  you  made  for  me  in  1888  lasted  for  18  years 
and  the  one  you  made  in  1906  is  still  as  good  as  new.  You  and 
I  are  old  acquaintances  and  I  think  a  good  deal  of  you,  although 
we  have  never  met.  You  people  are  the  only  ones  who  know 
what  artificial  limbs  really  ought  to  be.  Oct.   10,  1909. 

*  MES.  JOS.  ANTHONY— Conception  Bay,  Newfoundland.    Above 

knee. 

I  have  worn  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  and  am  highly 
satisfied.  I  can  walk  to  the  Salvation  Army  Barracks  without  the 
aid   of   a  stick.    I   am   a  member  of   that  noble   body   of   people. 

April  8,  1908. 
THOMAS  APPLEBY— Farmer,  Ontario.     Below  knee. 

It  is  with  pleasure  I  inform  you  that  the  artificial  leg  you  made 
for  me,  nearly  seven  years  ago,  is  being  used  satisfactorily  and 
advantageously.  I  cannot  give  too  much  praise  for  your  work,  and 
doubt  very  much  that  the  limb  can  be  improved  upon.  I  wear  it 
constantly  without  the  least  discomfort.  Oct.  6,  1909. 

MISS  JOSEPHINE  AEEY— Penobscot  Co.,  Me.     Shortened  leg. 

I  wish  to'  express  my  continued  gratitude  for  the  apparatus 
made  by  you  six  years  ago.  At  that  time  I  could  not  get  about 
the  house  without  the  assistance  of  a  crutch.  I  walk  now  without 
the  assistance  of  a  cane.  It  seems  as  though  I  were  living  in  a 
new  world.  It  has  done  more  for  me  than  I  ever  dared  hope  for. 
I  only  wish  all  who  are  thus  afflicted  might  be  able  to  call  on 
A.  A.  Marks,  who  will  add  much  happiness  to  their  lives  and  benefit 
them  as  much  as  he  has  me.  Oct.  13,  1909. 


260        A.  A.  Marl's,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  F.  S.  AEMANTEOUT— Clerk,  Adams  Co.,  Ind.     Above  knee. 

I  have  worn  artificial  leg's  of  your  make  for  many  years;  the 
last  one  I  have  had  a  little  over  two  years.  It  is  giving  the 
best  of  satisfaction.  Aug.  21,  1909. 

A.  J.  AKMSTEONG— Train  Dispatcher,  Erie  Co.,  N.  Y.     Below  knee. 

In  1891  I  suffered  the  amputation  of  my  right  leg.  After  trying 
two  different  makes — one  with  cords  and  ankle  joint  and  the  other 
with  hard  rubber — I  purchased  one  of  your  legs  with  sponge 
rubber  foot  in  1895.  I  wore  it  until  November,  1903,  with  perfect 
satisfaction,  and  without  one  cent  cost  for  repairs.  In  my  occu- 
pation as  train  dispatcher  for  the  New  York  Central  E.  E.,  I  do 
not  have  to  be  on  my  feet  as  much  as  others,  but  my  home  is  two 
miles  from  the  office,  and  I  walk  both  ways  in  winter  and  ride  my 
wheel  in  summer.  In  fact  I  do  the  same  as  I  would  if  both  feet 
were  natural.  The  one  I  purchased  from  you  last  gives  the  same 
perfect  satisfaction.  I  think  thirteen  years  of  constant  wear  with- 
out a  cent  for  repairs,  must  appeal  with  force  to  wearers  of 
artificial  feet  with  cords  and  ankle  joints.  Oct.   8,   1909. 

*  WILLIAM  J.  ANGIEE— Engineer,  Eichmond  Co.,  Ga.     Below  knee. 
I  have   no   trouble  with   my   artificial   limb.     It  is   the   third   of 

your  legs  that  I  have  worn,  and  I  am  proud  to  say  that  I  would 


not  have  any  other.  My  amputation  is  six  inches  above  the  ankle, 
left  foot.  I  am  running  a  locomotive  every  day,  hauling  passenger 
trains,  and  I  am  never  inconvenienced  in  any  way.       Oct.  9,  1909. 

*  MES.  J.  W.  AEMSTEONG— Bexar  Co.,  Tex.,  son  Freddie,  aged  9. 
I   cannot  estimate   the   comfort  my   little   son   has   in   the   limb 

you  made  for  hira  twelve  years  ago,  when  he  was  only  two  years 
old.  It  has  enabled  him  to  take  part  in  all  boyish  pastimes  and  he 
goes  from  morning  until  night,  running,  walking,  and  playing 
the  same  as  other  boys,  and  without  fatigue.  Oct.  13,  1909. 

*  JOSE  A.  AEEIGHI— Arg.  Eep.     Above  knee. 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  inform  you  that  the  leg  procured  for  me 
by  Mr.  Jose  Anto.  Orfila,  over  two  years  ago,  has  proved  excel- 
lent, and  the  fit  is  perfect,  even  in  the  heat  of  this  season  of  the 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Torlc  City.        261 

year,  and  when  the  weather  is  temperjite,  I  cannot  tell  tliat  1  am 
wearing  it.  I  walk  three  miles  a  day,  sometimes  much  more, 
with  the  greatest  ease  and  comfort. — Translated  from  Si)anish. 


*  ALFEEDO   J.   J.   AUSTIN,  M.D.— Mier,   Mexico. 

In  January,  1900,  I  ordered  an  artificial  leg  from  you  for  Andres 
Cantu,  Custom  House  Guard  at  this  place.  Mr.  Cantu  has  a  stump 
with  only  1^2  inches  of  the  thigh  l;u)ne.  He  duly  received  the  leg 
and  has   used  it  ever   since  exposed   it  to   all   climatic  variations, 


mounted  and  afoot  day  and  night,  ever  on  the  lookout  for  smiigglers 
on  the  Eio  Grande  Eiver.  He  is  considered  one  of  the  best  officers 
in  the  service.  He  claims  that  his  artificial  leg  fulfills  all  the 
requirements  of  the  natural.  I  send  you  four  photographs  as 
follows: — 1st,  showing  bare  stump;  2nd,  standing;  3rd,  in  the  act 
of   mounting,   and   4th,   mounted.     They   were   taken  Jan.    1,    1908. 


262 


A.  A.  Marl-s,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


*  EMIL  ASHE— Saw   mill,   Morca  Co.,   N.   M.     Wrist   amputation. 
You  made  an  artificial  hand  for  me,  right  side,  in  1892,  fifteen 

years  ago  and  I  am  still  using  that  arm.  Your  artificial  arms 
are  without  question  the  best  in  this  and  European  countries.  I 
have  traveled  abroad  and  there  is  nothing-  as  good  as  yours  there. 

Dec.  22,  1907. 

*  AIME  N.  ASSELIN — ^Androscoggin  Co.,  Me.     Elbow  amputation. 
I  had  an  arm  made  by  you  a  few  years  ago  and  I  am  satisfied 

with  it.  I  am  now  advising  a  friend  of  mine  to  get  an  arm  of 
you.  March   2,   1910. 

*  DE.  JUEJUS  AUN— Syria,  Turkey.     Below  elbow. 

I  have  received  the  artificial  arm  for  Abraham  Fadel;  it  fits  and 
he  is  very  much  pleased  with  it.  I  congratulate  you  for  your 
great  help  to  mankind.  Jan.  28,  1908. 

*  MARTIN  BAAL — Gardener,  Dubuque  Co.,  la.     Ankle  amputation. 

I  am  so  well  pleased  with  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  so 
many  years  ago  that  I  shall  give  you  my  order  for  another  one 
just  as  soon  as  the  Government  will  give  it  to  me.       July  18,  1909. 

*  A.  J.  BABIN— Quebec,  Canada.     Below  elbow. 

I  am  wearing  an  artificial  arm  and  hand  you  made  for  me.  It 
has  given  me  entire  satisfaction  and  I  do  my  work  twice  better 
than   before.  Nov.    18,   1908. 


J.  F.  BALDRIDGE— Carpenter,  Wyandotte  Co.,  Kan.  Above  knee. 
I  still  wear  the  leg  you  made  me  years  ago.  I  am  able  to  walk 
much  better  than  before  amputation,  having  been  a  cripple  since 
the  Civil  War.  I  have  built  a  house  each  year,  four  of  which  were 
two  stories  high,  doing  most  of  the  work  myself  on  every  part 
of  the   building.  Oct.   9,   1909. 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        263 

*FEANK  E.  BAIK— Laborer,  Pettis  Co.,  Mo.     A])ove  knee. 

I  received  an  artificial  leg  from  you  in  1906.  After  three  or  four 
days  practice,  I  got  so  that  I  could  walk  around  without  the  aid 
of  even  a  cane.  Walked  down  town  at  least  a  mile.  A,  A.  Marks 
artificial  limbs  are  first-class  and  ahead  of  any  I  have  ever  seen. 
Have  comj)ared  notes  with  many  others.  Feb.   10  1909. 

COL.  JONATHAN  BAKER— Elizabeth  Co.,  Va.     Below  knee. 

I  am  living  at  the  National  Soldiers'  Home  in  Virginia.  My  leg 
was  amputated  below  the  knee  twenty  years  ago.  wSince  that  time 
my  experience  with  the  Marks  manufactured  legs  is  most  sat- 
isfactory. I  can  walk  eight  miles  a  day  with  ease  and  do  laboring 
work.  Dec.  18,  1907. 

*  NORMAN  COLE-BAKER— New  Zealand.     Above  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  legs  since  1889,  and  have  hardly  had  it 
off  in  all  that  time  for  a  single  day,  and  the  last  four  years  I  have 
been  living  back  in  a  new  settlement  where  everything  is  very 
rough.  I  have  often  been  fourteen  hours  on  horseback  at  a  time 
either  stock  riding  or  packing,  and  during  the  winter  do  my 
share  of  bush  felling.     The  rubber  foot  acts  splendidly.  Jan.  12,  1907, 

*WM.  H.  BALL — Teamster,  Osceola  Co.,  Mich.    Below  knee. 

I  am  well  pleased  with  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me.  I 
have  worn  it  every   day  since   I  got  it.  May   16,   1909. 

*  WM.  L.  BARNDEN— Laborer,  Westmoreland  Co.,  N.  B.  Below  knee, 
I   received   my    artificial   leg   in   good    condition.     It   fits   me    in 

every  respect  and  I  am  very  much  pleased  with  it.  A  week  after 
I  got  it  I  was  able  to  walk  as  good  as  any  man  I  have  ever  seen 
with  an  artificial  leg.  There  are  a  number  of  men  in  this  vicinity 
with  other  makes  but  they  all  admire  mine.  You  are  at  liberty 
to  use  this  testimonial  if  you  desire.  Feb.  19,  1910, 

*  PETER  BARNES— Mill  hand,  Newcastle  Co.,  Del.    Wrist  amput'n. 
It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  speak  in  the  highest  terms  of  your 

artificial  hand,  which  answers  every  purpose.  I  am  proud  to  say 
that  I  can  do  almost  anything  with  it.  March,  22,  1907, 

*  MISS   C.   G.   BAER— Otago,   New   Zealand.     Knee   bearing. 

I  am  very  thankful  to  you  for  the  leg  you  made  me.  It  con- 
tinues to  be  in  perfect  order  and  has  been  in  use  for  nine  years 
and  have  never  once  had  to  have  anything  done  to  it.  It  is  mar- 
velous  what   you   can   do   for   creatures   that   have   been   maimed. 

July  4,  1909. 

*  MISS  EDIE  BARRATT— Eavensthorpe,  England.     Below  knee. 
When  Dr.  Teale,  of  Leeds,  advised  me  to  apply  to  Mr.  Barstow 

for  a  Marks  (American)  Artificial  Leg,  I  was  very  much  worried 
because  it  was  so  far  away,  but  I  am  thankful  I  took  his  advice. 
The  artificial  leg  far  surpassed  anything  I  ever  dreamt  of.  I 
walk  so  naturally  that  nobody  notices  that  I  have  an  artificial 
leg.  I  am  a  member  of  a  tennis  club  and  play  nearly  every  evening 
during  the  season,  and  I  play  as  well  as  most  people.  Often  I 
walk  six  miles  without  a  rest,  and  can  do  anything  in  house  work 
like  other  women.  I  like  the  stability  of  the  rigid  ankle,  as  the 
steel    mattress    and    rubber    foot    give    all    the    spring    required, 

April  27,  1908, 

*  MISS  ELFREDA  BARRETT— Seamstress,  Newfoundland.    Above 

knee. 
I  cannot  praise  your  artificial  legs  too  highly.  I  can  do  every- 
thing in  the  line  of  housework.  I  move  about  very  quickly  and 
take  long  walks.  I  have  surprised  people  with  what  I  do  since  I 
have  been  wearing'  your  artificial  leg  with  spring  mattress  rubber 
foot,  Oct.  12,  1909, 


264        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linihs,  New  YorJc  City. 


*  JOSEPH  H.   BATY— Ship   Caulker,   Westchester   Co.,   N.   Y. 

In  1865  I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  my  right  foot  and  part  of 
the  left  on  the  Harlem  Eailroad,  and  when  it  was  healed  I  called 
on  you  to  furnish  me  with  a  substitute  for  the  lost  member.  I 
have   been   wearing   one   constantly   for   the   last  forty-four   years, 


and  can  truthfully  say  that  I  am  more  than  satisfied  with  it,  not 
knowing  what  I  could  do  without  it,  as  my  work  is  very  heavy 
at  times  and  keeps  me  either  on  my  feet  or  moving  about.  My 
trade,   as   you   know,   is   ship   caulker. 

*  FLOEIPE  BARRIL— Chile,  South  America.     Above  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  you  made  for  me  in  1897  is  as  good  to-day 
as  if  I  had  only  used  it  a  year  instead  of  ten  years  since  I  met 
with  my  misfortune,  and  no  one  can  detect  that  it  is  an  artificial 
arm.  Nov.  21,  1907. 

*  MANUEL  BARRO— Weaver,  Bristol  Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

I  take  pleasure  in  telling  you  that  the  leg  is  a  great  success.  I 
am  highly  satisfied.  I  walk  naturally.  I  shall  encourage  every- 
body in  need  to  get  in  touch  with  you.  Nov.  15,  1908. 

*  G.  H.  BARSTOW— Representative  for  A.  A.  Marks  in  Great  Britain, 

Mexborough  House,  Ferrybridge,  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Below  knee. 
I  have  worn  artificial  legs  for  the  past  25  years,  and  have  made 
a  careful  study  of  the  subject.  In  my  opinion  there  is  no  arti- 
ficial leg  made  that  approaches  a  Marks  for  durability,  comfort, 
and  natural  appearance.  I  get  about  with  comfort  and  ease,  have 
visited  all  the  principal  towns  and  cities  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  with  frequent  trips  on  the  Continent.  I  have  worn  various 
types  of  artificial  legs  previous  to  the  Marks,  but  none  of  them 
were  made  so  that  I  could  leave  home  for  any  length  of  time, 
on  account  of  their  liability  to  break  down.  My  present  leg  has 
not  cost  me  one  jiound  for  repairs  during  the  years  I  have  worn 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  TAmhs,  New  York  City.        205 

it.  Am  pleased  at  any  time  to  g-ivc  advice  to  anyone  unfortunate 
enough  to  have  lost  a  limb.  I  wore  your  leg-  for  many  years 
before  I  became  your  British  representative.  April  6,  1909. 

Persons  in  Great  Britain  in  need  of  artificial  leg's  or  arms, 
feet  or  hands,  are  referred  to  Mr.  Barstow,  who  will  take  measure- 
ments, attend  to  all  details  of  ordering  and  apply  them  and  give 
advice  on  all  points.  A,  A.  MARKS. 

*  L.  A.  BASTIDAS— Colombia,  S.  A.     Below  knee. 

My  right  leg  was  amputated  a  little  below  the  knee  in  1887.  As 
soon  as  the  stump  was  healed  I  was  advised  to  order  an  artificial 
leg  from  you.  I  received  one  in  1889.  The  leg  fitted  correctly,  and 
I  handled  it  with  extreme  facility.  Although  it  was  only  guaran- 
teed for  five  years,  it  lasted  me  until  the  end  of  1902,  and  was 
then  in  good  condition.  I,  however,  replaced  it  with  another  from 
your  establishment,  and  in  it  I  noted  important  improvements. 
My  occupation  is  that  of  a  merchant  and  farmer.  I  take  trips 
on  horseback  over  very  rough  roads  of  36  to  60  leagues.  I  walk 
with  ease  and  comfort. — Translated  from  Spanish.       Nov.  16,  1909. 

*  JUAN  BECKER— Uruguay,   S.   A.    Below  knee. 

I  received  the  artificial  leg  with  rubber  foot  which  you  made  for 
me  and  I  have  been  wearing  it  constantly  ever  since  and  can  walk 
perfectly  and  do  all  kinds  of  work.  I  am  compelled  to  be  on  foot, 
walking  about  from  morning  till  night,  and  my  stump  never  feels 
fatigued.  I  therefore  tender  you  my  most  sincere  thanks  for  send- 
ing me  such  a  perfect  apparatus. 

DANIEL  G.  BECKWITH— Farmer,  Chemung  Co.,  N.  Y.  Above  knee. 
There  is  but  one  leg  made  that  I  would  wear  and  that  is  the 
MARKS.  I  lost  my  leg  in  the  Civil  War  and  have  worn  artificial 
legs  of  your  construction  since  1876.  The  leg  I  am  now  wearing 
has  been  in  use  for  fourteen  years  and  has  not  cost  me  one  cent 
for  repair.  July  1,  1909. 

*  GILSON   BELI/— Reporter,    Hawaii.    Below   knee. 

The  limb  forwarded  to  me  by  express  on  the  22nd  of  August, 
1907,  has  given  me  satisfaction.  I  must  say  I  am  exceedingly  well 
pleased  with  it.  The  leg  I  got  of  you  previously  was  put  to  active 
service  for  ten  years.  Jan.  10,  1908. 

*  FRANK  A.  BENNER,   M.D.— Montreal,  Canada.     Partial   foot. 
The  artificial  leg  I  purchased  of  you  for  a  Chopart  amputation 

has  been  put  to  the  severest  test.     It  has  given  me  all  the  satis- 
faction possible.  Sept.  18,  1907. 

*  S.  A.  BENTON— Anson  Co.,  N.  C.     Below  knee. 

The  leg  I  got  of  you  in  1896  is  still  in  use  and  is  in  remarkable 
good  condition.  May  25,  1908. 

*  V.  BERNIER — Laborer,   Quebec.     Shoulder  amputation. 

I  feel  satisfied  with  my  arm;  everything  goes  all  right.  Have 
used  it  six  years.  Oct.  20,  1909. 

MONS.   F.   J.   BERNIER— Montreal.— Below  knee. 

It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  add  my  testimonial  to  the  long 
list  you  already  have.  I  am  a  professional  prestidigitateur.  When 
I  lost  my  leg,  I  realized  the  importance  of  getting  an  artificial  one 
that  would  imitate  nature  in  shape  and  action  as  well  as  possible. 
I  traveled  a  great  deal  and  examined  the  works  of  most  of  the 
manufacturers,  and  finally  concluded  that  I  could  get  the  best 
results  by  wearing  one  of  your  legs  with  rubber  foot.  I  have 
worn  the  leg  over  five  years.     When  I  appear  on  the  stag-e  mj  steps 


266 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


are  elastic  and  never  betray  the  fact  that  I  wear  an  artificial  leg. 
After  having  vi'orn  yonr  leg  abcmt  six  weeks,  I  invited  the  surgeon 
who  amputated  my  limb  to  witness  my  performance;  he  invited 
in  turn  his  medical  class.    When  I  was  called  upon  to  show  my 


artificial    limb,    you    should    have    seen    the    expression    on    those 
students'  faces — they  could  hardly  believe  it. 

*  MES.   JANE   BIED— Worcester  Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

I  take  pleasure  in  recommending  your  artificial  limbs.  I  had 
the  misfortune  to  have  mine  amputated  half  way  between  the  knee 
and  ankle,  the  future  looked  dark  until  you  furnished  me  with  a 
limb  nineteen  years  ago.  I  wore  it  continually  until  you  made 
a  new  one  five  years  ago.  I  have  a  large  family  and  do  all  my 
housework  with  ease.  Oct.   11,   1909. 

*  EDWARD  T.  BIETLES— Saddler,  New  Zealand.     Below  knee. 

I  have  had  the  artificial  leg  I  received  from  you  in  use  about 
a  year.  I  am  well  satisfied  with  it  and  find  it  far  more  satisfactory 
than  any  I  have  previously  used.  It  is  very  light  and  comfortable 
to  wear  and  so  far  is  wearing  well.  The  foot  retains  its  shape 
perfectly. 

*  HENRY  J.  BISHOP— Teacher,  Newfoundland.     Above  knee. 

My  leg  was  amputated  two  inches  above  the  knee  in  June, 
1897.  I  obtained  a  substitute  from  you  in  July,  1898.  I  stand  and 
walk  about  for  hours  at  a  time  without  feeling  the  least  fatigue. 
I  have  on  several  occasions  walked  eight  or  ten  miles  in  a  day  with 
it.  It  scarcely  ever  occurs  to  strangers  that  I  am  wearing  an 
artificial  limb.  Hardly  any  expense  for  repairs  of  any  kind  have 
been  needed  during  the  ten  years  I  used  it.  Its  successor  made 
by  you  a  few  years  ago  is  at  present  in  harness  and  giving  the  same 
satisfaction  as  my  old  friend  No,  1,  Oct.  30,  1909, 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.        267 


*  DAVIS  H.  BISHOP— Miner,  IruliaTia  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 

I  have  used  one  ol  your  limbs  one  year  to-day.  'J'he  rubber 
foot  I  am  well  jileased  with,  and  I  am  satisfied  with  the  fitting-. 
My  leg  is  off  three  inehes  below  the  knee.  I  am  a  coal-digg-er,  and 
am  working-  every  day.  I  can  walk  one  mile  in  twenty  minutes. 
Your   spring   mattress   rubber   foot   is   the   best   out. 


*  ALBERT  BLAKELY— Eavensthorpe,  England.     Below  elbow. 
Just  a  line  to  let  you  know  that  I  am  getting  on  splendidly  with 

the  Marks  Arm.     I  am  writing  this  letter  with  the  rubber  hand. 

July  8,  1908. 

J.  ANDEEW  BLAKEE— Teacher,  Monroe  Co.,  W.  Va.  Shortened  leg. 
I  have  been  wearing  an  appliance  of  your  make  for  about  seven 
years.  My  leg  is  six  inches  short  and  the  ankle  is  very  weak,  but 
with  the  extension  I  can  walk  with  ease.  My  occupation  is  that  of 
a  teacher,  and  as  such,  I  must  stand  and  walk  a  good  deal.  I  can 
ride  a  wheel,  skate,  and  in  fact  do  anything  that  I  could  do  with 
two  natural  limbs.  Oct.  13,  1909. 

*  0.  F.  BLEVIlSrS— Eegistrar,  Wilkes  Co.,  N.  C.     Below  knee. 

I  have  been  w^earing  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  about  six 
years  and  can  say  that  it  has  given  entire  satisfaction.  I  live  two 
miles  from  our  court  house  and  I  walk  to  and  from  the  court 
house  every  day.  My  occupation  is  registrar  of  deeds  for  Wilkes 
County,  N.  C.  My  leg  is  amj)utated  just  below  the  knee.  I  take 
great  pleasure  in  recommending  your  make  of  limbs.     Sept.  17  1908. 

*  H.    L.   BOLDEICK— Winnipeg,   Manitoba,    Canada. 

I  lost  my  right  arm  fifteen  years  ago  and  know  the  value  of 
your  artificial  arms.  Aug.  24,  1907. 


268 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


CLEOPHAS  BOLDUC— Baggageman,  Quebec,     Below  knee. 

My  occupation  is  train  baggageman  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Ey. 
About  fifteen  years  ago  in  an  accident  on  the  road  my  left  leg 
was  amputated.  Shortly  afterwards  I  purchased  an  artificial  one 
from  your  firm  and  it  was  in  constant  use  for  ten  years.  My 
run  on  the  road  is  172  miles  which  occupies  seven  hours  daily, 
and  I  have  no  difficulty  in  doing  my  work  and  have  never  lost 
any  time  and  have  had  no  soreness  in  my  stump.  The  artificial 
leg  recently  purchased  has  the  appearance  of  giving  the  same  good 
service  as  the  old  one. 


*  H.   E.   BOLICH — Farmer,   Medina   Co.,   Ohio.     Ankle   amputation. 
Your  artificial   legs   are   the   best  in   the  market.     The   one   you 

made  for  mie  fits   perfect.  Nov.   30,   1908. 

*  J.  LALUNG  BONNAIRE— Martinique,  West  Indies.     Below  knee. 
My  son  thanks  you  very  much  for  the  artificial  leg  which  he  is 

now  wearing  for  over  a  year.  It  enables  him  to  go  about  and  do 
things  as  other  children  of  his  age — he  goes  to  school,  runs,  romps 
and  plays.  I  extend  to  you  my  warmest  thanks  for  the  excellent 
artificial  leg  you  sent  me  for  my  crippled  boy.  Nov.  18,  1908. 

*  J.  J.  BOOTH— Miner,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Cal.     Below  knee. 
The  artificial  leg  recently  made  for  me  has  been  received,  and 

I  am  wearing  it  with  comfort.  I  have  subjected  it  to  the  severest 
kinds  of  tests  for  over  one  month  and  it  stands  them  all.  In  my 
work  as  miner  I  have  to  climb  a  60  degree  shaft,  110  feet  deep, 
twice  every  day  and  have  no  difficulty  in  doing  so.  I  have  already 
made  one  walk  of  eight  miles  in  an  afternoon.  You  will  remember 
that  you  made  an  artificial  leg  for  me  in  1883,  when  I  was  only 
eight  years  of  age,  and  since  then  you  have  made  two  or  three 
legs.    All   of   these   have  given  me   the   best  of  satisfaction. 

Jan.  17,  1910. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        269 

JAMES  G.  BRADY — Lackawanna  Co.,  Pa.  Both  arms  amputated 
below  the  elbows. 
I  am  writing  you  a  few  lines  to  let  you  know  how  nicely  I  am 
doing  with  the  artificial  arms  you  made  for  me.  This  letter  is 
written  with  the  pen  held  in  the  right  rubber  hand.  I  have 
worked  for  the  Lackawanna  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  I  have  been  Alderman 
of  my  own  Ward,  I  have  been  registrar  of  voters,  and  in  fact  have 
engaged  in  many  occupations  that  have  required  a  great  deal  of 
writing,  and  I  do  it  all  with  the  artificial  hands.  Thanks  to  you. 
The  people  in  our  Ward  say  your  artificial  hands  are  wonderful 
when  they  see  me  writing. 


*  C.  C.  BOSE  M.D.— Bengal,  India.    Ankle  amputation. 

I  am  glad  to  inform  you  that  I  have  great  satisfaction  in  the 
use  of  the  foot  you  made.  I  agree  with  you  that  it  is  better  not 
to  have  a  joint  at  the  ankle.  May  19,  1908. 

*  GEO.  B.  BOWDEN— Merchant,  TransvaaJ,  Africa.     Below  knee. 

I  am  feeling  confident  with  your  artificial  leg.  I  wear  it  con- 
stantly at  business.  I  like  your  limbs  so  well  I  shall  send  on 
some  of  the  old  ones  to  be  reconstructed.  April  5,  1909. 

*  L.  BOUTINON— France.    Below  knee. 

I  have  been  wearing  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  con- 
stantly, and  it  is  with  the  greatest  pleasure  I  can  certify  that  I 
never  felt  as  comfortable  before  while  I  wore  other  patents.  The 
main  objection  I  made  against  your  system  was  the  absence  of 
the  ankle  joint,  but  now  I  can  say,  this  is  the  chief  merit  of  your 
limbs.  I  am  now  able  to  walk  much  longer  distances  than  ever 
before. 

*  FEED  BEADLEY—  So.  Wales,  England.    Instep  amputation. 

A  year  ago  you  made  an  artificial  foot  for  my  instep  amputation. 
I  have  worn  the  leg  in  a  most  satisfactory  way.  Jan.  10,  1908. 

*  ALLEN  T.  BOWIE— Court  Clerk,  Adams  Co.,  Miss.     Knee  bearing. 
In  1883  my  leg  was  amputated  belovp  the  knee.    Have  used  several 

makes  of  artificial  limbs  and  now  wear  A.  A.  Marks  knee-bearing 
one  with  the  most  satisfaction.  Oct.  8,  1909. 


270        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

*  DR.    GAEL   B.   BOYD— Gila   Go.,   Ariz. 

The  Indian,  Andrew  Pat,  for  whom  you  constructed  an  artificial 
leg  from  measurements  which  I  took,  is  able  to  get  around  nicely. 

March  17,   1909. 

*  DAVID  BOYTER— Shoemaker,  Algoma  Go.,  Ont.  Both  below  knee. 
I  am  satisfied  with  the  comfort  I  am  getting  from  the  artificial 

legs  you  made  for  me  over  a  year  ago.  There  is  no  trouble  for 
me  to  get  about  and  I  have  been  told  by  persons  that  I  can  walk 
as  well  as  anyone  with  their  natural   legs.  Nov.   9,   1908. 

*  HAEOLD  BEADY— Farmer,  Cass  Co.,  Mich.     Above  knee. 

In  January,  1903,  I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  my  left  leg,  as  I 
was  troubled  with  necrosis  of  the  bone  and  had  to  have  my  leg 
amputated  about  six  and  one-half  inches  from  nay  body.  I  got 
your  leg  in  July,  1903,  and  have  worn  it  with  great  satisfaction.  I 
can  ride  a  bicycle  and  get  around  with  ease.  Oct.  11,  1909. 

*  LUIS  BEAVO— Lawyer,  Portugal.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  I  obtained  from  you  two  years  ago,  made  from 
measurements  which  I  sent  you  is  of  admirable  construction.  It 
is  light  and  easy  to  walk  with  and  I  am  satisfied  with  it.  I  take 
pleasure  in   recommending  your  work  to   others^ 

For  eighteen  years  I  was  tied  to  an  artificial  leg  made  in  Lisbon 
after  some  French  system.  It  never  was  really  useful.  I  feel 
that  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  is  very  much  better,  lighter 
and  more  efficient.  Oct.  20,  1909. 

A.  BEIDGEMAN— Mill  Inspector,  New  Haven  Co.,  Conn.  Below 
knee. 
My  leg  is  amputated  below  the  knee,  leaving  a  stump  of  about 
six  inches.  I  have  worn  artificial  legs  for  over  thirty-five  years. 
I  have  worn  two  different  legs  with  ankle  and  toe  movements,  also 
three  legs  of  your  manufacture,  and  it  gives  me  great  pleasure 
to  state  that  I  have  always  found  your  style  of  leg  capable  and 
able  to  do  all  that  I  require  of  it.  My  vocation  compels  me  to  do 
considerable  walking  and  am  on  my  feet  almost  continuously  twelve 
out  of  twenty-four  hours.  The  last  leg  you  furnished  me  is  giving 
as  good  satisfaction  as  those  of  the  past,  and  I  can  express  myself 
no  better  than  by  saying  that  I  know  your  make  of  leg  to 
be  the  best  substitute  for  nature  in  the  world.  Oct.  8,  1909. 

*  BASIL  S.  BEIGGS— Solicitor,  Wakefield,  England.    Above  knee. 

I  found  it  awkward  to  walk  on  the  limb  Mr.  Barstow  ordered 
for  me  at  the  start,  as  I  had  fallen  into  peculiar  habits  acquired 
during  my  three  years'  experience  with  London  legs.  I  had  one 
day  to  hurry  to  catch  a  train.  I  did  catch  it,  somewhat  to  my 
surprise  and  did  not  feel  exhausted  at  all. 

Walking  is  wonderfully  easy  with  the  Marks  Eubber  Foot  Leg. 
I  have  no  longer  the  severe  headache  which  used  invariably  to 
follow  any  considerable  amount  of  walking  with  the  London  hard- 
wood foot  leg,  and  I  am  looking  forward  to  greatly  improved 
health  as  a  result  of  the  change. 

I  do  not  think  it  too  much  to  say  that  the  new  leg  has  given 
me  a  new  lease  of  life,  and  it  has  certainly  made  the  future 
much  brighter.  June  10,  1909. 

*  C.  ELLWOOD  BEIGHT— Farmer,  Caroline  Co.,  Md.    Above  knee. 
I  have  a  leg  of  your  make  and  I  like  it  very  much;  have  been 

using  it  ten  years.  I  have  a  six-inch  stump  from  the  hip  joint. 
The  leg  works  all  O.K.  I  am  farming  and  trucking,  and  I  do  my 
own  work.  I  have  plowed  new  ground.  I  believe  the  Marks 
rubber  foot  cannot  be  beat.  Oct.  20,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        211 

*  J.  W.  BROCK— Traveling  Salesman,  Boone  Co.,  Ind.  Below  elbow. 
The  arm  I  bought  of  you  about  six  months  ago  is  a  perfect 
fit  in  every  way.  It  gives  me  a  great  amount  of  service,  such 
as  using  a  knife  or  fork  or  brush,  holding  my  paper  when 
writing,  driving  a  horse,  holding  my  newspaper  while  reading. 
When  traveling  I  carry  two  valises,  and  the  heaviest  one  in  the 


artificial  hand.    It  is  a  great  help  to  me  in  walking;  it  balances 
my  whole  body  and   helps  my  looks,   and  by  its  use  my  stump 
has   become   stronger. 
WALTER    C.    BROOKS— Boston,    Mass.     Below   knee. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  is  better  than  any  other  I 
have  ever  worn.     I  walk  naturally  and  am  highly  pleased. 
A.  J.  BROWN— Station  Agent,  Franklin  Co.,  Vt.    Both  below  knees. 

There  are  quite  a  number  of  different  makes  of  legs  in  and 
around  this  place,  but  none  that  have  stood  the  wear  and  usage 
that  yours  has.  I  have  worn  a  pair  of  your  legs  for  twelve  years 
constantly.  Anyone  knowing  what  a  station  agent's  duties  are 
will  know  to  what  work  my  artificial  legs  have  been  subjected. 
There  are  none  like  the  Marks  for  me.  Oct.  11,  1909. 

*  GEO.  BROWN— Painter,  Nelson,  New  Zealand.    Below  knee. 
The   artificial   leg  I  received   from  A.   A.   Marks   is   working   all 

right.     I  never  use   any  assistance  in  walking,  as  I  walk  just  as 
well  as  I  ever  did.     I  am  very  well  satisfied.  March  13,  1909. 

*  THOMAS    P.    BROWN— Farmer,    Saskachewan,    Canada.     Below 

knee. 

I  am  Indeed  well  pleased  with  the  artificial  leg  I  bought  of  you 
in   1907.     I  have   not  lost  an  hour's  work   since  I  got  used  to  it. 

Before  I  received  the  leg  my  stump  was  in  very  bad  shape. 
My  physician  told  me  that  I  would  have  to  undergo  another 
amputation.  This  I  would  not  submit  to,  but  got  your  artificial 
leg  and  commenced  to  wear  it.    Gradually  my  stump  started  to 


272        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

improve  and  in  comparatively  a  short  time  it  was  entirely  healed. 
No  treatment  or  medication  did  as  much  good  as  the  wearing 
of  the  leg.  Your  manner  of  fitting  so  as  to  avoid  pressure  on 
blood  vessels  caused  an  early  healing. 

If  this  recommendation  is  of  any  use  to  you,  you  may  put  it 
in  your  circulars   and  I  will  gladly  answer  any  correspondence. 

March  1,  1910. 
*  J.,  H.  BROWN— Steamboat  Pilot,  Ohio  Co.,  Ky.    Below  knee. 

I  am  pleased  to  say  that  I  find  great  satisfaction  in  wearing 
your  leg.  I  am  a  steamboat  pilot,  and  sometimes  stand  on  my 
feet  for  eighteen  hours,  walking  a  bridge  or  climbing  a  ladder  just 


the  same  as  I  ever  did.  I  would  not  be  w^ithout  one  for  ten  times 
the  cost  of  a  leg,  and  I  am  ready  and  willing  to  give  any  informa- 
tion I  can  to  anyone  in  need. 

*  W.  R.  BEOWN — Farmer,  Lawrence  Co.,  Ark.    Above  knee. 

I  wish  to  thank  you  for  the  leg  you  made  for  me.  I  am  so 
proud  of  it  I  cannot  express  my  gratitude.  I  can  go  anywhere 
I  want  to  with  it.  Oct.  9,  1907. 

«  JEAN  BAPTISTE  BRUN— Merchant,  France.    Above  knee. 

It    is    with    pleasure    I    acknowledge    that    your    artificial    leg 
is  excellent.    I  am  no  longer  a  young  man,  am  seventy  years  of 
age,   and  quite  heavy.     I  am  well  pleased  with  the  leg,  and  get 
around  satisfactorily. — Translated  from  French. 
SYLVESTER  H.  BUBB— Lycoming  Co.,  Pa.     Both  below  knees. 

The  artificial  legs  you  made  for  me  in  1893  (sixteen  and  one-half 
years  ago)  were  of  unquestionable  material  and  durability.  I  have 
had  a  great  amount  of  satisfaction  in  using  them.  The  qualities 
of  your  leg  are  very  important  to  anyone  of  limited  means  who 
wear  artificial  limbs.  Nov.   15,   1909. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        273 

»  EDWIN  BULPIN— Telegrapher,  Ventura  Co.,  Cal.  Below  knee. 
I  have  worn  your  make  of  artificial  limbs  since  1880.  The 
experience  I  had  previously  with  limbs  of  other  construction  than 
yours  makes  me  a  fast  advocate  of  your  methods  of  const  iMictiii^'- 
limbs.  May   28,    1908. 

*  MRS.  CHAS.  A.  BURK,  York  Co.,  Pa.    Below  knee. 

I  cannot  help  but  speak  highly  of  your  work  as  I  am  wearing 
an  artificial  limb  made  by  you  sixteen  years.  Other  makes  of 
limbs,  a  number  of  which  I  wore  before  I  got  yours,  lasted  on 
an  average  of  less  than  five  years.  Oct.  25,  1909. 

*  JOHN    BURKLEY— Dancing    Teacher,    Hamilton    Co.,    O.     Below  ^ 

elbow. 
I  have  worn  your  artificial  arm  now  for  five  years,  using  it  at 
the  factory   for  three   years.    I  worked   around   the   factory   like 


any  ordinary  man.     Since  I  left  the  factory  I  have  given  my  atten- 
tion to  teaching  dancing.     My  artificial  arm  is  so  natural  that  the 
dancing  people  do  not  know  which  is  the  artifi^cial  one  until  I  tell 
them — which  I  don't  do  very  often. 
DAVID  BURROWS— Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y,    Above  knee. 

Nine  years  ago  I  had  the  misfortune  to  have  my  right  leg  cut 
off  above  the  knee.  Seven  months  after  I  got  one  of  your  artificial 
legs  and  from  that  time  to  this  I  have  never  had  any  trouble  with 
it.  It  operates  so  well  and  fits  me  so  perfectly  that  I  almost 
forget  that  I  am  wearing  an  artificial  leg.  March  5,  1910, 

JAMES  BURTON— Weaver,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.     Below  knee. 

I  think  more  of  the  Marks  Leg  than  I  did  five  years  ago  and 
then  I  thought  it  was  the  best  in  the  world. 

For  the  last  two  years  I  have  been  in  Virginia,  roughing  it  on 
the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains.  I  was  with  a  party  and  went  with 
them  every  place  they  went.  I  have  looked  over  many  other 
makes  of  limbs,  but  the  "  Marks  "  for  me  every  time.     Oct.  9,  1909, 


274        A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  Neio  York  City. 

*  JOHN  BYENE— New  London  Co.,  Conn.     Below  elbow. 

We  all  know  an  artificial  arm  can't  be  expected  to  do  the  same 
amount  of  work  as  the  natural  one.  When  I  first  put  your  arm 
on  it  felt  heavy,  but  now  it  feels  fine,  it  balances  my  shoulders 
so  that  lots  of  people  whom  I  have  spoken  to  since  I  got  your  arm 
hardly  know  me,  they  say  it  looks  so  real,  my  friends  many  times 
ask  me  which  is  the  real  one.  I  am  in  the  grocery  business  for 
myself.    I  can  do  up  bundles  with  the  aid  of  the  rubber  hand. 


~fA3 


My  arm  has  been  amputated  since  July  7th,  1897,  my  stump  healed 
in  good  shape,  it  feels  much  better  when  wearing  the  arm. 

*  EPIFANIO  BUSTAMANTE— Barber,  Mexico.     Below  knee. 

I  am  very  much  pleased  and  thankful  to  you  for  the  last  leg  you 
sent  me.  I  always  recommend  you,  stating  that  your  make  is  the 
best  in  the  world,  and  whenever  I  see  persons  in  need  of  limbs  I 
always  advise  them  to  apply  to  you.  Words  fail  to  state  my  thanks 
for  the  construction  of  this  last  leg.  I  was  always  suited  with  the 
first  one,  but  I  am  very  much  better  pleased  with  this.  The 
reputation  of  your  manufactory  is  known  all  over  the  world.  If 
I  were  in  good  circumstances  I  would  not  hesitate  to  take  the 
journey  solely  for  the  pleasure  of  knowing  my  benefactors,  and  to 
give  them  an  embrace  as  a  proof  of  my  gratitude. — Translated  from 
Spanish.  Oct.  8,  1909. 

*  JAMES  BUTLER— Fisherman,  Newfoundland.    Elbow  amputat'n. 
With  much  pleasure  I  send  these  few  lines  to  you  to  tell  you 

that  I  am  greatly  pleased  with  the  artificial  arm  you  sent  me.  I 
am  deriving  good  satisfaction  from  it.  It  is  a  great  help  in  my 
daily  labor,  it  has  been  very  serviceable  and  I  hope  and  believe 
it  will  be  so  as  long  as  I  live.  Oct.  16,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  Ciiy.        275 

*  JOHN  BUTSON— Parmer,  New  Zealand.    Above  knee. 

In  September,  1899,  I  was  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose  my  right  leg 
above  the  knee,  leaving  about  six  inches  of  a  stump.  I  was  ad- 
vised to  get  one  of  your  patent  artificial  limbs  with  rubber  foot. 
I  have  now  used  it  for  eighteen  months.  My  occupation  is  a 
farmer.  I  can  use  it  much  better  than  I  expected.  I  think  anyone 
in  need  of  a  limb  could  not  do  better  than  use  one  of  your  make. 

*  A.  H.  CAMEKON— Teacher,  Alberta,  Canada.     Above  elbow. 

I  am  grateful  to  you  for  manufacturing  and  supplying  me  with 
an  arna  which  I  wear  with  comfort,  pleasure,  and  satisfaction. 
The  amputation  is  above  the  elbow.  I  would  not  be  without  it, 
it  establishes  an  equilibrium  of  the  body,  it  has  developed  my 
shoulder,  by  giving  it  exercise.  For  these  reasons,  coupled  with 
the  excellence  of  workmanship,  naturalness  of  form,  and  superior 
quality  of  material  in  your  limbs,  I  recommend  them  to  all  who 
may  need  such. 

*  D.   CAMPBELL— Horse-dealer,   Kansom  Co.,  N.   D.    Above  knee. 
In  regard  to  your  leg,  must  say  it  has  given  me  good  satisfaction. 

I  have  only  about  an  eight-inch  stump.  I  am  a  farmer  and  horse- 
dealer,  and  find  it  necessary  to  be  on  my  legs  from  twelve  to  six- 
teen hours  a  day.  Have  not  run  across  anyone  wearing  an  arti- 
ficial limb  that  could  be  on  it  more  hours  a  day  than  I.    Oct.  15,  1909. 


W.  L.  CANFIELD— Towerman,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  Instep  amputat'n. 
The  artificial  foot  you  made  for  me  February  1st,  1903,  is  giving 
good  satisfaction,  and  I  would  wear  no  other  make.  Have  been 
wearing  artificial  limbs  for  over  fifteen  years,  and  find  your 
patent  to  be  far  the  best  for  ease  and  comfort,  and  to  work  on. 
I  can  do  my  work  as  well  as  though  I  had  my  own  foot.  I  work  in 
a  tower  throwing  twenty  levers  for  twelve  hours  a  day,  and  am  on 
my  feet  all  the  time.  My  foot  is  amputated  in  the  instep.  Can- 
not recommend  your  patent  too  highly.  I  have  worn  other  makes, 
but  could  get  no  comfort  out  of  them,  and  one  caused  another 
amputation.  Oct.  27,  1909, 


276        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  CHAS.  J.  CAMPBELL— Farmer,  Worcester  Co.,  Mass.  Below 
elbow. 
I  received  my  arm.  It  fits  perfectly — just  as  well  as  the  old 
one  which  you  made  for  me  over  twelve  years  ago.  I  g-o  in  the 
woods  and  chop  two  cords  of  wood  a  day.  Would  like  to  have 
anybody  that  is  in  want  of  an  arm  call  and  see  me  and  I  will  show 
him  that  I  can  do  just  what  I  say.   .  Oct.  28,  1907. 

JOHNNY  CAEEY 

On  the  evening-  of  June  7,  1888,  stole  into  the  yards  of  the  railroad 
depot  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  with  an  armful  of  papers.  It  was  his  inten- 
tion to  board  an  express  train  which  was  about  due.    The  train 


was  late.  Johnny  sat  upon  the  platform  step  and  fell  asleep. 
When  the  express  came  it  ran  over  his  leg  and  mangled  it  in  a 
frightful  manner.  Johnny's  first  thought  was  that  the  yard- 
master  had  got  hold  of  him  and  that  he  had  better  get  out  of 
the  way.  In  his  efforts  to  get  up  he  was  brought  to  realize  the 
fact  that  he  had  been  run  over.  The  depot  men  picked  him  up 
and  took  him  to  a  neighboring  hospital  where  the  surgeons  ampu- 
tated the  mangled  leg.  Johnny  made  a  quick  recovery,  and  soon 
got  about  on  crutches.  A  few  sympathizing  friends  contributed 
enough  money  to  buy  one  of  Marks'  artificial  legs.  Johnny  soon 
learned  to  walk,  and  resumed  his  newspaper  trafiic.  Ever  since 
then  he  has  been  going  about  so  naturally  and  comfortably  that 
nobody  suspects  that  he  is  the  same  Johnny  Carey  who  met  with 
the  frightful  accident  in  1888;  he  is  able  to  run,  walk,  jump  on  and 
ofE  cars  just  as  well  as  other  boys,  and  he  manages  to  sell  as 
many  papers  as  any  of  his  fellow-newsboys. 

*  C.  G.  CARD — Carpenter,  Essex  Co.,  Mass.    Below  knee. 

My  artificial  leg  is  perfect.  I  am  ranch  pleased  with  it.  I  put 
the  limb  on  two  months  after  amputation,  and  have  worn  it  ever 
since  for  six  years.  I  am  a  carpenter  by  trade,  and  do  the  work  of 
carpentry  in  all  its  branches.  I  would  advise  anyone  in  need  of  an 
artificial  limb  to  select  yours  in  preference  to  all  other  kinds. 
They  are  light,  strong,  and  reliable.  Oct.  19,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  TAmhs,  New  Yorlc  City.        211 


*  MRS.  FRED.  CARDINAL— St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.     Below  knees. 
I   have   worn   a   pair   of   artificial    legs    since    DecemVjer    .5,    190.3. 

I  have  never  iised  a  cane  or  crutch  since  I  g^ot  them.  My  husband 
runs  a  big"  farm.  I  milk  eight  cows  nights  and  mornings.  I  am 
on  my  feet  from  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  until  eight  and  nine 
at  night,  and  am  not  any  more  tired  than  I  would  be  if  I  had 
natural  legs.  I  do  all  my  housework,  have  three  children,  a  hired 
man  and  my  husband,  that  makes  six  in  the  family.  I  do  my  own 
sewing  on  a  sewing  machine  and  can  run  the  machine  as  well  as 
any  woman  with  her  own  feet.  I  do  a  good  deal  of  work  in  the 
garden.  I  had  my  limbs  taken  off  about  fifteen  years  ago  by  the 
cars,  one  is  seven  and  a  half  inches  below  the  knee,  and  the  other 
four  and  a  half  inches  below  the  knee. 

*  A.  A.   CARNEAL— Baltimore,  Md.     Above  knee. 

I  purchased  an  artificial  leg  from  you  eighteen  months  ago  for 
my  little  daughter,  aged  five  years.  Dr.  Rumsey  conducted  the 
transaction  for  me.  I  am  glad  to  say  the  leg  has  given  perfect 
satisfaction.  She  walks  surprisingly  well,  never  using  a  crutch  or 
cane.  May   13,   1909. 

*  CELANIRA  CARRASPO— Chile,  South  America.     Below  knee. 
To-day  I  give  you  my  most  profound   thanks   for  the   artificial 

leg  which  you  made.     Can  walk  well  with  it.  Nov.  21,  1907. 

*  LAWRENCE     CARRINGTON— Drug     Clerk,     Shelby     Co.,     Tenn. 

Above  knee. 
The  artificial  leg  Dr.  Hayes  ordered  for  me  for  which  he  took 
measurements  and  sent  them  to  you  has  been  in  use  for  five  years. 
I  put  it  on  the  same  day  I  received  it,  and  have  been  wearing 
it  continuously  since  and  have  had  no  trouble  whatever.  My 
stump  is  only  eight  inches  long  from  the  body.  Oct.  16,  1909. 


A.A.  MARSSiJd.y, 


*  L.  A,  CARROLL— Barber,  Monroe  Co.,  Miss. 

I  suppose  you  are  aware  of  the  fact  that  I  have  been  wearing" 
one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  over  four  years.  I  think  myself  the 
best  one-legged  man  in  Mississippi,  from  the  simple  fact  that  I  am 
wearing  one  of  your  artificial  limbs.  I  am  a  barber  by  trade;  I 
stand  at  my  chair  fourteen  to  sixteen  hours  each  day,  and  work 
hard.  I  have  won  two  races  on  my  bicycle;  I  can  ride  as  fast  as 
any  man  in  town,  and  just  a  little  faster.  This  is  my  first 
opportunity  to  tell  you  what  I  think  of  your  limb. 


278        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City. 

*  THOMAS   CAEROLL— Cook   Co.,  111.     Ankle   amputation. 

In  regard  to  the  artificial  limb  which  I  purchased  of  you,  I 
wish  to  say  that  I  cannot  praise  it  too  highly.  As  my  work  re- 
quires me  to  be  on  my  feet  all  day,  the  leg  gives  me  no  trouble, 
but  is  easy  and  comfortable. 

*  JOHN  E.  CASE— Farmer,  Mason  Co.,  Ky.     Below  knee. 

As  the  artificial  leg  I  bought  from  you  so  many  years  ago  has 
given  me  such  good  service,  I  would  rather  have  your  make  than 
any  other  I  know  of.  Your  leg  has  never  given  me  any  trouble 
notwithstanding  the  hard  work  I  have  done  on  it.       Nov.  6,  1907. 

*  JACOB   CASE— Mason   Co.,   Ky.     Below   knee. 

I  bought  an  artificial  leg  from  you  for  my  boy  in  the  year  1902. 
I  sent  you  measurements  and  had  it  constructed  by  them,  as  soon 
as  the  leg  was  received  I  had  it  applied,  and  the  young  man  walked 
on  it,  and  has  never  been  without  it  one  day  since.  He  went  to 
work  the  Monday  after  he  received  it.  Those  that  saw  him  before 
the  leg  was  applied  did  not  know  him  when  he  walked  around  on 
two    legs.     He    can    run,    skate,    and    walk    as    well    as    any    boy. 

Dec.   6,   1907. 

*  GEOEGE   CASTLETON— New   Zealand.    Above  knee. 

I  am  now  working  for  the  same  firm  I  w^orked  for  when  I  met 
with  the  accident,  engineering  and  engine  driving.  I  walk  very 
well,  indeed.  I  think  the  rubber  foot  is  a  great  thing,  as  it  does 
not  jar,  and  the  leg  is  so  strong  that  it  is  not  easily  broken.  I 
give  it  severe  tests  at  my  work. 


*  DOLPH  CHEEK— Salesman,  Alamance  Co.,  N.  C.  Below  elbow. 
It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  say  that  the  artificial  hand  made 
and  fitted  from  measurements  is  perfect  in  every  respect.  People 
do  not  suspect  me  to  be  a  one-armed  man,  as  the  "  artificial  hand  " 
looks  so  natural.  I  can  hold  a  book  or  paper  in  my  rubber  hand. 
With  the  hook  and  ring  attachments  I  can  do  most  any  kind  of 
work.  People  are  surprised  to  see  how  well  I  get  along.  I  can 
write  with  my  hand,  hold  a  knife  to  trim  the  finger  nails  on  my 
left  hand.     I  have  now  worn  the  arm  for  ten  years.     Oct.  12,  1909. 


A.  A.  Mar'ks,  Arlificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        21'.) 

SEEAFIN   CAULA— Clerk,   Ciil)a.     Al)ove   knee. 

It  will  soon  be  five  years  since  T.  was  at  your  establishment  in 
search  of  relief.  My  deplorable  condition  was  caused  Ijy  an  ampu- 
tation in  the  upper  part  of  the  right  thigh,  leaving-  a  stump  only 
four  inches  in  length.  I  had  a  leg  made  by  another  manufacturer, 
but  was  unable  to  walk  on  it,  in  spite  of  having  practiced  assid- 
uously for  more  than  six  months.  Completely  disheartened  I  be- 
lieved that  I  should  never  walk.  I  resolved,  however,  to  go  to  your 
manufactory  as  a  last  resort.  In  ten  days  you  furnished  me  with  a 
limb  so  perfectly  adjusted  that  I  have  used  it  constantly  with  ease 
and  comfort.  Although  my  occupation  as  a  Government  employee 
obliges  me  to  sit  most  of  the  time,  I  take  plenty  of  exercise  and 
walk  perfectly.— Translated  from  Spanish,  April  30,  1909. 


GEORGE  L.  CHILDS— Chauffeur,  Essex  Co.,  N.  J. 

I  have  been  wearing  one  of  your  legs  for  years  and  have  found 
it  the  best  in  the  world.  I  have  been  chauffeur  for  nearly  two 
years,  and  have  been  driving  a  large  motor  car  with  good  results. 
I  can  recommend  your  limb  to  anyone  in  the  world,  and  I  will  be 
glad  to  do  so. 

*  r.  A.  CHEESBEOUGH— Saginaw  Co.,  Mich.     Above  knee. 

I  received  my  limb  alright  and  am  well  pleased  with  it.  It  fits 
well.  I  am  able  to  walk  and  go  up  and  downstairs  and  can  sit 
down  nicely.  I  am  greatly  encouraged  and  will  certainly  speak 
well  of  the  Marks  limb.  My  stump  is  very  short,  only  three  inches 
from  the  body.  March  11,  1910. 

*  A.  C.  CHENOWETH— Photographer,  Lane  Co.,  Ore.     Above  knee. 
I  have  worn  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me   six  years  ago. 

I  have  done  everything-  with  it  I  would  require  of  the  natural  leg 
and  am  perfectly  satisfied.  Aug.  15,  1909. 

*  W.  E.  CHEVES— Supt.  Sawmill,  Berrien  Co.,  Ga.     Partial  hand. 

I  lost  four  fingers  and  the  palm  of  my  right  hand  in  1896,  about 
a  year  afterwards  I  bought  from  you  an  artificial  hand.     This  hand 


280        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


has  never  given  me  any  pain  by  reason  of  contact  with  the  stump, 
Besides  being-  of  considerable  service,  it  hides  the  evidence  of 
maimedness.  I  would  advise  anyone  in  need  of  an  artificial  limb 
to  go  to  you.  Oct.  7,  1909. 

«■  JOSE  TEMISTOCLES  CHTEINO— Soldier,  Venezuela.    Above  knee. 

The  duty  which  my  gratitude  imposes  upon  me  compels  me  to 
make  the  following  statement. 

I  was  wounded  in  the  leg  in  one  of  the  battles  of  the  last  war 
by  a  Mauser  bullet.  The  i^rojectile  smashed  the  bone  in  such  a 
manner  that  my  leg  was  hopelessly  injured.  Lack  of  means  and 
medical  attention  occasioned  many  complications,  and  after  six 
months  of  great  suffering,  I  came  to  this  city  where  they  per- 
formed the  operation,  as  the  only  means  of  quieting  the  pain. 
Shortly  afterwards  my  phj^sician.  Dr.  Pedro  Leon,  A.,  advised  me 
to  write  to  you  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  an  artificial  limb  which 
would  replace  the  one  I  lost.  In  truth  you  sent  it,  and  it  has 
greatly  exceeded  my  expectations.  I  have  only  used  it  a  very 
short  time,  and  I  walk  without  any  trouble  and  am  again  engaged 
in  my  usual  occupation.  It  is  not  heavy,  neither  does  it  tire  me, 
nor  pain  my  stump  and  does  not  inconvenience  me  in  any  way. — 
Translated  from  Spanish. 


*  HAERY  T.  CLAEK— Farmer,  Belmont  Co.  0.     Below  elbow. 

In  regard  to  the  artificial  hand  I  got  of  you,  I  received  it  the 
first  of  April,  1902,  and  have  worn  it  constantly,  and  find  it  of 
great  use  in  the  different  works  that  I  have  to  do.  I  work  on  the 
farm  until  the  fall  of  the  year,  then  I  have  a  steam  hay  press 
with  which  I  travel  around  the  country  baling  hay  for  the  farmers. 
The  first  year  I  received  the  hand  I  pitched  wheat  for  three  wagons. 
To  make  a  long  story  short,  I  get  along  with  the  hand  nearly 
as  well  as  I  did  when  I  had  both  of  my  own  hands. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        281 

*  ED.    CIIIPMAN— Newfoundland.     Above   knee. 

My  leg  was  amputated  in  November,  1008  and  I  obtained  an 
artificial  one  from  you  in  the  spring-  of  1909.  I  have  been  wearing 
it  ever  since  and  I  am  happy  to  say  I  have  every  satisfaction  with 
it.  I  can  walk  around  anywhere.  Would  not  be  without  it  for 
any  money.  You  will  please  add  my  name  to  your  long-  list  of 
testimonial  writers  and  I  trust  you  will  live  long  and  continue 
your  good  work.  March  18,  1910. 

*  ED.  II.  CLAIE— Millhand,  Penobscot  Co.,  Me.     Below  elbow. 

I  have  one  of  your  artificial  hands  and  I  assure  you  that  I 
cannot  get  along  without  it.  I  am  training  for  a  musician  and 
play  the  slide  trombone.  Nov.  7,   1908. 


*  J.  D.  CLUCK — Farmer,  Muskogee  Co.,  Okla.     Above  knee. 

In  July,  1884,  I  accidentally  split  my  right  knee-joint  with  an 
ax,  which  limb,  three  days  later,  was  amputated  four  inches  above 
knee-joint,  leaving  an  eight-inch  stump.  Jn  January,  1886,  I  pur- 
chased my  artificial  leg  of  jou  by  sending  measurements  taken 
by  one  of  my  neighbors  and  myself.  I  am  now  corapelled  to  say 
that,  after  about  ten  years  of  constant  use,  I  feel  confident  I  made 
no  mistake  in  taking  your  patent.  I  often  walk  to  church,  over  a 
mile,  in  company  with  others.  My  chief  occupation  is  farming. 
I  often  saw  wood  all  day,  or  I  can  pick  a  hundred  pounds  of  cotton 
in  a  day,  and  that  is  about  the  amount  I  picked  before  my  leg 
was  amputated.  Oct.   4,   1909. 


*  W.  A.  CLARK,  M.D.— Bryan  Co.,  Okla.     Above  knee. 

The  leg  I  bought  of  you  for  myself  sixteen  years  ago  w^as  w^orn 
continually  for  twelve  years.  I  then  bought  another  of  you  which 
I  am  now  wearing  and  have  worn  for  five  years  and  it  is  still  good. 
I  was  formerly  in  the  lumber  business,  had  to  handle  lumber  and 
ride  horseback.  A  great  many  people  making  my  acquaintance 
did  not  know  that  I  used  an  artificial  leg.  I  am  now  a  practicing 
physician,  Qct.  10,  1909, 


282        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City. 

J.  HENRY  CLAEK,  M.D.— Essex  Co.,  N.  J. 

I  cheerfully  and  fvilly  indorse  the  Marks  rubber  hands  and  feet. 
I  have  several  patients  using  them,  and  with  perfect  satisfaction. 

EEV.    I.   N.    CLEMENTS— Madison   Co.,   N.   Y.     Knee-bearing. 

I  have  worn  an  artificial  limb  of  your  make  for  about  twenty- 
three  years.  Previously  I  had  worn  one  of  a  different  manufacture, 
but  I  did  not  like  it.  Since  wearing  your  make  I  have  walked  more 
easily,  and  with  no  noise. 

*  FRED  CLOWES— School  Teacher,  Australia.     Both  below  knees. 
I  have  much  pleasure  in  recommending  your  artificial  limbs  to 

all  who  are  afflicted  as  I  am.  Your  legs  have  made  such  an  im- 
provement in  my  appearance  that  strangers  cannot  tell  that  I  have 
lost  both  of  my  natural  ones  until  some  person  tells  them.  The 
legs  felt  a  little  awkward  the  first  fortnight,  during  which  time 
I  was  forced  to  use  two  sticks,  but  before  long  I  could  walk  without 
the  aid  of  them.  This  may  be  considered  very  good  progress  see- 
ing that  I  never  used  my  knee  joints  until  I  got  your  artificial  legs. 

FRANK  COLE— Railroader,  Ulster  Co.,  New  York.  Below  knee. 
It  is  with  pleasure  I  write  this  letter  to  you  in  regard  to  the 
artificial  leg  you  furnished  me.  It  is  certainly  a  wonder  how 
you  people  can  make  such  an  artificial  limb  and  have  it  fit  so 
perfectly  and  enable  one  to  walk  so  well.  It  does  not  seem  possi- 
ble that  an  accident  ever  occurred  to  me.  You  can  refer  anybody 
who  wishes  to  know  something  about  artificial  limbs  to  me.  I 
never  have  a  sore  stump,  the  leg  fits  so  perfectly.  You  deserve 
every  medal  you  ever  received  from  the  Expositions.     Sept.  27,  1909„ 

JAMES  COLE— Farmer,  Crawford  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 

The  leg  you  made  for  me  is  the  best  artificial  leg  that  I  ever 
wore,  and  I  can't  speak  too  much  in  praise  of  it.  The  rubber  foot 
is  a  great  improvement  over  any  other  make.  I  shall  get  your 
make    of    limbs    hereafter.     I    lost    my    leg    in    the    Civil    War. 

Oct.  14,  1909. 

*  CHAS.  S.  COLLINS— Telegraph  Operator,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Above  elbow^. 
Have  worn  one  of  your  arms  above  elbow  amputation  for  twenty- 
three  years;  am  well  pleased  with  it.  Feb.  14,  1908. 

*  ISAAC  COLLINS— Fisherman,  Newfoundland.     Below  knee. 

I  am  thankful  for  my  artificial  leg.  I  am  able  to  walk  three 
miles  over  ice,  and  do  my  work  the  same  as  when  I  had  both 
natural  legs.  I  am  able  to  take  my  gun  as  usual  and  go  shooting. 
I  am  able  to  go  in  my  boat  as  I  did  before.  This  artificial  leg 
with  rubber  foot  can't  be  excelled  unless  you  get  the  blood  circu- 
lating in  it. 

J.  D.  CONGEE,  M.D.— Wood  Co.,  Tex. 

You  can  refer  anybody  to  me.  The  leg  I  got  from  you  for  Mr. 
Smith,  after  he  had  tried  two  other  kinds,  fitted  him  perfectly. 
He  can  dance  in  a  quadrille  and  no  one  ever  can  detect  that  he 
wears  an  artificial  leg.  March  3,  1908. 

FRED  W.  COLSON— Elk  Co.,  Pa.    I^ee  joint  amputation. 

I  am  still  wearing  the  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1901,  it  has  proved 
satisfactory,  I  do  not  wear  any  suspenders  to  keep  it  on,  I  have  been 
firing  and  working  on  railroads  and  boilers  since  I  got  it.     Aug.  2,  1912. 

CHAS.  COLBATH — Luzerne  Co.,  Pa.     Arm  amputated  below  elbow. 

The  arm  I  obtained  from  you  in  1895  is  all  that  I  could  expect. 
It  is  a  great  help  to  me,  although  the  arm  was  made  sixteen  years 
ago,   it  is  still   in  good  condition.  Aug.   30,    1911- 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 


283 


*  JAMES  W.  COPELAND— Musician,  New  Brunswick.  Below  knee. 
Your  artificial  limb  has  given  the  very  best  of  satisfaction,  and 
it  is  impossible  to  tell  that  I  wear  one  at  all.  I  am  a  musician, 
and  leader  of  a  band,  and  sometimes  have  to  walk  long-  distances, 
as  at  parades,  a  person  has  to  be  pretty  well  supplied  with  limbs  to 
stand  that,  the  routes  of  parades  being  about  five  or  six  miles,  and 


^.^ 


sometimes    more.    Well,    the    Marks     leg   just   suits    me,    and    my 
artificial  limb  is  just  as  good  as  the  natural  for  that  purpose. 

*  HAROLD   CORNES— Salesman,   Auckland,   New   Zealand.    Above 

knee. 
It  is  now  three  years  since  I  received  the  artificial  leg  which 
you  made  for  me  from  measurements  and  I  have  worn  the  same 
every  day  since.  There  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  as  to  the  merits 
of  your  work.  Your  make  is  undoubtedly  the  best  in  the  world  and 
a  great  deal  of  it  rests  in  the  spring  mattress  rubber  foot. 

June  30,  1909. 

JAMES  A.  CRANDALI^CIerk,  Philadelphia  Co.,  Pa.  Below  knee. 
I  have  been  wearing  your  patent  artificial  leg  for  some  years 
and  in  my  opinion  your  leg  is  far  superior  to  any  other  made, 
because  of  its  ease,  elasticity,  and  stillness.  These  are  obtained  by 
the  use  of  the  rubber  foot.  Also  because  of  the  durability.  I  have 
no  trouble  in  the  least  to  get  around.  I  can  ride  a  bike,  play  ball, 
in  fact  I  go  in  for  all  out-of-door  sports.  I  cheerfully  recommend 
your  legs  to  all  needing  them.  Oct.  8,   1909. 

*  MRS.   LUCY  CROMARTIE— Columbia  Co.,  N.  C.     Below  knee   am- 

putation. 
1  write  you  a  few  lines  to  let  you  know  that  the  artificial  leg  that 
I   got   from   you   in    1907    has   given   me   much   pleasure    and   comfort, 
and  I  don't  see  how  I  could  do  without  it.  May   15,   1911. 


284        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City. 

W.  T.  COEEY— Rutland  Co.,  Vt.     Above  knee. 

For  about  two  years  I  suffered  from  diseased  bone  in  my  knee- 
joint.  On  the  13tli  of  May,  1903,  my  surgeon  found  it  necessary 
to  amputate  above  the  knee,  leaving  an  eight-inch  stump,  and  on 
the  15th  of  July  follovs^ing  I  came  to  your  factory  and  purchased 


TFFF 


an  artificial  limb  with  rubber  foot,  which  I  am  wearing  now.  I 
began  work  on  the  27th  of  August,  1903,  and  since  then  have  not 
missed  wearing  the  leg  a  single  day.  I  have  heavy  barrels,  boxes, 
and  milk  cans  to  handle  daily. 

*  J.  COSTELLO— Tel.  Operator  West  Australia.     Ankle  amputation. 
I  am  very  much  satisfied  with  the  artificial  leg  for  ankle  joint 

amputation  you  made  for  me  a  year  ago.  Sept.  4,  1908. 

*  ESTEVAO   COTTA— Miner,   Brazil.     Below  knee. 

It  is  a  satisfaction  for  me  to  be  able  to  state  that  I  am  wearing 
an  artificial  leg  made  in  your  accredited  house.  The  leg  is  well 
constructed.  I  got  used  to  it  in  a  few  days  and  am  now  able  to 
walk  naturally,  and  as  the  result  of  your  success  I  have  interested 
two  other  parties  of  this  locality  to  order  from  you.      June  29,  1909. 

*  DANIEL  COYLE— Welland  Co.,  Ont.     Below  knee. 

I  have  received  the  leg  and  I  am  greatly  pleased  with  it.  I 
like  it  better  than  the  first  you  made  for  me,  although  that  was 
satisfactory.  I  walk  very  naturally  and  in  fact  as  well  as  a  man 
does  in  possession  of  his  natural  legs.  I  wish  you  every  success 
in  your  business.  Jan.   2,   1909. 

*  JOHN  CEAWFORD— Miner,  Athens  Co.,  Ohio.     Below  knee. 
This  is  the  second  artificial  leg  I  have  bought  of  you  and  can  say 

that  both  have  given  the  best  of  satisfaction.  I  have  worn  four 
artificial  limbs.  The  first  I  got  was  worth  about  ten  cents.  The 
next  was  nearly  as  good.  The  third  one  was  from  you  and  it  gave 
such  good  satisfaction  that  had  it  not  been  for  a  fire  in  which  my 
leg  and  nearly  myself  were  burned  up,  I  dare  say  I  should  have 
been  using  it  yet.  My  occupation,  that  of  a  miner,  requires  an 
artificial  limb  that  is  nearly  indestructible,  March  22,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.        285 


*  W.  L.  CORG AN— General  Store,  Jackson   Co.,  Mo.   Botli   legs. 

1  have  worn  a  pair  o1'  Marks  lejfs  for  about  eleven  years.  My 
left  leg-  is  ofE  about  five  inches  above  the  knee,  and  the  right  i.s 
off  five  and  one-half  inches  below  the  knee.  My  legs  were  made 
from  measurements  taken  one  thousand  miles  from  New  York 
by  myself,  assisted  by  a  friend.  I  have  never  seen  New  York 
or  Marks'  factory,  and  they  have  never  seen  me.  In  ten  years  I 
don't  think  I  have  spent  ten  dollars  for  repairs.     I  have  seen  lots 


of  wearers  of  other  legs,  and  have  yet  to  see  any  in  my  condition 
that  could  walk  with  me.  I  am  in  the  general  store  business,  and 
work  in  all  the  departments,  not  now  and  then,  but  every  day  in 
the  year  from  early  until  late.  My  first  pair  of  legs  lasted  a  little 
over  nine  years.  Am  now  wearing  my  second  pair.  Therefore, 
brothers,  don't  be  discouraged  if  you  get  a  leg  or  two  cut  off,  for 
if  you  are  the  right  kind  of  stuff,  there  is  lots  of  fun  here  for  you 
yet.  I  belong  to  the  Improved  Order  of  Eed  Men,  am  on  the  degree 
team  and  help  do  the  work,  and  also  an  Odd  Fellow. 

*  JAMES  P.  CROSBY— Worcester  Co.,  Mass.    Below  knee. 
Having  worn  an  artificial  leg  procured  from  you  I  can  say  that 

after  an  experience  of  over  thirty  years  with  different  makes, 
yours  with  the  rubber  foot  is  the  most  comfortable  I  have  ever 
worn,  and  as  it  was  fitted  from  measures,  and  without  any  alter- 
ations whatever,  I  thought  it  phenomenal.  I  have  not  expended  a 
cent  for  repairs,  and  it  is  as  good  as  the  first  day  I  put  it  on  eleven 
years  ago.     I  am  on  my  feet  most  of  the  time.  Aug.  19,  1909. 

*  CHAS.  E.  CEOW,  M.D.— Stewart  Co.,  Tenn. 

The  leg  for  Miss  Lulu  Vick  came  in  good  shape,  fits  well  and 
is  giving  entire  satisfaction.  Has  been  without  her  limb  about 
seven  years,  been  on  crutches  all  that  time.  On  third  day  after 
receiving  leg  she  walked  to  school.  You  cannot  imagine  how  proud 
she  is.  Nov.  12,  1907. 


286        A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  ENRIQUE  P.  COETEZ— Sonora,  Mexico.  Eight  foot  at  ankle  and 
left  foot  in  instep. 
I  am  pleased  to  inform  you  that  I  have  used  the  artificial  leg-  and 
part  of  foot  you  made  for  me.  They  enable  me  to  mentally  lay 
aside  the  sad  fact  that  I  am  a  cripple.  I  am  a  captain  in  the 
Federal  Army  of  the  Mexican  Republic.  My  right  foot  and  toes  of 
the  left  were  frozen  and  became  gangrened  in  1893,  when  I  was 
caught  in  a  severe  snow  storm  in  an  expedition  to  the  Sierra  Madre. 
You  made  a  right  leg  for  me  in  1893  and  with  slight  repairs  in 
1903  made  the  leg  as  good  as  new,  promising  at  least  to  last  ten 
years  longer.  For  this  I  am  very  grateful  to  you.  My  right  leg  was 
amputated  at  the  ankle  joint.    The  end  sloughed  and  I  have  no  flap 


'•1'. r— »;  ,,iiii    "1 


or  cushion  on  the  end  of  the  bone.  Therefore,  I  do  not  or  cannot 
bear  any  weight  or  pressure  on  the  end,  but  the  leg  which  you  con- 
structed applied  weight  and  pressure  some  distance  above  the 
end,  and  inconvenience  is  not  felt  in  the  least.  I  walk  perfectly 
over  rough  g-round,  ride  well  on  horseback,  and  in  short,  although 
I  have  lost  one  foot  and  part  of  the  other,  I  am  enable  to  continue 
in  the  service  of  my  country.  I  certainly  feel  very  grateful  to 
you  for  the  good  work  you  have  done  in  the  way  of  repairing 
me. — Translated   from   Sjoanish. 


*  JUAN  COVARRUBIAS— Bank  Clerk,  Chile,  So.  Am.  Above  knee. 
You  have  already  made  three  artificial  limbs  for  me  and  I  am 
about  to  order  the  fourth  and  await  your  reply  before  I  order  it. 
The  limbs  you  have  made  for  me  have  lasted  on  an  average  of 
ten  years  which  I  think  is  a  great  satisfaction  and  I  take  great 
pleasure  in  remarking  that  to  everybody  I  meet  in  Chili.  We 
have  French,  German  and  Belgian  manufacturers  here  but  their 
products  are  so  inferior  to  yours  that  there  can  be  no  comparison. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        287 

JOHN  CEO  WE— Truck  Driver,  Washing-ton,  D.  C.     Below  knee. 

Permit  me  to  extend  to  you  my  congratulations  on  attaining  such 
a  high  state  of  perfection  in  artificial  limb  making.  I  lost  my  left 
leg  about  three  inches  below  the  knee  by  reason  of  a  gunshot  wound 
in  the  Civil  War.  I  resorted  to  the  use  of  an  artificial  leg  and 
though  I  wore  several  other  makes,  none  pleased  me  till  1  liad  a 
trial  of  yours  which  far  surpasses  all  others,  and  the  rul)l)er  foot 
improvement  I  consider  ideal,  not  only  on  account  of  its  noiseless- 
ness  but  also  for  its  elasticity  and  safety.  I  have  worn  several  of 
your  make  all  to  my  entire  satisfaction  and  though  I  do  some  heavy 
work,  in  all  cases  they  sustain  the  strain  which  many  times  is  very 
severe.  Weigh  over  180  pounds,  get  about  quite  actively  and  attend 
to  my  daily  duties  with  ease  and  comfort. 

*  EEV.  H.  L.  CKUMLEY— Fulton  Co.,  Ga.    In  charge  of  an  orphan 

asylum,  in  behalf  of  an  inmate  he  wrote: 
We  have  found  the  artificial  limb  you  made  for  "  Leona  Miller,"  a 
small  girl  in  our  Orphans'  Home,  durable,  serviceable,  and  with  the 
occasional  lengthening  very  satisfactory.     She  is  now  nearly  grown 
and  finds  the  leg  indispensable. 

*  HENKY  CURTAIN— Canvasser,  New  Zealand.    Below  knee. 
Twelve  years  ago  while  loading  wheat  on  my  cart  at  Auckland 

w^harf  a  full  sack  fell  on  my  leg.  After  suffering  some  time  it  was 
discovered  that  gangrene  had  set  in,  and  as  a  result  my  leg  had  to 
be  amputated  just  below  the  knee.  I  obtained  an  artificial  leg  with 
patent  rubber  foot  from  you  and  after  giving  this  four  years'  hard 
and  satisfactory  wear  I  decided  to  obtain  another.  My  object  in  so 
doing  was  to  make  sure  that  I  should  not  be  left  without,  were 
your  firm  to  retire  from  business.  I  have  been  wearing  both  legs 
alternately  for  the  past  twelve  months  without  discomfort.  My 
present  occupation,  which  I  have  followed  since  my  recovery,  is  that 
of  a  tea  canvasser.  This  vocation  necessitates  a  well  fitting  leg 
and  one  that  can  be  relied  on.  I  have  already  recommended  your 
firm  to  unfortunate  fellow  sufferers,  and  will  continue  to  do  so  in 
future. 

*  MES.  LUCY  M,  CUNDALL— England.    Below  knee. 

I  am  pleased  to  say  that  the  Marks  Artificial  Leg  I  got  last  year 
through  Mr.  Barstow  is  a  splendid  fit,  and  I  am  able  to  walk 
comfortably  and  like  other  people  with  it.  Since  I  got  it  I  have 
quite  lost  some  very  nasty  stump  corns,  which  gave  me  a  lot  of 
trouble  before.  I  have  almost  given  up  taking  a  stick  with  me 
even  when  I  go  for  a  long  walk,  and  I  can  really  do  just  as  well 
without  one,  only  I  got  so  used  to  one  with  my  other  leg  that  1 
sometimes  feel  I  want  something  to  carry. 

Please  use  this  letter,  if  you  think  it  will  be  the  means  of 
making  anybody   else  as  happy  and   comfortable  as   I  am. 

March   5,    1909. 

B.   CYE — Tailor,  New  Brunswick.     Hip  joint  amputation. 

I  must  say  that  I  am  perfectly  satisfied  with  my  artificial  leg. 
As  you  know,  it  is  a  hip  joint  amputation.  I  can  walk  in  the  house 
without  a  cane.     Of  course  on  the  street  I  use  one. 

*  HAEMON  DAILY— Farmer,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  Both  below  knees. 
•  In  the  fall  of  1891  I  lost  both  of  my  feet  by  slipping  between  two 

coal  cars  on  the  D.  &  H.  E.  E.,  my  right  leg  was  cut  off  one  and  a 
half  inches  below  the  knee  and  my  left  about  four  inches  below  the 
knee.  After  the  stumps  got  healed,  my  doctor  recommended  to  me 
A.  A.  Marks  as  the  best  limb  manufacturer  in  the  country.    I  pur- 


288        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

chased  a  pair  of  legs  from  him  and  put  them  on  the  same  day.  My 
occupation  is  that  of  clerk  and  farmer.  I  have  to  be  on  my  feet 
sixteen  hours  out  of  every  tv\'enty-four.  I  can  folloM'  a  plow  or  hoe 
and  can  do  almost  anything  that  I  did  before  I  lost  my  legs.  I  can 
climb  a  ladder  no  matter  how  tall  and  when  I  get  to  the  top  I  feel 
as  safe  as  I  would  be  on  the  ground,  for  there  is  no  ankle  joint  in 
the  Marks  leg  to  get  out  of  order.  The  limbs  I  am  now  wearing 
I  got  over  thirteen  j^ears  ago  and  they  will  last  me  sometime  yet. 
A  j^ear  ago  I  purchased  another  pair  of  the  Marks  legs  with  some 
improvement  over  the  old  ones,  made  from  my  own  measurements 
and  are  very  satisfactory. 
WM.   T.   DALBY,   M.D.— Apache   Co.,   Ariz. 

I  have   had   various   opportunities   of   testing   the   merits   of   the 
Marks  artificial  limbs  with  rubber  feet  and  hands  and  can  cheer- 
fully   recommend   them   to    be    superior    in    every   respect   to    any 
which  have  come  under  my  observation. 
EEV.  C.  H.  DALRYMPLE— Butler  Co.,  Neb.     Above  knee. 

After  wearing  a  limb  for  eighteen  years  I  know  how  to  appreciate 
one.  Your  foot  movement  is  so  noiseless  and  easy  that  I'd  not  think 
of  going  back  to  my  old  style.  At  first  thought  I  never  could  use 
it,  but  in  a  very  little  while  I  found  I  could.  It  has  grown  better 
and  better  right  along  and  is  now  comfortable  and  works  naturally. 

*  PAULINA  DANERT— Nurse,  Germany.     Partial  foot. 

I  always  take  pleasure  when  opportunity  presents  itself  to 
recommend  your  firm,  and  have  been  the  means  of  inducing  quite 
a  number  of  persons  in  Germany  to  patronize  you,  as  I  have  had 
so  much  comfort  and  satisfaction  in  wearing  the  artificial  leg  you 
made  for  me  in  1897.  Feb.  26,  1908. 

*  JACOB  P.  DARIO— Station  Master,  Mexico.     Above  knee. 

I  am  very  much  pleased  with  the  leg  which  you  made  for  me 
four  years   ago.  Dec.   9,   1907. 

*  WM.  R.  A.  DAVIDSON— Engineer,  B.  C,  Canada.     Above  elbow. 
The    artificial    arm    you    made    for   me    fits    fine.     I    am    greatly 

pleased  with  it.     I  wear  it  constantly  and  have  no  trouble  with 
it  whatever.     It  helps  me  very  much.  Aug.   6,   1909. 

*  MISS  ALPHA  A.  DAVIS— Bergen  Co.,  N.  J.     Below  elbow. 

The  arm  I  purchased  from  you  last  May  gives  me  such  comfort 
and  satisfaction  that  words  are  not  capable  of  expressing  my 
pleasure.  The  hand  is  natural  in  appearance,  so  much  so  that  I  am 
constantly  deceiving  people.  If  I  ever  have  the  opportunity  to 
direct  anyone,  I  will  surely  send  them  to  you.  Oct.  25,  1909. 

WILLIAM  B.  DAVIS,  M.D.— Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.    Above  knee. 

I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  my  right  leg  when  I  was  six  years 
old.  At  the  age  of  eight  I  tried  my  first  artificial  limb.  My  pro- 
fession compels  me  to  be  on  my  feet  the  greater  part  of  the  time. 
I  feel  no  fatigue  whatever.  I  can  say  this,  that  having  used  one  of 
Marks  artificial   limbs  I  feel   I   can  never  get   along  without  one. 

*  HARRY  S.  DAY— New  Zealand.     Below  knee. 

I  have  used  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  the  last  nine  years  and 
a  half  and  I  have  found  it  most  satisfactory.  I  consider  that  the 
state  of  perfection  that  you  have  reached  with  artificial  limbs  is 
wonderful.  I  can  work  and  do  almost  all  the  things  I  could  do 
before  my  accident.  I  work  principally  in  my  butter  factory,  but 
also  ride  a  great  deal  and  use  many  farm  implements.  I  have 
much   pleasure   in   recommending  your  artificial   limbs  to   anyone, 

*  PETER   M.    DEANS — Signalman,    Ontario.     Below    elbow. 

I  am  pleased  to  state  that  the  artificial  arm  you  sold  me  about 
fifteen  months  ago,  which  was  fitted  from  measurements,  I  have 
worn  it  day  and  night  without  pain,  ache  or  mark  on  the  stump. 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City.        289 

I  have  seen  a  nuinber  of  other  patents  but  I  do  not  think  they  can 

be  compared  with  your  rubber  hand  in  any  respect.     I  am  employed 

as    signalman    and    can    attend    to    my    duties    without    the    least 

trouble. 

*  Z.  T.  DANIEL,  M.D.— Physician,  Sheldon  Co.,  Neb. 

In  September,  1899,  I  performed  the  operation  of  amputation  of 
the  left  leg  on  Ceca  Yammi  (Peter  Three  Thighs),  a  Sioux  Indian. 
He  was  sufEering  from  necrosis  of  the  tarsus,  and  a  complete 
invalid,  absolutely  unable  to  stand.  I  did  not  succeed  in  getting 
his  consent  to  operate  until  I  told  him  about  your  excellent  limbs, 
how  he  would  be  enabled  to  walk,  run,  ride,  work,  etc.    In  due 


time  the  stump  healed,  and  I  sent  you  measurements  for  his  leg. 
It  came  by  express,  and  I  immediately  adjusted  it.  To  my  surprise 
it  fitted  him  perfectly,  and  at  this  writing  he  is  going  about  among" 
the  Indians  with  as  much  ease  and  comfort  as  could  be  desired. 
Inclosed  is  a  photograph  in  war  costume  which  he  sends  you  with 
his  compliments,  with  a  hope  that  it  will  be  interesting  to  his 
race,  and  an  example  of  what  the  "  White  Medicine  Man  "  can  do 
for  his  people.  Oct.  10,  1909. 

A.  C.  DEDEICK,  M.D.— Bristol  Co.,  Mass. 

I  certainly  advise  the  application  of  artificial  legs  to  growing 
children  as  soon  as  their  stumps  are  properly  healed.  John  Ker- 
shaw, a  young  growing  lad,  has  worn  one  of  your  legs  for  some 
time.  He  plays  football,  baseball,  and  indulges  in  all  other  sports. 
*  IGNACIO  C.  DE  ALMEIDA— Sac  Paulo,  Brazil. 

With  pleasure  I  inform  you  that  the  artificial  leg  which  I  got 
from  you  over  thirty  years  ag'o  has  given  me  the  best  possible 
results.  It  substitutes  the  leg  which  I  lost  in  every  respect. 
Your  limbs  are  in  comfort  as  well  as  strength,  lightness  and  dura- 
bility, simply  perfect.  June  27,  1909. 


290        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


»  DAVID  DAY— IMillard  Co.,  Utah.     Above  knee. 

Six  years  ago  I  put  on  one  of  your  artificial  limbs.  I  can  truth- 
fully say  it  has  been  a  great  help  to  me,  and  I  am  confident  that 
there  are  none  better.  I  get  along  without  any  other  assistance, 
and  am  able  to  attend  to  an  acre  and  one-half  of  garden.     In  fact, 


to  make  a  long  story  short,  everything  is  as  you  said  it  would  be, 

and  I  am   satisfied. 

MRS.  J.  W.  DeEEVEEE— Wyoming  Co.,  N.  Y.    Above  knee. 

I  have  worn  your  make  of  artificial  leg  for  a  little  more  than 
nine  years,  and  I  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  the  rubber  foot.  Al- 
though my  work  is  not  laborious  I  walk  a  great  deal.  I  would 
recommend  your  raake  in  preference  to  any  other. 

*  BERNARD  DETERS— Farmer,  Clinton  Co.,  111.     Above  knee. 

I  am  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  legs,  and  am  getting  along 
fine.     I  wear  it  every  day  and  do  almost  any  kind  of  work  on  the 
farm.     Last  winter  I  went  to  school  and  one  morning  was  obliged 
to  walk  through  fourteen   inches  of  snow. 
PACIFICO  DIAZ,  M.D.— Argentine,  S.  A.     Both  above  knees. 

I  am  extremely  pleased  to  salute  you,  and  to  enclose  with  these 
lines  the  order  made  by  nay  friend,  Mr.  Raul  Cordeiro,  for  an  arti- 
ficial leg  to  replace  the  one  he  has  lost.  I  have  taken  the  measure- 
ments for  him,  and  hope  that  your  firm  will  make  a  leg  for  him  as 
perfect  and  as  useful  as  those  made  for  others  whom  I  have  sent 
your  firm  in  the  same  manner.  Those  I  am  wearing  myself  con- 
tinue to  give  excellent  service. 

*  JOHN  A.  DICKSON— Telegrapher,  Assiniboia.     Above  elbow. 

It  is  seven  years  since  I  lost  my  arm.  I  was  railroading  at 
that  time  and  got  caught  in  a  coupling,  causing  amputation  above 
the  elbow,  leaving  a  stump  six  inches  long.  I  decided  to  get  one 
of  your  arms,  and  had  my  measurements  taken.  When  I  received 
it  I  put  it  on.  It  proved  to  be  a  splendid  fit.  I  advise  anyone 
who  has  lost  an  arm  to  purchase  one  of  yours,  and  am  sure  that 
he  will  never  regret  it.  I  am  now  working  for  the  railway  com- 
pany as  agent  in  one  of  their  offices,  and  have  not  the  least 
trouble  to  do  my  work. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.        291 

*  C.  C.  DIDIER— Grocer,  Cook  Co.,  111.     Below  knee. 

Fifteen  years  ago  I  lost  my  foot  in  an  accident  with  a  mower. 
I  then  purchased  a  limb,  thinking-  that  it  was  the  best  in  the 
market,  but  it  did  not  give  satisfaction.  I  then  heard  of  A.  A. 
Marks  limbs  with  rubber  feet.  I  purchased  one  and  in  all  the 
years  that  I  have  worn  it,  I  must  say  that  it  is  the  best  on  earth.  I 
have  a  grocery  store,  and  do  as  much  work  in  walking  and  lifting 
as  anyone.  I  am  on  my  feet  all  day,  and  I  could  not  do  it  with 
any  other  limb  than  yours  with  rubber  foot. 
F.  C.  DIEFENDORF— Brakeman,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.     Below  knee. 

I  have  been  going  to  write  to  you  for  some  time  to  let  you  know 
that  I  am  highly  pleased  with  the  artificial  leg  I  got  of  you.  I 
walk  without  a  crutch  or  cane,  wear  the  limb  all  day  without 
the  least  bit  of  suffering  or  inconvenience  and  travel  over  all  kinds 
of  rough  grounds.  Oct.  8,   1907. 

WILLIAM  DIETZE— Machinist,  New  York  City.    Below  knee. 

I  lost  my  leg  below  the  knee  from  gunshot  wound  received  in  the 
late  war.    As  soon  as  my  stump  healed  the  United  States  Govern- 


ment presented  me  with  one  of  's  legs  with  an  ankle  joint. 

I  wore  it  for  a  short  time,  and  thought  I  liked  it,  but  when  I  had 
one  of  your  rubber  feet  applied  to  it  I  at  once  discovered  that  I 
had  bettered  my  condition.  I  have  worn  your  rubber  foot  now 
about  twenty-eight  years,  am  a  machinist,  and  work  at  the  lathe 
and  forge.  For  ten  years  I  worked  on  a  foot  lathe,  doing  the 
treading  with  my  rubber  foot. 
*  MES.  AGNES  A.  DILLON— St.  Johns,  N.  B.     Below  knee. 

My  leg  was  amputated  below  the  knee  in  1882  and  three  years 
later  I  got  one  of  your  artificial  legs.  I  do  all  my  own  housework, 
I  run  a  sewing  machine  and  do  considerable  walking  with  ease 
and   comfort.  Jan.   11,   1908. 

C.  J.  DINEEN— Glass  Cutter,  Steuben  Co.,  N.  Y.— Below  knee. 

In  July,  1902,  you  constructed  an  artificial  leg  for  me,  my  leg 
having  been  amputated  above  the  ankle  joint  in  1883  on  account  of 
railroad  accident.  I  am  pleased  to  state  that  your  leg  has  proved 
serviceable  and  satisfactory.  I  use  it  constantly  and  do  anything 
that  I  want  to.  I  cannot  help  but  speak  well  of  your  work  as  the 
leg-  has  always  given  jne  good  satisfaction. 


292        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


*  JAMES  B- 


-  Plasterer,  Woodward  Co.,  Olda.     Below  knee. 
I  have  used  artificial  legs  for  over  twenty-nine  years,  and  I  think 
I  ought  to  be  a  good  judge.     I  can  walk  easier  with  your  leg  and 
rubber  foot  attachment  than  with  any  other  leg  I  have  ever  tried. 


and  I  have  tried  four  different  kinds,  I  ana  a  plasterer  by  trade, 
and  work  on  the  scaffold  every  day  now.  It  fits  me  •  better  than 
any  leg  I  have  ever  tried,  and  it  was  made  from  measurements. 

*  J.  H.  DINGMAN— Oil  Producer,  Crawford  Co.,  Pa.    Below  elbow. 
For  the  past  ten  years  I  have  worn  two  of  A.  A.  Marks  artificial 

hands,  one  for  dress,  the  other  for  working.  They  both  have  given 
me  the  best  of  satisfaction.  I  am  an  oil  producer,  and  do  a  great 
deal  of  work  about  my  wells.  Can  do  nearly  as  much  as  any  of 
my  men.  My  left  hand  was  amputated  about  three  inches  below 
the  elbow.  Oct.  10,  1909. 

*  W.  A.  DIXON— Tailor,  New  Zealand.    Above  knee. 

In  1903  I  received  an  artificial  leg  from  you  to  replace  the  left 
one,  which  I  lost  by  being  caught  in  machinery  in  Victoria.  I 
had  previously  used  a  Colonial  made  leg,  which  gave  me  much 
pain,  and  chafed  the  stump  if  I  walked  any  distance,  but  since  I 
have  used  your  manufacture  I  have  had  ease  and  comfort,  and 
I  can  walk  long  distances  without  any  inconvenience.  It  has  far 
surpassed  my  expectations.  The  leg  was  made  by  you  from 
measurement,  and  could  not  be  more  perfect  in  any  way.  In  my 
travels  I  have  met  many  other  makes,  but  have  always  heard  yours 
spoken  of  as  the  best,  and  I  only  regret  that  I  had  not  got  you  to 
make  me  one  years  previously. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Torh  City.        SS.*^ 

*  BETTY  DOUGHTY— Vocalist,  Eng-land.     Below  knee. 

I  have  much  pleasure  in  stating  that  I  consid(!r  the  artificial 
limbs  with  rubber  feet,  made  by  you,  to  be  second  to  no  (jiher  make 
on  either  side  of  the  world.  My  left  leg'  was  annputated  when  I 
was  four  years  old,  from  which  time  till  about  four  years  ago  I 
had  various  limbs  fitted  as  I  grew.  Since  wearing  your  limb  I  am 
able  to  not  only  go  about  easily  and  naturally,  but  also  to  appear 
on  the  stag^e  in  opera,  playing  Erminie,  the  Countess  in  Olivette, 


Dolores  in  Florodora,  and  other  parts  necessitating  quick  movement 
and  short  dress,  which  I  wear  without  anj^one  being  able  to  detect 
that  I  am  at  all  lame.  I  shall  be  pleased  to  communicate  with 
anyone   who    would    like   further    information. 

*  E.  C.  DOULL— Clerk,  Alameda  Co.,  Cal.     Instep  amputation. 
The   artificial   foot   for  instep   amputation   you   made   for  me   is 

more  than  satisfactory.  I  have  worn  it  for  seven  years.  I  walk 
perfectly  with  it  and  a  person  could  not  tell  that  I  had  an 
artificial  foot.  I  can  skate  on  roller  skates  and  dance  as  w^ell 
as   any   of   them   with   good   feet.  Oct.    18,    1908. 

*  JOHN  DOWNEY— Engineer,  Gogebic  Co.,  Mich.     Ankle  amputat'n. 
I   am   using   the   third   artificial    foot   received   from   you.     It   is 

perfectly  satisfactory  in  every  respect.  Oct.  15,  1909. 

*  GEOEGE  DOYLE— Barber,  Lewis  &  Clark  Co.,  Mont.    Above  knee. 
I  wish  to  state  the  limb  I  received  of  your  firm  is  satisfactory 

in   all  respects.     As  you  know  I  have   but   a   ten-inch   stump,  but 
there  are  very  few  people  who  know  I  have  a  limb  off.     I  have  seen 
several   people   here   wearing   limbs,   but   I   can   walk  better   than 
any.     I  have  recommended  your  limb  to  many. 
JOHN  F.  DOZIEE— Farmer,   Norfolk  Co.,  Va.     Above  knee. 

I  have  just  received  the  third  artificial  leg  you  have  made  for  me 
and  it  is  a  perfect  fit  and  is  just  right  in  every  respect.  Hope 
you  success.  The  two  previous  legs  you  made  for  me  lasted  over 
twenty-eight  years.  I  spend  most  of  my  time  in  fishing  and 
hunting.  Nov.  25,  1909. 


294        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  City. 

A.  S.  DRAPER — Commissioner  Dep't  of  Education,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Seven  years  ago  I  was  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose  my  right  leg  at 
the  knee,  and  since  then  you  have  made  two  artificial  legs  for  me 
(the  second  is  reserved  in  case  of  emergency  that  I  might  not  be 
without  a  limb)  which  are  giving  very  good  satisfaction.  The 
mechanism  is  ingenious,  and  I  am  able  to  get  about  with  con- 
siderable facility  and  very  comfortably. 

*  D.  DRUMMOND — Farmer,  Ontario.     Ankle  joint  amputation. 
Artificial    limb    received    and    fitting    satisfactory,    although    the 

measurements  were  taken  ten  years  ago,  this  one  fits  as  well  as  the 
old  one.  My  leg  was  amputated  at  the  ankle  joint  in  1879,  used 
three  wooden  artificial  limbs  with  ankle-joints,  but  when  visiting 
Columbian  Exposition,  in  1893,  was  measured  and  procured  one  of 
yours,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  it  has  lasted  nearly 
as  long  as  the  other  three  and  given  better  satisfaction.  I  am  a 
farmer  by  occupation,  and  can  perform  all  the  work  of  a  farm. 
A.  DUDDENHAUSEN— Real  Estate,  Jefferson  Co.,  Wash.  Below 
knee. 

After  wearing  your  artificial  leg  for  six  years  I  have  pleasure 
to  state  that  the  expense  incurred  in  maintaining  it  has  been  but 
a  few  cents  and  that  for  oil.  The  leg  has  given  me  good  service 
every  day  all  these  years,  without  the  least  bit  of  trouble. 

If  you  can  do  business  making  legs  that  last  forever  or  as  near 
so  as  you  do  your  customers  cannot  complain.  Oct.  14,  1909. 

M.  A.  DUMOND,  M.D.— Tompkins  Co.,  N.  Y. 

You  can  rest  assured  that  I  shall  do  all  I  can  for  your  artificial 
limbs,  as  I  consider  them  the  best  in  the  market. 
W.   DUNCAN",   M.D.— Chatham   Co.,   Ga. 

I  endorse  Marks  artificial  limbs  with  pleasure.  My  associate, 
Dr.  T.  I.  Charlton,  who  rendered  me  very  valuble  assistance  in 
taking  the  measurements  for  the  last  two  legs  ordered  from 
A.  A.  Marks,  also  endorses  them.  No  complaint  has  been  made  to 
me  by  any  jjerson  for  whom  I  have  procured  the  Marks  artificial 
limbs,  and  they  seem  fully  adapted  for  all  that  is  required  of  them. 

*  H.  A.  DUNLAP— Carleton  Co.,  Out.     Both  partial  feet  amputat'ns. 
I  have  received  the  two  artificial  feet  you  made  for  me  and  find 

them  in  good  condition.     They  fit  perfectly  and  I  am  well  satisfied 
with  them.  March  15,  1910. 

*  WM.  H.  DURHAM— Bookkeeper,  Windsor  Co.,  Vt.     Below  knee. 
Somewhere  about  nine  years  ago  I  got,  through  Dr.  Woodward, 

one  of  your  artificial  legs,  and  have  been  wearing  it  constantly  ever 
since,  and  without  one  cent  spent  for  repairs  or  alterations. 

Oct.  9,  1909. 

*  MISS  C.  DYSON— England.     Above  knee. 

The  Marks  leg,  obtained  through  Mr.  Barstow,  is  admirable.  I 
walk  comfortably  and  follow  my  usual  employment.  This  is 
wonderful,  as  it  is  only  eight  months  since  the  amputation.  My 
doctor  considers  the  leg  perfection.  I  will  always  recommend 
anyone  in  need  of  an  artificial  limb  to  you.  Jan.  29,  1909. 

*  WM.  EAGLESON— Providence  Co.,  R.  I.     Below  knee. 

I  purchased  an  artificial  leg  of  you  eight  years  ago.  It  has 
given  me  perfect  satisfaction.  I  honestly  would  not  exchange  this 
leg  for  any  other.  June  11,  1908. 

*  JAMES  EARL — ^Laborer,  New  Zealand.     Above  knee. 

To  say  that  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  pleases  me  would 
but  inadequately  express  my  gratitude.  When  your  readers  un- 
derstand that  my  leg  was  amputated  close  to  the  hip,  they  must 
acknowledge  the  perfection  of  the  artificial  limb,  which  enables 
me  to  get  about  naturally. 


A.  A.  Maries,  ArUficial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


295 


W.   E.  EDGERLY— Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     Both  lc«s  ampulatc'd. 

In  October,  1897,  I  met  with  a  railroad  accident  that  deprived 
me  of  both  my  limbs.  My  right  leg  was  ampiitated  a  few  inches 
below  the  knee  and  my  left  in  the  knee  joint.  In  two  months 
after   the   amputation   I   ordered   of   you   a   pair   of   artificial   legs. 


You  fitted  me  neatly,  and  in  a  short  time  I  was  able  to  get  about 
and  mingle  among  my  friends,  go  to  my  club,  and  engage  in 
business.  I  am  part  owner  of  the  bark  "  Obed  Baxter,"  and  as  I 
am  very  fond  of  the  sea,  I  occasionally  take  long  cruises,  and  have 
but  recently  returned  from  a  cruise  covering  two  years,  which 
carried  me  around  the  world.  I  am  sending  you  a  picture  of  my- 
self at  the  wheel,  a  position  I  frequently  occupy.     I  also  send  you 


a  picture  of  myself  in  the  shrouds,  taken  off  the  coast  of  Japan, 
Although  I  do  not  make  a  practice  of  going  aloft,  I  have  done  so 
on  a  number  of  occasions,  and  have  found  very  little  difficulty 
on  account  of  my  artificial  legs.  I  also  send  you  a  photograph 
of  myself  on  horseback  while  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  near  tfee 
city  of  Honolulu, 


296        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

The  artificial  limbs  of  your  manufacture  are  marvels.  They 
are  light,  simple  in  construction,  and  thoroughly  efficient.  I  have 
not  had   occasion   to   send   my   limbs   for   repairs   since  they  yvexQ 


made,  and  from  all  appearances  it  will  be  a  long  time  before  any 
repairs  will  be  required. 

If  this  letter  pleases  you,  you  can  publish  it  among  your  testi- 
monials when  occasion  arises. 

»  AARON  ECKER— Farmer,  Frederick  Co.,  Md.     Below  elbow. 

I  would  not  take  double  the  cost  for  the  arm  you  made  for  me. 
I  have  loaded  farm  wagons,  plowed  and  laid  off  corn  ground.  I 
even  tie  my  shoes  with  the  hook  and  my  other  hand.     Nov.  1,  1909. 

*  ALLEN  J.  ECKLES— Grocer,  Genesee  Co.,  Mich.     Ankle  amputat'n. 
For  years  I  had   a   diseased   foot.     It  was  finally  amputated  in 

1907.  In  three  months  after  I  sent  you  my  measurements  and 
cast  and  had  an  artificial  limb  made.  I  received  it  and  have  worn 
it  since  with  the  best  of  results.  I  ride  a  bicycle  and  get  about 
as  I  had  hardly  ever  hoped  to.  I  have  never  enjoyed  such  good 
health  as  I  have  since  my  foot  was  amputated.  Jan.  10,  1910. 

WM.  P.  EDDY— Manufacturer,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     Partial  foot. 

I  have  used  your  artificial  foot  for  thirty-five  years  and  ought 
to  know  something  about  it.  I  have  worn  many  different  kinds. 
There  is  no  one  who  has  solved  the  problem  of  applying  an 
artificial  leg  to  Chopart's  amputation  except  yourself.  I  feel 
exceedingly  grateful  for  the  good  work  you  have  done  for  me  for 
so  many  years.  Feb.  16,  1909. 

*  ADOLPH  EDQUIST— Laborer,  Sweden.     Ankle  amputation. 

I  wish  to  express  my  entire  satisfaction  with  the  artificial  leg 
for  ankle  amputation  you  made  for  me  two  and  one-half  years  ago. 

Nov.  16,  1909. 

*  LEE   EDWAEDS— Brass   Worker,   Vernon   Co.,   111.     Above   knee. 
I  thought  I  would  write  a  few  lines  and  let  you  know  how  I  am 

getting  along  with  my  leg.  It  works  fine,  cannot  find  any  fault 
with  the  fitting.  March  3,  1903. 

*  E.  E.  EDWAEDS— Coal  Miner,  Campbell  Co.,  Tenn.     Below  elbow. 
I  received  the  artificial  arm  ordered  for  me  by  Dr.  Beasley  and 

I  am  pleased  to  state  that  it  fits  perfectly  and  I  am  delighted 
with  it.  I  regret  now  that  I  did  not  get  one  earlier  and  I  shall 
take  great  pleasure  in  speaking  good  words  for  you.     Dec.  2,  1908. 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.        297 

*  T.  S.  EDWAKDS— Ireland.     Above  knee. 

The  leg  you  made  from  the  measurements  I  sent  you  fits  ad- 
mirably, and  leaves  nothing-  to  be  desired.  I  feel  myself  a  new 
man,  and  the  limb  has  turned  out  to  my  expectations,  nay,  far 
beyond.  The  rubber  foot  is  a  great  im^jrovement  over  the  old 
articulating   ankle   joint, 

ADAM  E.  EHRLIN— Car  Repairer,  Erie  Co.,  O.     Below  knee. 

I  wish  to  inform  you  that  the  artificial  limb  you  made  for  me 
In  1903  has  proved  to  be  a  fine  piece  of  workmanship.  I  am  well 
pleased  with  it.  It  exceeds  my  expectation.  I  can  walk  better, 
straighter,  and  have  gotten  rid  of  that  squeak  at  last.  After 
wearing  an  ordinary  ankle  joint  limb  for  eighteen  years,  I  can 
truthfully  say  yours  is  the  best,  and  the  fit  is  perfect.     Oct.  29,  1907. 

*  REV.  S.  H.  EISENBERG— Centre  Co.,  Pa.     Above  elbow. 

I  have  used  an  artificial  arm  made  by  you  for  twenty  years. 
There  was  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  correct  size  from  your  system 
of  measurements.     My  arm  is  ofE  above  elbow.  Oct.  23,  1909. 

*  EDWIN  ELDRIDGE— Clerk,  New  Zealand.     Below  knee. 

It  is  now  four  years  since  I  received  my  artificial  leg  from  you 
which  has  given  every  satisfaction  and  as  regards  wear,  it  is  first- 
class.  Sept.   30,   1908. 

*  JAMES    W.    ELDRIDGE— Farmer,    Hamilton    Co.,    Tenn.     Above 

knee. 

I  am  always  ready  to  speak  a  good  word  for  your  make  of 
artificial  leg.  I  am  now  wearing  the  second  leg  you  made  for  me, 
and  this  has  been  in  use  for  six  years. 

I  lost  my  leg  when  I  was  a  mere  lad,  but  with  the  aid  of  the 
Marks  leg  I  have  been  able  to  earn  my  living.  I  have  done  every- 
thing from  punching  cattle  to  keeping  a  set  of  books.     Oct.  14,  1909. 

*  J.  H.  EMORY— Mill  Operator,  Spartanburg  Co.,  S.  C.     Below  knee. 
There  are  two  hundred  hands  working  in  the  same  room  with 

me,  all  able-bodied  men  and  I  am  the  only  one  maimed,  and  I 
have  won  the  prize  this  month  for  quantity  and  excellency  of  work. 
This  makes  me  think  that  the  Marks  leg  is  really  better  in  one 
sense  than  the  natural  one  as  I  led  the  way  in  my  room. 

I  would  not  exchange  this  leg  for  any  that  I  have  ever  seen. 
I  have  been  wearing  it  for   nine  years.  Jan.   29,   1908. 

*  MISS  LIZZIE  ENDERSBY— Yorkshire,  England.     Below  knee. 
Nothing  would  give  me  greater  pleasure  than   to  tell   everyone 

who  needs  an  artificial  leg  of  Mr.  Barstow,  of  Ferrybridge,  who 
ordered  the  leg  for  me.  My  heart  is  full  of  gratitude  and  I  cannot 
speak  too  highly  of  his  ability  and  the  care  and  interest  he  takes 
in  his  patients  after  the  fitting  of  the  artificial  leg,  so  as  to  secure 
perfect  ease  and  comfort.  I  have  so  much  confidence  in  his  ability 
that  I  would  tell  my  friends.  If  I  were  1,000  miles  away  and 
needed  another  leg,  I  would  wish  him  to  supply  it.  You  see  I 
have  had  the  discomfort  of  an  ill-fitting  artificial  leg  and  know 
the  difEerence,  and  how  to  aj)preciate  a  good  fitting  leg  in  full. 

April   20,   1908. 

*  ISAAC    ESCALANTE— Mexico.    Below    knee. 

I  take  pleasure  in  informing  you  that  I  am  getting  on  very  well 
with  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1909,  so  well  do  I  walk 
that  nobody  knows  that  I  wear  an  artificial  leg  except  those  who 
are  intimately  acquainted  with  me.  I  seldom  use  a  cane,  although 
I  carry  one  with  me.  I  am  greatly  admired  on  account  of  my 
dancing.  I  can  go  up  and  downstairs  without  help.  I  ride  horse- 
back  as  well   as   anyone.  March   2,    191Q, 


298        A.  A.  Marias,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


*  ANTON  H.   EXNER— Farmer,   Saskatchewan,   Can.     Above   knee. 
I  am  very  much  pleased  and  satisfied  with  the  artificial  leg  yon 

made  for  me  four  years  ago.  I  am  a  farmer  and  do  almost  all 
my  own  work.  During  the  last  summer  I  worked  for  eight  weeks 
on  a  thrashing  machine  without  getting  tired.  I  could  not  do 
without  the  leg.  Mj^  stump  is  only  five  inches  long  from  my  body. 
I  wish  you  all  the   success  possible.  Nov.   20,   1909. 

*  THOS.  EZELL— Salesman,  Jasper  Co.,  Ga.     Below  knee. 

I  have  used  your  artificial  foot  and  leg  continuously  for  eleven 
years,  and  it  gives  perfect  satisfaction.  The  fit  by  measurements 
was   perfect.     I   had   no    repairs   done,    although   I   was   in    active 


V^' 


?■',  ^ 


business,  such  as  a  salesman  in  retail  dry  goods  and  grocery  store, 
and  have  walked  the  old  field,  bird-hunting,  for  one-half  day  at  a 
time.     The  rubber  foot  seems  as  good  to-day  as  when  first  bought. 

*  MRS.  ELIZA  A.  FAIRFIELD— Missisquoi  Co.,  Que.     Below  elbow. 
I  received  an  artificial  hand  from  you  about  six  years  ago.     My 

hand  was  taken  ofE  two  and  one-half  inches  above  the  wrist; 
unfortunately  it  was  my  right  hand  that  I  lost.  Your  hand  was 
fitted  from  measurements  at  home.  I  am  satisfied  with  it.  I  would 
not  like  to  be  without  it.  Dec.  30,  1908. 

*  MRS.  W.  A.  FAIRWEATHER— New  Brunswick,  Canada. 

My  son,  Asa,  had  his  leg  amputated  on  account  of  typhoid  fever. 
The  amputation  took  place  when  the  lad  was  five  years  old.  He 
walked  on  a  crutch  for  about  one  year,  at  the  end  of  which  time 
we  procured  from  you  an  artificial  leg.  We  put  the  leg  on  imme- 
diately, and  a  few  weeks  after  he  -yvalked  about  without  the  ai(I 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        299 

of  a  cane  or  crutch.  In  September,  1903,  he  began  his  schooling, 
and  has  continued  it  to  the  i^resent  time.  He  walks,  runs,  swings, 
jumps,  plays  ball,  and  enjoys  himself  as  well  as  other  boys.     We 


.«.A.MARK8,  N.V. 


were  advised  by  many  not  to  procure  an  artificial  leg,  as  it  was 
not  supposed  that  he  could  use  one,  but  we  were  afraid  that  the 
child  might  receive  some  injui^y  from  using  crutches,  and  therefore 
determined  to  get  the  leg.  We  do  not  regret  having  done  so.  The 
results  attending  the  case  make  me  feel  it  a  duty  to  recommend 
every  person  who  has  a  child,  no  matter  how  young  he  may  be, 
who  has  lost  a  limb,  to  provide  the  child  with  an  artificial  one  of 
your   make   as   soon   as   possible.  Oct.   21,   1909. 

J.  W.  FARILL,  M.D.— Cherokee  Co.,  Ala. 

I  have  experienced  the  worth  of  the  A.  A.  Marks  artificial  arm, 
and  would  say  it  is  a  perfect  Godsend,  and  w^orth  its  w^eight  in 
gold. 

*  J.  C.  FARLOW— Prison  Guard,  Randolph  Co.,  N.  C.     Partial  foot. 
I  have  worn   one  of  your  limbs  with  aluminum   socket  for  the 

past  twelve  years.  Think  they  are  the  best  for  partial  foot  ampu- 
tations. I  can  get  around  so  well  that  many  of  my  acquaintances 
do  not  know  that  I  wear  an  artificial  limb.  Although  my  heel  was 
allowed  to  drop  backwards  while  healing,  the  aluminum  socket 
holds  it  in  place.  I  rode  a  bicycle  seventy-five  miles  over  rough 
country  roads  in  one  day.  My  occupation  at  present  is  prison 
guard  on  the  public  roads,  which  compels  me  to  stand  on  my  feet 
nearly  all  day.  I  have  worked  at  house  painting  since  I  have  been 
crippled,  and  I  have  no  trouble  in  climbing  ladders.      Oct.  15,  1909. 

*  JOSE  M.  FID ANQUE— Jamaica,  B.  W.  I.     Below  knee. 

I  am  delighted  w\t\\  the  new  system  of  limb  and  I  feel  certain 
that  all  those  who  have  worn  it  must  report  similarly  to  you.  It 
is  a  wonderful  improvement  on  the  other  models  and  I  have  to  thank 
you  for  the  great  comfort  it  has  brought  to  me  as  I  have  never  felt 
so  at  home  in  any  other  leg  since  my  amputation  five  years  ago.  I 
have  the  highest  admiration  for  your  ingenuity  in  this  your  latest 
invention  and  I  take  pleasure  in  expressing  my  gratitude  to  your 
firm  for  the  ease,  comfort    and  relief  of  the  new  pattern. 

June   2,   1910. 


§00 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Linihs,  New  YorJc  City. 


FRANK  FAUST— Fireman,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 

I  wish  yon  to  know  how  many  days  the  leg-  you  made  for  me 
worked  in  one  year.  You  see  that  it  exceeds  more  working-  days 
of  ten  hours  each  than  there  are  working  days  in  the  j'^ear.  If 
you  know  of  anybody,  with  an  artificial  leg-,  who  has  tui-ned  out 
more  days'  work  than  I  have  firing'  a  big-  coal  engine,  remembering 
that  I  have  to  walk  two  miles  to  work  and  two  miles  from  work, 
making  four  miles  every  day  in  addition  to  my  work,  let  me  know 
who  he  is,  that  I  may  compare  time  with  him.  During  the  month 
of  January  I  worked  407  hours;  February,  292;  March,  358;  April, 
325;  May,  280;  June,  316;  July,  337;  August,  376;  September,  337; 
October,  391;  November,  375;  December,  337.  ...  If  you  will  add  up 


the  number  of  hours,  you  will  find  that  it  amounts  to  4,131,  or  more 
than  413  days  for  the  year,  and  you  know  there  are  313  working 
days  in  the  year,  so  I  have  worked  a  year  and  one  hundred  days  in 
the  year  1899,  wearing  your  artificial  leg  every  hour  of  that  time, 
and  it  has  not  cost  me  one  cent  for  repairs.     It  is  as  good  now  as 


it  ever  was.     The  engine  that  t  am  firing  is  one  of  those  big  ones 
that  haul  coal  from  the  mines  to  Pottsville,  No.  148.     I  inclose  a 


A.  A.  Mar-lcs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.        301 


photograph  of  my  engine,  where  you  will  see  me  at  my  post  of  duty. 
I  get  all  over  her  with  the  same  ease  that  I  ever  did.  Sometimes 
I  elimb  on  top  of  the  boiler  while  in  motion.  I  can  tell  you  more 
about  what  I  am  doing-  with  my  leg-  if  you  want  it.  The  hard  use 
I  am  giving-  yonr  leg  and  the  excellent  wear  it  is  giving  prove  it  to 
be  the  best  in  the  world.  Jan.  10,  1009. 

THOS.  FEIINEY— Signalman,  Quebec.     Below  knee. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  recommending  your  artificial  limbs, 
especially  for  their  durability.  My  leg  is  amputated  six  inches 
below  the  knee  joint.     I  have  worn  one  of  your  limbs  since 


I  am  employed  as  signalman,  and  attend  to  my  duties  without  the 
least  trouble. 

*  E.  S.  FETTEES— E.  E.  Agent,  Chicago,  111.     Below  knee. 

I  purchased  an  artificial  arm  from  you  in  1894.  It  has  given 
perfect  satisfaction.  Fourteen  years  of  hard  service  is  a  good 
test.  Feb.  8,  1908. 

*  EDWAED  FLEMING— Torbay,  Newfoundland,  Fisherman.     Both 

below  the  knees. 

In  1888  you  constructed  a  pair  of  artificial  legs  for  my  brother 
Peter,  also  a  pair  for  myself.  We  both  lost  our  legs  from  exposure 
and  frost-bite,  having  been  driven  by  wind  off  the  banks  of  New- 
foundland. It  might  surprise  you  to  know  that  I  am  still  wearing 
those  legs,  only  think  of  it,  twenty-one  years.  I  do  a  great  deal 
of  work  on  them.  I  never  thought  that  artificial  legs  could  stand 
the  test  as  these  have.  Oct.  24,  1909. 

J.   D.   FLEMING,  M.D.— Muskingum  Co.,   Ohio. 

Edward  Buchanan  has  used  an  artificial  hand  made  by  you 
with  entire  satisfaction.  He  has  nothing  but  praise  for  your 
mechanical    aid.  March    20,    1908. 

*  ANTONE   FLINT— Eailroad,   Waco   Co.,   Ore.     Partial   foot. 

I  received  my  leg  which  Dr.  Dumble  ordered  for  me  and  I  must 
say  it  fits  perfect.  I  can  walk  miles,  in  fact  four  days  ago  I  Avalked 
four  miles  over  a  rough  road.  I  expect  to  go  back  to  train  service 
in  a  short  time.  June  12,  1909. 


302        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


H.    J.    FOLLWEILER— Bookkeeper,    Lehigh   Co.,   Pa.     Below   knee. 

I  purchased  my  artificial  leg"  from  you  December,  1903,  for  an 
amputation  below  the  knee.  It  is  giving  perfect  satisfaction,  in 
fact  I  could  not  do  without  it.     It  is  light,  strong,  and  well  made. 

I  am  a  bookkeeper  by  profession,  but  spend  much  of  my  time 
on  the  farm,  where  I  have  to  walk  much. 

There  is  very  little  wear  and  tear  of  your  legs,  and  I  heartily 
recommend  them  to  all  who  are  contemf)lating  purchasing.  The 
rubber  foot  and  non-articUlating  joint  give  me  a  firm,  natural,  and 
graceful  walk.  Oct.  15,   1909. 

*  JOS.  M.   FORD— Stone  Cutter,  Baltimore   Co.,   Md.     Below  knee. 
I  take  great  pleasure  in  recommending  your  leg  as  the  best  I 

ever  wore.  Previous  to  Avearing  yours  I  had  worn  four  ankle-joint 
legs  made  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  But  I  never  had  the 
comfort  and  feeling  of  security  I  have  had  since  wearing  your 
right  ankle,  spring  mattress,  sponge  rubber  foot.  I  am  a  stone 
cutter,  and  my  business  requires  me  to  stand  among  broken  stone 
much  of  the  time;  while  wearing  ankle-joint  legs  either  anklp 
joints  or  toe  joints  were  always  getting  out  of  order.  All  this  has; 
been  done  away  with  since  wearing  the  rubber  foot  and  stiff 
ankle.  The  leg  I  am  now  wearing  is  the  second  you  have  made 
me,  and  neither  one  has  been  any  expense  to  me.  Aside  from 
comfort,  I  walk  better,  travel  farther,  and  am  in  every  way  better 
satisfied  than  I  ever  was  with  any  other  make. 

There  are  many  that  are  now  wearing  ankle-joint  legs,  if  they 
only  knew  the  comfort  of  the  stiff  ankle  and  rubber  foot,  would 
discard  their  old  legs  and  try  the  rubber  foot.  It  took  me  a  long 
time  to  make  up  my  mind  to  try  it,  but  I  never  regret  that  I  did, 
and  never  expect  to  wear  any  other  kind.  April  28,  1907. 

*  T.  F.  FOESTEE— Blacksmith,  Lake  Co.,  Colo.     Above  knee. 

I  am  one  of  those  who  have  to  resort  to  artificial  legs.  I  am 
thankful   to    say   that  I   am   well    pleased   with   your   make.    My 


amputation  is  seven  and  a  half  inches  from  my  body;  applied  leg 
March  28,  1903,  and  have  worn  it  every  day  since,  I  do  blacksmith 
work. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        303 

*  W.  H,  FORKEST— Builder,  South  Africa.     Below  knee. 

I  am  much  pleased  with  yoiir  artificial  leg-.  It  is  a  perfect  fit. 
I  have  made  uj)  my  mind  never  to  wear  an  ankle  joint  foot  again. 
I  was  eighteen  months  a  member  of  the  Town  Guard,  during  the 
Boer  War,  and  was  never  of?  duty,  when  the  Guard  was  in  active 
service,  and  to  this  day  the  commanding  officer  is  not  aware  that  I 
walk  on  an  artificial  leg.  The  doctor  who  has  assisted  me  in 
measuring,  is  so  pleased  with  your  work  that  he  is  turning  all 
his  work  your  way. 
THERON  C.  FOWLER— Farmer,  New  Haven  Co.,  Conn.     Wrist  amp, 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  arms  for  the  past  seventeen 
years  and  could  not  do  without  it,    I  find  it  of  great  help  In  riding 


<S      ."^ 


a  bicycle,  which  I  use  in  my  business.  I  have  ridden  on  an  average 
over  3,000  miles  per  year  for  five  years.  I  simply  place  the  hand 
on  the  handle-bar  the  same  as  the  natural  one.  Oct.   13,  1909, 

*  FRED  POX— Farmer,  Crawford  Co.,  111.     Below  elbow. 

I  am  a  farmer  and  have  worn  one  of  Marks  artificial  arms  for 
six  years.  It  is  a  great  help  to  me.  I  do  most  all  kinds  of  work 
on  the  farm.  I  lost  my  hand  in  a  corn  shredder  and  the  amputa- 
tion was  three  inches  above  the  wrist.  Oct.  16,  1909. 

*  JOHN  FREY— Laborer,  Brevard  Co.,  Fla.     Below  knee. 

Mr.  Joseph  Reddick,  in  our  employ,  is  using  one  of  your  artificial 
legs  and  has  been  since  last  December.  It  is  surprising  to  see 
how  well  he  is  getting  along.  We  believe  he  is  just  as  good  in 
his  work  as  before  he  lost  his  leg.  Oct.  4,  1907. 

ROBT.  L.  FRYER— R.  R.  Engineer,  Middlesex  Co.,  Conn.  Below 
knee. 
Taking  the  limb  in  general  which  you  made  for  me  in  April,  1905, 
I  must  admit  it  has  been  a  success.  Within  a  month  of  its  receipt 
I  was  working  at  my  trade  as  a  machinist  and  handling  some 
heavy  machinery.  I  have  only  been  required  to  leave  the  leg  off 
one  day  and  that  from  no  cause  of  the  leg.  No  one  knows  of  my 
crippled  condition  except  those  that  are  intimately  acquainted 
with  me.  March  14  1910. 


S04       A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  Neiv  Yorh  City. 

CHARLES  A.  FULLER— Lawyer,  Chenango  Co.,  N.  Y.  Above  knee. 
My  leg  was  amputated  within  eight  inches  of  the  body  at  Gettys- 
burg. For  many  years  I  wore  a  leg  with  an  ankle  joint  which  gave 
me  no  little  vexation.  Whenever  the  spring  that  kept  it  in  place 
weakened,  the  foot  would  drop  and  the  leg  trip,  and  I  would 
lose  my  natural  sAveetness  of  temper.  I  have  worn  the  Marks  leg 
for  the  past  nineten  years  and  have  had  no  such  trouble  with  the 
rubber  foot.  I  am  now  wearing  my  second  leg,  and  it  looks  as  if 
it  might  do  good  work  for  the  next  dozen  years.  Oct.  12,  1909. 

*  CHAS.  A.  FUREY— Essex  Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  suits  me  in  every  respect. 
Your  work  is  the  best  and  I  cheerfully  recomm-end  everyone  to  you. 
You  made  an  artificial  leg  for  a  young  lady  in  this  place  some 
time  ago.  She  married  and  now  resides  in  Newfoundland.  She 
is  getting  along  fine,  has  no  trouble  and  praises  your  work  very 
highly  to  everybody.  In  fact  everybody  I  have  met  wearing  your 
artificial  legs  has  the  same  story  of  contentment  to  repeat. 

Sept.   8,   1907. 
I.  C.  GABLE,  M.D.— York  Co.,  Pa. 

I  have  recommended  the  A.  A.  Marks  very  valuable  patent  arti- 
ficial limbs  to  a  number  of  my  patients,  who  are  wearing  them 
with  perfect  satisfaction,  and  I  have  no  hesitancy  in  saying  in  my 
judgment  they  fulfill  their  purpose  better  than  any  others  that 
have  come  under  my  observation.  Oct.  13,  1909. 

*  MISS  MARY  A.  GALLAGHER— Tuscaloosa  Co.,  Ala.    Below  knee. 
I  am  wearing  the  second  artificial  supplied  by  you.     I  get  along 

without  any  assistance;  lost  limb  six  or  seven  inches  below  the  knee 
in  1886,  bought  one  of  your  manufacture  in  1887,  used  constantly 
for  six  years,  and  at  the  present  I  ana  wearing  the  second,  bought 
in  1903.  I  would  never  be  without  one.  It  is  the  talk  of  all 
my  friends  how  active  I  am  with  it.  Oct.  16,  1909. 

*  HECTOR  GARCIA— Cashier,  Peru.     Below  knee. 

I  take  pleasure  in  informing  you  that  the  leg  constructed  by 
you  has  turned  out  very  well,  in  fact  so  well  it  can  hardly  be 
distinguished  from  the  natural  member.  I  take  all  kinds  of 
exercise,  dance  with  great  perfection  and  can  hardly  be  beat  in  a 
running  match.  May  17,  1909. 

REV.  RUFUS  P.  GARDNER— Merrimack  Co.,  N.  H. 

It  gives  great  pleasure  to  assure  you  that  the  apparatus  made 
by  you  in  1876  has  answered  my  expectations,  enabling  me  to  walk 
in  a  natural  manner  and  leave  the  crutch. 

My  parish  work  calls  for  a  great  deal  of  walking,  which  I  can 
do  with  great  ease.  Hoping  many  others  may  find,  as  I  have,  the 
value  of  your  great  work.  Oct.   15,   1909. 

*  FREDERICK    GARLAND— Trinity    Bay,    Newfoundland.      Below 

knee  amputation. 
I  have  been  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  the  last 
three  years.  I  am  convinced  that  there  is  no  better  leg  made. 
I  have  been  in  company  of  people  who  never  suspected  that  I  was 
wearing  an  artificial  leg.  I  attend  to  my  work  every  day  which 
is  fishing  in  the  summer  and  working  in  the  lumber  woods  in 
winter.  March  10,  1910. 

*  C.  H.  GASQUE — Telegraph  Operator,  Hampton  Co.,  S.  C.    Above 

knee. 

In  1891  I  bought  a  leg  from  you  and  wore  it  every  day  for  ten 

years.     Then  I  purchased  another  and  liked  it  even  better  than  the 

first.     The  last  one  I  got  has  been  in  daily  use  for  more  than  seven 

years.    I  am  greatly  pleased  with  your  make  of  limb.    Oct.  19,  1909, 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City.        305 

E.  A.  GAULT — Locomotive  Engineer,  Otsego  Co.,  N.  Y.  Below  knee. 
September  28,  1897,  my  right  leg  was  amputated  at  the  middle 
third,  below  the  knee.  I  am  a  loeomotive  engineer,  and  in  just  six 
months  from  that  day  I  was  back  on  the  road  at  work.  I  have 
worn  your  artificial  limb  for  over  ten  years,  and  have  never  had  a 
spot  as  large  as  the  head  of  a  pin  on  my  limb  caused  by  chafing. 
I  have  stood  on  the  engine  beside  the  boiler  witli  the  heat  at  one 
hundred  and  ten  degrees,  and  it  did  not  affect  the  leg  at  all.  I 
have  tested  it  in  every  way.  I  can  climb  around  the  engine  as 
well  as  I  could  with  my  own  limb,  can  run  and  jump,  and  my 
weight  is  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  pounds.  Oct.  16,  1909. 

HENRY  P.   GEIB,  M.D.— Fairfield   Co.,  Conn. 

The  persons  to  whom  Marks  has  furnished  artificial  appliances 
for  amputations  of  the  feet  (one  Smyes'  and  other  Pirogoff's 
operations)   express  themselves  as  being  perfectly  satisfied. 

The  appliances  are  light,  easily  applied,  and  do  not  produce 
excoriation  or  tenderness  at  the  end  of  the  stump. 

I  consider  that  Marks'  appliances  fulfill  all  the  indications  called 
for  in  providing  artificial  support  after  amputations. 

*  JAMES  T.  GIBSON,  M.D.— Highland  Co.,  Ohio.     Below  elbow. 

On  the  fifteenth  day  of  October  I  took  the  measurements  for 
B.  F.  Puckett,  Jr.,  for  an  artificial  hand  and  part  forearm.  He 
has  submitted  it  to-day  for  my  inspection.  The  fit  is  perfect. 
Could  not  have  been  better  had  you  had  him  at  your  place  of 
business  to  fit  personally. 
G.  H.  GLIDDEN,  M.D.— Herkimer  Co.,  N.  Y. 

For  many  years  I  have  considered  Marks  artificial  limbs  the 
very  best  in  the  world.  I  cannot  recommend  thero  too  highly. 
In  every  case  they  have  proven  better  than  expected.  Oct.  15,  1909. 
THEODORE   GOBLE— Signalman,   Suffolk   Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  with  rubber  foot  for  over 
eight  years,  and  it  has  given  complete  satisfaction.  I  would  not 
exchange  it  for  any  other,  make.  I  have  worn  it  constantly  since 
I  got  it.  My  work  is  in  a  railroad  signal  tower  throwing  levers. 
I  work  twelve  hours  a  day.  Oct.   18,   1909. 

*  GARLAND  GOHAGAN— Jefferson  Co.,  Ky.     Below  elbow. 

I  am  very  much  pleased  with  my  artificial  arm.  I  am  doing 
considerable  work  with  it,  in  fact  could  not  get  along  without  it. 

April  29,  1908. 
IRVING  GOLDFARB— Stenographer,  New  York  City.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1898  is  still  in  good  service. 
It  has  proved  to  be  a  remarkably  strong  leg.  In  July  1905,  while 
boating  on  the  Long  Island  Sound,  one  of  my  party  fell  over- 
board; I  jumped  in  after  him;  he  was  rescued  by  another  person. 
I  became  exhausted  and  it  was  necessary  to  drag  me  out  also. 
Some  time  later  while  camping  on  the  Palisades,  I  fell  off  a  cliff,  the 
leg  striking  against  a  rock.  A  few  months  after  that,  I  was  run 
over  by  a  delivery  wagon,  the  wheel  passing  over  the  artificial  leg. 
It  is  now  two  years  since  these  accidents  occurred  and  I  am  still 
wearing  the  leg.  I  am  a  young-  man,  love  to  engage  in  athletic 
sports  and  find  the  leg  ready  for  anything.  Nov.   8,   1907. 

*  CARLOS  GOMEZ— Havana,  Cuba.     Knee  bearing. 

I  received  a  package  containing  the  artificial  leg  I  ordered  from 
you,  for  which  I  sent  measurements  taken  at  my  home.  I  was 
agreeably  surprised  to  find  that  the  leg  fitted  perfectly,  and  can 
suggest  no  alterations  that  could  possibly  improve  it.  The  rubber 
foot  is  perfection,  I  doubt  very  much  that  there  can  be  anything 
better. — Translated  from  Spanish.  June  6,   1908, 


306        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 

*  EAFAEL  GONZALEZ — Manufacturer,  Silas,  Mexico.     Below  knee. 
I  thank  you  for  the  artificial  leg.     It  fits  perfectly.     I  extend  to 

you  my  gratitude.  Jan.  22,  1909. 

*  E.   S.   GONZALEZ — Army  Officer,  Lara,  Venezuela.     Below  knee. 
I  am  still  using  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  ten  years  ago. 

It  fits  perfectlj'^  and  I  have  met  with  no  inconvenience  whatever. 
I  have  used  artificial  legs  nine  years  constructed  by  many  different 
manufacturers,  and  I  can  assure  you  that  your  make  is  the  best 
of    all."  May   25,    1909. 

*  JAMES  W.  GOOCH— Shelby  Co.,  Tenn.     Instep  amputation. 

In  my  opinion  there  is  but  one  artificial  leg  in  the  market  and 
that  is  Marks'.  I  have  been  wearing  one  for  Chopart's  amputation 
for  over  five  years.  I  cannot  see  why  I  should  not  wear  it  for 
the  next  ten.  So  far  as  walking  and  getting  about  is  concerned, 
I  can  see  no  diffrence  between  my  artificial  foot  and  my  natural 
one.  I  have  seen  a  great  many  makes  of  artificial  limbs,  but  they 
do  not  attract  me.  I  clearly  understand  the  requirements  of  a 
limb  and  I  know  that  Marks  is  the  only  person  who  has  anything 
that  will  meet  that  requirement.  March  22,  1909. 

DK.  JOEL  M.  GOOCH— Bell  Co.,  Texas. 

In  every  case  in  which  you  have  furnished  artificial  limbs  under 
my  orders,  the  results  have  been  perfectly  satisfactory.  Oct.  18,  1909. 

*  JOHN  GOEDINE— Laborer,  New  Zealand.     Above  elbow. 

I  have  been  wearing  your  artificial  arm  now  close  on  eight  years 
and  it  has  given  me  much  satisfaction  in  every  way.  I  always 
recommend  anyone  who  has  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  a  limb 
to  you.  Dec.   5,  1909. 

THOMAS  GORMAN— Clerk,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.    Both  legs. 

I  am  pleased  to  tell  you  that  my  artificial  legs  are  perfect  in 
every  respect,  and  a  great  success.  I  walk  about,  go  on  cars, 
work  in  the  store  all  day,  wait  on  customers,  tie  up  packages,  and 
all  the  work  required  of  an  able-bodied  man.  I  cheerfully  recom- 
mend your  rubber  foot.  I  do  not  in  any  vs^ay  consider  myself  in- 
capacitated on  account  of  the  loss  of  my  legs.  Oct.  16,  1909. 

CHAELES  W.  GOULD— Lock  Tender,  Albany  Co.,  N.  Y.  Below  knee. 
I  write  you  these  few  lines  to  let  you  know  that  I  am  very 
much  pleased  with  the  leg.  My  occupation  is  lock-tending  on  the 
Erie  Canal,  and  I  get  around  just  as  good  as  anyone  that  has  two 
good    legs.     I    have    been    wearing   your    leg    about   twelve    years. 

Oct.  14,  1909. 

MES.  JOHN  F.  GEAHAM— Worcester  Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

I  find  pleasure  in  sending  you  this  testimonial.  My  foot  is  ampu- 
tated four  inches  above  the  ankle.  I  went  on  crutches  for  two 
years,  then  I  purchased  one  of  your  artificial  limbs.  I  do  my  own 
housework,  and  walk  from  five  to  six  miles  every  Sunday  through 
the  country.  I  danced  at  a  lawn  party  given  by  my  friends  six 
months  after  receiving  your  limb  seven  years  ago.     Oct.  19,   1909. 

*  JOHN  N.  GEAHAM — Mechanic,  Grand  Traverse  Co.,  Mich.     Above 

knee. 
The  artificial  leg  I  got  of  you  in  1903  has  given  satisfaction.     I 
have   never   gone   a   day   without   the   leg   since   I   got   it,   and   am 
doing  work  around  a  sawmill  all  the  time.  Oct.   16,   1909. 

*  THOMAS  GEANT— Telephone  Operator,  New  Zealand.     Wrist. 

I  can  manage  all  the  work  in  the  post  and  telephone  office.  I 
manage  very  well  in  tying  up  the  mail  bags,  I  hold  the  receiver  of 
the  telephone  in  the  rubber  hand  and  take  off  messages  with  the 
other.  Jan,  19,  1910. 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.        307 

*  PRIS.  A.  GEANT— Waiig-anui,  New  Zealand.     Above  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  for  Miss  Janie  Scott  came  to  hand  some  time 
ago.  Miss  Scott  is  managing  with  the  limb  very  nicely.  She  uses 
a  treadle  sewing  machine,  walks  to  church,  and  in  fact  does  every- 


thing and  goes  everywhere  the  same  as  persons  with  natural 
legs.  April  12,  1909. 

*  MISS  EMMA  C.  GEAY— Student,  Eichmond  Co.,  Ga.     Above  knee. 
It  is  with  pleasure  that  I  testify  to  the  good  that  the  artificial 

leg  has  done  me.  It  has  been  a  Godsend.  I  have  been  wearing 
it  since  1904,  at  which  time  I  was  only  thirteen  years  old.  I  advise 
all  who  have  had  the  misfortune  of  losing  a  leg  to  purchase  one 
from  you  without  delay.  I  am  sure  they  will  say  the  same  as  I 
do,  that  the  Marks'   artificial   limbs   are   Godsends.     Nov.   25,   1909. 

PATEICK  GEEGOEY— Priest,  Montreal,  Can.     Above  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  I  purchased  from  you  five  years  ago  has 
proven   satisfactory.  Sept.    13,   1907. 

*  C.  E.  GEAVES— Clinton  Co.,  Ind.    Partial  hand. 

I  am  employed  as  a  life  insurance  solicitor  and  collector.  The 
four  fingers  of  my  right  hand  were  amputated,  leaving  the  thumb 
with  very  little  support.  However,  I  find  that  I  am  able  to  handle 
books  and  papers  to  a  much  greater  extent  by  the  aid  of  the  arti- 
ficial hand  than  I  could  without  it.  It  restores  the  hand  to  almost 
its  natural  appearance,  which  is  a  great  advantage  in  dealing  with 
the  public. 

DAVID  GEEEN— Driver,  Suffolk  Co.,  N.  Y.     Knee  bearing. 

My  left  leg  was  amputated  just  below  the  knee  on  September  14, 
1903,  and  on  March  25,  1904,  I  was  fitted  by  you  personally  with  an 
artificial  leg  which  has  given  me  splendid  satisfaction.     Oct.  23,  1909. 

D.  M.  GEEEN — Mechanic,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.     Knee  bearing. 

I  lost  my  leg  in  the  Civil  War  and  have  worn  artificial  limbs 
since  then.  In  1871  the  Government  furnished  me  with  a  leg  made 
by  you.  Since  that  time  I  have  had  renewals  on  the  Goverment 
allowance  four  times.  I  have  the  highest  praise  for  your  work. 
Have  always  had  ease  and  comfort,  but  I  am  now  getting  along  in 
life,  having  reached  my  seventy-first  birthday.  Oct.  4,  1909. 


308        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  TorJc  City. 


*  WM.  W.  GRANT— Engineer,  Latimer  Co.,  Okla.     Above  knee. 

I'm  still  wearing-  your  make  of  legs  and  won't  wear  anybody's 
else  till  you  or  I  die.  I  have  tried  a  cheap  leg,  I  got  it  from 
Fort  Smith;  there  wasn't  a  wagon  in  this  town  that  could  carry  it. 


I  have  for  years  tended  to  t"ffe^  fire-pot  of  a  boiler.     I  run  a  hoisting 
engine  in  a  coal  mine  and  do  all  kinds  of  hard  work.      Oct.  18.  1909. 


*  J.  D.  GEAY— Saw  Filer,  Hillsboro  Co.,  N.  H.     Below  elbow. 

I  have  worn  a  hand  of  your  make  for  more  than  ten  years,  and 
could  not  get  along  without  it.  I  am  a  saw  filer,  and  work  every 
day.  My  hand  is  amputated  about  half  way  between  the  elbow 
and  wrist. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City.        309 

*  FRANK  O.  GEEBN— Antrim  Co.,  Mich.     Tn8tep  amputation. 

I  have  received  your  aliimininn  socket  rubber-j'oot  lopf  for  partial 
foot  amputation.  1  am  ])lea,S(Ml  to  say  that  tiu;  (;liai)f4(!  from  the 
old  one  is  greatly  to  my  advantage.  The  socket  of  the  leg  holds 
my  foot  in  the  right  position  at  all  times.  Aug.  27,  1908. 

*  MISS  E.  M.  GREGORY— Wellington,  New  Zealand.     Belovi^  knee. 
I  have  worn  an  artificial  leg  supplied  by  you  for  the   last  five 

years,  and  found  it  a  great  comfort.  I  can  do  ordinary  house- 
work, walk  distances  and  do  not  know  what  I  should  do  without  it. 
I  recommend  your  limbs.  Nov.   10,   1908. 

*  CAPT.  T.  M.  GRIFFIN— Farmer,  Hinds  Co.,  Miss.    Below  knee. 
About  five  years  ago  I  had  my  left  leg  amputated  four  inches 

above  the  ankle.  Four  months  after  I  applied  for  an  artificial  leg 
with  rubber  foot  of  your  construction.  I  have  been  wearing  the 
leg  ever  since.  I  would  not  be  without  it  for  any  consideration. 
I  am  a  farmer,  and  can  do  nearly  everything  a  man  of  my  age 
(84)   ought  to  be  expected  to  do.  Oct.   16,   1909. 

WILLIAM  GRIFFIN— Washington,  D.  C.     Above  knee. 

With  reference  to  the  artificial  leg  you  furnished  me  seven  years 
ago,  I  take  great  pleasure  in  saying  that  of  all  the  limbs  that  I 
have  worn  during  the  last  forty-five  years,  it  is  the  best  and  most 
satisfactory  in  every  way.  Every  limb  I  have  gotten  from  you  is 
better  than  the  previous  one.  This  shows  that  you  are  progressing. 
The  former  leg  made  by  you  was  worn  uninterruptedly  for  twenty- 
two  years.  As  you  know  I  am  employed  by  the  Government  and 
my  home  is  about  a  half  mile  from  my  place  of  occupation.  But 
I  walk  to  and  from  the  latter  all  the  year  round  with  entire 
ease  and  comfort.  I  have  repeatedly  walked  out  in  the  suburbs 
of  the  city  for  miles,  som.etimes  up  and  down  hills,  without  any 
difficulty.  Oct.  14,  1909. 

*  J.  C.  GRIMIT— Farmer,  Cullman  Co.,  Ala.     Knee  bearing. 

I  have  had  no  occasion  to  complain  about  your  leg.  It  is  now 
eight  years  since  it  was  made.  I  would  not  give  my  artificial 
leg  for  a  cart  load  of  crutches  or  peg  legs  either.  There  is  nothing 
on  the  face  of  the  earth  more  valuble  than  A.  A.  Marks'  artificial 
legs.     My  life  was  a  misery  before  I  got  one.  Oct.  19,  1909. 

MISS  DESSIE  GROSS— Blackford  Co.,  Ind.     Elbow  amputation. 

I  am  well  pleased  with  my  arm  which  you  made  for  me  three 
years  ago,  and  the  service  it  has  given  me  has  been  very  great. 

Aug.    24,    1908. 

*  J.  L.  GUTHRIDGE— Storekeeper,  Franklin  Co.,  Ohio.    Below  knee. 
I  have  worn  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  every  day  since 

I  got  it.  While  it  is  of  entirely  different  construction  from  that 
which  I  have  been  wearing  I  am  well  pleased  with  it  and  am 
satisfied   and  enjoying   the   best  of   siiccess.  Dec.   6,   1908. 

JAMES  E.  HADLEY— Carpenter,  Norfolk  Co.,  Mass.  Below  knee. 
My  leg  was  amputated  April  16,  1902.  I  returned  to  my  work 
just  eleven  weeks  after  the  amputation.  I  walk  without  a  crutch 
or  cane.  I  am  emploj^ed  by  the  N.  Y.,  N.  H.,  H.  R.  R.,  as  a  wood 
machinist.  I  can  get  about  as  well  as  any  man  in  the  shop,  and 
do  as  much  work  as  ever  I  could.  I  would  recommend  your  leg 
to   anyone   needing   the   same.  Oct.    13,    1909. 

*  ALEX.  HAGAMAN— Blacksmith,  Watauga  Co.,  N.  C.    Below  knee. 
On  the  11th  day  of  August,  1879,  I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  my 

left  leg  below  the  knee.  I  went  on  crutches  eighteen  months, 
then  I  made,  with  my  own  hands,  a  wooden  leg,  and  wore  it  about 


310        A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  Ciiy. 

t,wenty-two  years  with  much  pain  and  difficulty.  In  1890  I  pro- 
cured one  of  Marks'  manufacture,  on  which  I  have  been  walk- 
ing with  comfort.  I  wOuld  not  do  without  it  for  twice  what  it 
cost.  My  occupation  is  blacksmithing.  I  also  do  some  farm  labor 
and   get   about  with   ease.  Oct.   30,   1909. 

JOSHUA  HALL — Laborer,  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.  Eailroad.  Below 
knee. 
I  have  never  been  able  to  find  any  fault  with  the  artificial  leg 
with  rubber  foot  you  raade  for  me  six  years  ago.  Throug'h  the 
influence  of  some  agent  who  happened  to  be  around  in  our 
vicinity,  I  placed  an  order  with  a  Western  concern  who  made  a 
speciality  of  the  slip  socket.  It  is  to  my  regret  that  I  did  this, 
as  I  have  not  had  a  day's  comfort  with  it.  As  soon  as  I  can  afford 
I  will  get  another  one  from  you  and  throw  away  this  miserable 
imposition.  Oct.   13,  1909. 

*  W.   E.  HALI^Grocery,   Shelby   Co.,   Tenn.     Below  knee. 

I  am  well  pleased  with  my  new  leg,  it  fits  all  O.  K.  I  have  worn 
your  make  of  artificial  limbs  since  1892,  and  in  all  my  rounds 
have  never  seen  anybody  get  along  as  well  as  I  do.  I  can  do 
anything,  go  as  far  as  anybody.  Am  in  the  retail  grocery  business. 
I  stand  and  walk  all  day.  July  26,  1906. 

*  A.  A.  HAMLING — Fireman,  Calcasieu  Co.,  La.     Below  elbow. 

I  am  more  than  satisfied  with  the  artificial  arm  you  recently 
made  for  me.  It  is  much  better  than  the  one  that  I  bought  from 
another  firm  which  cost  me  more.  March  7,  1908. 


*  L.  H.  HAEKEY— Stock  Farmer,  Atoka  Co.,  Okla.  Wrist  amput'n. 
About  four  years  ago  I  lost  my  right  hand  at  the  wrist  joint. 
In  about  three  months  I  ordered  an  artificial  hand  from  you,  which 
1  have  been  wearing  ever  since.  It  has  given  me  the  best  of  satis- 
faction. Has  never  hurt  me.  I  could  not  get  along  without  it. 
I  do  most  of  my  writing  with  it.  I  am  a  stock  farmer.  I  hold 
my  coil  in  my  artificial  hand  and  throw  the  loop  of  my  rope  with 
my  natural  one.  Could  not  praise  my  artificial  hand  too  highly. 
This  letter  was  written  with  it. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        311 

JOHN  HAEMON — Coremaker,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.   Y.     Above  knee. 

I  g'ot  my  seeond  Marks  leg  ApriJ,  1903.  I  had  been  wearhig-  one 
for  seven  years.  Never  had  any  trouble  with  it.  My  limb  is  off 
above  the  knee.  When  I  received  my  second  leg-,  1  laid  the  old  one 
aside,  put  on  the  new  one,  and  have  never  taken  it  off  except  at 
night.  I  have  looked  up  all  other  manufacturers  of  artificial  limbs, 
and  I  can  safely  say  that  the  Marks  leg  is  the  only  one  that  can  be 
worn  with  solid  comfort.  It  is  hard  to  tell  a  Marks  leg,  going 
along   the   street,   from  the   natural.  Oct.    13,   1909. 

*  L.  V.  HAEMON— Farmer,  Greene  Co.,  Tenn.     Below  knee. 

I  have  been  using  one  of  your  make  of  artificial  legs  since  August, 
1904.  I  am  a  farmer  and  am  now  pulling  corn  and  can  pull  as 
fast  as  any  man  on  two  good  legs.  Nov.  20,  1907. 

*  JOHN  HAEEIS — Messenger,  Augusta  Co.,  Va.     Below  knee. 

It  affords  me  much  pleasure  to  let  you  know  that  the  leg  I 
bought  from  you  I  am  getting  along  very  well  with.  I  have  worn 
it   every   day   for   six  years.  Oct.   19,    1909. 

*  lEA  F.  HAEEOLD— Whitley  Co.,  Ind.     Below  knee. 

I  have  not  heard  from  you  in  a  long  time.  Will  write,  however, 
and  let  you  know  that  I  am  still  wearing  the  Marks  leg  which  you 
made  for  me  over  six  years  ago.  I  am  well  plased  with  it  and 
do  not  use  a  cane  and  do  all  kinds  of  work  on  a  farm.    Dec.  23,  1907. 


*  GEO.  W.  HAET— Farmer,  La  Grange  Co.,  Ind.      Below  knee. 

I  can  recommend  your  artificial  leg  as  the  easiest  of  any  that 
are  made.  I  lost  my  leg  in  the  Civil  War,  in  1863,  and  have  worn  a 
great  many  different  kinds  since  then,  but  yours,  with  rubber  foot, 
gives  me  the  greatest  comfort  and  best  results.  I  am  a  farmer, 
and  have  a  great  deal  of  walking,  heavy  work,  lifting  to  do,  and  I 
^o  it  all  without  any  difficulty.  Oct.  23,  1909. 


312        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


WM.  HAET— Engineer,  Clinton  Co.,  N.  Y.     Above  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  the  last  five  years  and 
find  it  satisfactory  in  every  respect.  Have  to  walk  one-half  mile 
to  work  every  day  and  back  again,  and  stand  on  the  leg  all  day. 
I  am  running  a  hoisting  engine.  I  do  not  use  a  cane  or  crutch  and 
have    but    three    and    one-half    inches    of    stump    from    the    body. 

Dec.  8,  1908. 

*  O.  GEO.  HARVEY— Bookkeeper,  South  Africa.     Ankle  joint. 
During  the  latter  months  of  1898  I  ordered  of  you  an  artificial 

foot  to  fit  a  Symes'  operation.  The  limb  has  given  me  the  greatest 
satisfaction,  so  much  so  that  I  have  determined  to  have  another 
in  case  of  accident  to  the  first.  The  artificial  leg  was  perfect,  and 
in  my  case  has  done  away  -with  the  pain  caused  by  a  misfitting, 
cumbersome  one  of  the  other  make.  July  30,  1907. 

*  HEEMAN  S.  HASTINGS— Clerk,  Kings  Co.,  Wash.     Above  knee. 
When   a  boy  of  sixteen  years   I  measured  myself  at  home  and 

bought  one  of  Marks'  artificial  legs  with  rubber  foot,  amputation 
four  and  one-half  inches  from  the  hip.  I  wore  that  leg  for 
fifteen  years  continuously.  The  repairs,  including  the  expense  of 
lengthening,  was  a  matter  of  only  a  few  dollars.  The  leg,  in  my 
younger  days,  was  given  very  hard  usage  in  teaming,  lugging, 
lifting,  etc.  Still  having-  confidence  in  Marks  limbs,  I  bought 
another,  with  improvements,  in  1903.  My  position  now  being  a 
clerical  one  I  am  not  so  hard  on  my  limb,  and  expect  it  to  last 
as  long  as  the  former  one.  I  desire  to  say  further,  that  from 
the  fact  of  having  the  artificial  limb  I  obtained  several  prominent 
positions,  which  otherwise  would  have  never  been  opened  to  me. 

Oct.  20,  1909. 


*  G.  L.  H- 


Engineer,  Juniata  Co.,  Pa.     Below  elbow. 


I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  arms  for  over  two  years,  and 
I  have  never  had  any  trouble  whatever  with  it.  I  run  a  steam 
thresher,  and  can  get  along  almost  as  well  as  before.  I  can  say 
to  anyone  in  need  of  an  artificial  limb,  that  he  will  find  A.  A. 
Marks  a  comfort  giver.  Aug.  1,  1909, 


A.  A.  MarTcs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.        313 

W.  C.  B.  HASBROUCK— Watchman,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.  Above  knee. 
I  am  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  above  knee  amputa- 
tion and  have  been  since  1903.  I  find  it  all,  one  in  my  condition 
should  wish,  and  any  time  I  can  speak  for  your  work  I  will  cheer- 
fully do  so.  Jan.  25,  1908. 

*  THOS.  LAFAYETTE  HATCH— Farmer,  Alberta.     Above  knee. 
The  artificial  leg-  purchased  for  Sylvester  Hatch  a  year  ago  is 

giving  entire  satisfaction.  Dec.  7,   1907. 

*  MRS.  STANLEY  HEATH— Housework,  Aroostook  Co.,  Me.    Below 

knee. 

I   aru    a   farmer's   wife.     I   do    all   my   own   work,   take    care   of 

three   children.     I   can   stand   on   my   feet   all   day   quite   easily.     I 

think  your  artificial  limbs  a  blessing  to  anyone  deprived  of  their 

natural  ones.  Oct.  20,  1909. 

*  F.  HEITZ— Germany.     Above  knee. 

Your  leg  satisfies  me  as  well  as  an  artificial  limb  can  possibly 
do.  It  is  very  much  lighter  than  the  legs  which  I  used  formerly, 
and  surpasses  them  also  in  carefulness  and  simplicity  of  construc- 
tion. I  thank  you  for  the  comfort  which  your  ingenuity  has  pro- 
cured for  me.  Oct.  27,  1909. 

To  H.  M.,  Esq.,  Nov.  10,  1900. 

My  dear  Sir: — The  leg  I  wear  was  made  by  A.  A.  Marks.  Am- 
putations at  or  above  the  knee  need  better  care  in  the  matter  of 
legs  than  those  amputated  below  the  knee.  It  takes  more  wisdom 
and  experience  to  make  legs  for  the  former  than  the  latter.  For 
years  I  had  a  stump  running  down  to  within  eight  inches  of 
ankle,  but  about  three  years  ago  I  had  to  have  it  amputated  at  the 
knee.  I  tried  many  leg-makers  and  found  none  who  could  make  a 
leg  for  me  without  taking  a  part  of  the  weight  on  the  end  of  the 
stump.  Chicago  utterly  failed  me  in  that  direction.  The  moment 
I  exhibited  my  stump  to  Mr.  Marks,  he  told  me  that  weight  could 
not  be  taken  on  the  end  of  the  stump,  and  this  before  I  told  him  of 
my  experience  in  Chicago.  I  gave  him  an  order  at  once,  and  his 
work  has  given  me  splendid  satisfaction.  I  think  they  have  better 
facilities  for  treating  all  kinds  of  amputations  than  any  other 
leg-maker  in  the  country. 

Very  respectfully. 


314        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limis,  New  Yorlc  City. 


I.   L.   HELM,   M.D.— Fayette   Co.,   Ky.. 

I  have  ordered  several  of  your  artificial  legs, 
satisfaction. 


They  have  all  given 


N.  M.  HEMENWAY— Farmer,  Kennebec  Co.,  Me.     Belovi^  knee. 

It  would  be  selfish  of  me  if  I  did  not  say  a  word  of  the 
experience  I  have  had  with  Marks  leg  and  the  treatment  I  have 
always  received  from  that  establishment.  After  having  worn  one 
of  Marks  legs  for  six  years  I  went  in  1908  and  had  another  one 
made  and  fitted.  Mr.  Marks  voluntarily  kept  the  old  leg,  fixed  it 
up  and  sent  it  to  me  without  charge.  I  wear  the  old  leg  and 
the  new  one  alternately  and  believe  I  will  not  have  occasion  to 
buy  another  as  long  as  I  live.  The  Marks  limbs  have  never  de- 
veloped a  fault.  I  know  I  am  no  exception  as  I  am  acquainted 
with  others  who  have  been  treated  by  Mr.  Marks  and  report  the 
same.  Oct.  25,  1909. 

*  JOHN  HENDERSON— Laborer,  Davidson  Co.,  Tenn.     Below  knee. 
I  am  pleased  with  the  leg  you  made  for  me  six  years  ago.     I 

have  done  hard  labor  on  it.  I  am  on  my  feet  ten  hours  every 
day.  Jan.  20,  1908. 

*  PAUL  A.  HENSEL— Sawmill,  Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va.    Above  knee. 
A  little  over  eighteen  years  ago  I  was  run  over  by  a  horse  car, 

and  lost  my  right  leg  above  the  knee,  which  left  me  a  stump  of 
about  six  inches.  At  the  time  of  the  accident  I  was  a  boy  six 
years  old.     Soon  after  I  got  a  leg  from  you.     I  have  been  working 


at  a  sawmill,  and  can  do  most  anything  in  that  line,  I  can  haul 
logs  from  the  woods,  load  and  unload  them,  I  can  ride  horse- 
back as  good  as  anyone,  and  when  hunting  season  commences,  I  go 
and  walk  around  through  the  woods  and  over  fields.  The  new 
leg  I  got  from  you  a  few  months  ago  is  all  O.  K.,  and  does  not 
give  me  any  trouble  at  all.  I  can  go  anywhere  I  want  to  with  it, 
and  wear  it  from  early  in  the  morning  till  late  at  night. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City.        315 


*  FRANCIS  HERCKENEATH— Holland.     Above  knee. 

I  take  much  pleasure  in  certifying-  that  the  two  leg-s  you  furn- 
ished me  from  measurements,  give  me  great  satisfaction  in  every 
respect.  I  have  never  seen  legs  of  better  construction,  and  I  do 
not  believe  that  any  other  kind  would  need  less  repair.  The 
rubber  foot,  and  the  knee-joint  are  far  superior  to  all  others  I 
ever  saw;  hence,  I  can  strongly  recommend  your  highly  respectable 
firm  to  all  others.     I  lost  my  left  leg  in  the  year  1872. 

*  WILH.  HERLTH — Manufacturer,  Germany.     Above  knee. 

I  wish  to  inform  you  that  the  artificial  limb  furnished  by  you 
twelve  years  ago  has  turned  out  to  my  greatest  satisfaction.  I 
have  previously  also  ordered  limbs  from  several  European  firms, 
the  execution  of  which,  however,  left  something  to  be  desired.  I 
can  therefore  recommend  your  manufactory  very  highly.  Trans- 
lated from  German.  Oct.  28,  1909. 


*  WILLIAM  HERMANN— Farmer,  Bates  Co.,  Mo.    Below  elbow, 

I  will  try  to  write  you  a  few  lines  to  let  you  know  that  I  am 
well  pleased  with  the  hand  and  tools.  I  am  a  farmer,  and  can 
do  most  any  work  with  my  artificial  hand.  I  could  not  do  without 
the  artificial  arm  at  all.  I  have  worn  it  two  years.  I  am  writing 
this  letter  with  the  rubber  hand. 

*  DOLORES  HERNANDEZ  de  LAUREIRO— Cuba.    Knee  joint. 

I  thought  after  my  amputation  that  I  should  not  be  able  to  walk 
except  with  the  aid  of  crutches,  which  would  make  it  impossible 
to  attend  to  my  household  work.  Thanks  to  your  invention  it  has 
not  been  so,  as  to-day  I  can  do  all  my  w^ork  and  attend  to  my 
children.  I  walk  well  with  the  artificial  leg.  Persons  who  do  not 
know  anything  about  my  misfortune  are  astonished  when  told  that 
my  right  leg  is  artificial. — Translated  from  Spanish. 
JACOB  F.  HERTZOG— Farmer,  Berks  Co.,  Pa. 

I  have  a  resection  of  the  right  arm  caused  by  a  wound.  I 
have  thus  far  used  five  of  your  apparatus  for  the  same,  and  each 
one  gave  ease   and   comfort,   and   entire   satisfaction.    I  had  two 


316        A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  CiUj. 

apparatus  from  different  parties  before  I  used  yours,  but  they 
were  not  as  easy  nor  as  comfortable.  I  am  a  farmer  by  occupa- 
tion, and  with  the  use  of  your  apparatus  I  am  able  to  do  all  kinds 
of  ordinary  farm  work.  Oct.  20,  1909. 

*  PATRICK     HICKEY— Student,     Harbor     Grace,     Newfoundland. 

Above  knee. 
I  am  wearing-  one  of  your  artiticial  legs  and  am  doing  remarkably 
well  with  it,  and  shall  recommend  your  work  to  anyone  in  need. 

Jan.  19,  1909. 

*  OTIS  L.  HIGBY— Machinist,  Whitman  Co.,  Wash.     Below  elbow. 
I  have  been  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  arms  for  three  years 

and   indeed   it   is   very    satisfactory.  Jan.    16,    1909. 

*  EEV.  E.  B.  HIGGINBOTHAM— Clergyman,  Elbert  Co.,  Ga.     Both 

below  knees. 

I  heartily  endorse  the  several  testimonials  I  have  heretofore  sent 
to  you.  The  first  pair  of  legs  you  made  for  me  in  1880.  I  wore 
thc-m  thirteen  years,  then  I  got  a  new  pair  which  I  am  now  wearing. 
I  am  seventy-one  years  of  age  and  without  your  artificial  limbs 
could  not  do  the  ministerial  labor  I  have  done.  Oct,  18,  1909. 

THOS.  HIGHAM— Lorain  Co.,  Ohio.     Below  knee. 

The  foot  I  got  of  you  five  years  ago  is  giving  the  best  of  satis- 
faction. I  have  worn  it  steady,  and  it  don't  make  my  leg  the 
least  sore.  I  surprise  everybody  the  way  I  walk.  I  don't  think  I 
could  have  got  as  good  a  fit  anywhere  else.  Oct.  20,   1909. 

*  JOSEPH  HINKS— Engineer,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 
The  leg  I  purchased  of  you  over  twenty-one  years  ago  contiues 

to  give  entire  satisfaction.  It  is  almost  as  good  to-day  as  when  I 
bought  it.  The  change  of  the  old  style  of  rubber  foot  for  a  fiber 
spring  mattress  foot,  is  a  decided  improvement.  I  am  w^earing  it 
now,  and  am  delighted  with  it.  It  is  very  easy  to  walk  on,  and  I 
believe  my  walking  is  better,  as  there  seems  to  be  more  strength 
and  support  in  the  spring  from  the  toes.  Oct.  18,  1909. 

*  GEO.  C.  HOBBS— Merchant,  London  England.     Below  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  Marks  rubber  foot  legs  for  twenty  years, 
before  that  I  had  seven  years'  experience  with  other  makes. 

I  am  convinced  that  Marks  is  the  best  and  that  there  are  none 
anywhere  near  his  in  the  line  of  efficiency  and  durability.  You 
can  refer  anyone  to  me  at  any  time.  July  21,  1908. 

*  MOSES   HODDINOTT— Sailor,   Newfoundland.     Below   elbow. 
My  arm  was  amputated  in   1905.     I  purchased  a  Marks  arm  in 

1906  and  have  found  it  satisfactory.  I  could  not  manage  without 
it  at  all.  I  am  a  sailor  and  the  arm  with  hook  helps  me  in  many 
ways.  I  can  chop  wood  and  do  any  carpenter  work  on  board 
the  boat.  Dec.  13,  1908. 

*  GEOEGE     A.     HOLLAND— Merchant,     Hochelaga     Co.,     Quebec. 

Above  knee. 

In  September,  1897,  I  first  tried  one  of  your  artificial  limbs.  I 
had  previously  used  the  articulating  ankle  and  had  often  con- 
sidered the  advisability  of  making  the  ankle  rigid.  Naturally 
when  I  heard  of  your  rubber  foot  I  saw  you  had  solved  the  problem. 

I  have  now  used  your  make  of  limbs  for  twelve  years  and  am 
more  thoroughly  convinced  than  ever  that  the  rigid  ankle  gives 
the  nearest  approach  to  the  natural  motion,  besides  a  safer  and 
surer  footing. 

In  October,  1902,  I  got  a  second  leg  from  you  as  a  reserve  one, 
thus   expressing  in  a  practical  way  my   appreciation. 

For  sure  footing,  safety  and  comfort  in  walking,  I  recommend 
the  rigid  ankle  and  rubber  foot  first,  last  and  all  the  time. 

Oct.  27,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  Ciiy.        317 

*  KOY  HOLT— Clerk,   Mcintosh  Co.,   Okla.     Ankle  joint. 

In  regard  to  the  leg-  I  purchased  from  you  in  1903,  I  must  say- 
that  I  am  very  well  pleased  with  it.  I  put  it  on  the  day  I 
received  it,  and  have  worn  it  constantly  ever  since.     I  cannot  say 


enough  in  praise  of  it.     I  run,  jump,  climb  trees,  and  participate 
in    all    the    sports    of    the    season,    and    am    at    no    inconvenience. 

Oct.   17,  1909. 

*  T.  E.  HOLDEN— Farmer,  Buffalo  Co.,  Wis.     Below  knee. 

I  have  worn  artificial  legs  for  twenty-one  years.  My  limb  is 
amputated  six  inches  below  the  knee. 

The  first  leg  I  got  had  an  ankle  joint.  I  will  not  have  another  of 
that  kind  unless  I  want  an  artificial  leg  and  music  box  combined. 
The  ankle  joint  breaks  down  so  often  that  you  have  to  watch 
every  step  you  take. 

The  first  leg  I  got  of  you  was  in  1893.  It  is  still  in  good  con- 
dition. I  am  hard  on  artificial  legs,  as  I  am  a  hard  worker  on 
the  farm. 

I  ordered  another  leg  of  you  in  December,  1903.  It  is  giving 
me  great  satisfaction  in  every  respect.  I  believe  your  make  of 
artificial  legs  is  far  superior  to  any  other,  because  of  the  ease, 
elasticity,  durability,  and  noiselessness.  These  are  obtained  by  the 
use  of  the  rubber  foot.  Oct.  20,  1909. 

*  NEWTON  HOPTON— Sacramento  Co.,  Calif.    Below  knee. 

I  take  pleasure  in  writing  to  you  pertaining  to  my  new  limb. 
I  am  very  glad  to  say  that  it  is  an  excellent  fit  in  every  respect, 

Sept.  21,  1908. 
H.  K.  HOSFOED— Farmer,  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.    Below  knee. 

I  am  a  farmer,  which  has  always  been  my  principal  business. 
For  the  past  thirty-eight  years  or  more  I  have  worn  the  rubber 
foot  constantly.  The  elasticity  of  the  rubber  foot  no  doubt  added 
much  to  its  durability,  and  &t  the  same  trme  gave  a  more  natural 


318        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

movement  in  walking,  obviating  the  disagreeable  thumping  that 
attended  the  other  foot  I  had  used,  and  at  the  same  time  the  jar  to 
the  natural  limb,  making  it  more  comfortable  and  easy. 

Oct.  20,  1909. 

*  U.  M.  HOUSEL — Jeweler,  Somerset  Co.,  Pa.     Above  knee. 

I  am  getting  along  fine  and  recommend  your  work  to  all  in 
need.  My  leg  was  amputated  in  1875.  I  got  your  leg  in  1898  and 
my  second  in  1908.  Feb.  3,  1909. 

*  JOAQUIN  HOYOS— Lara,  Venezuela,  South  America.     Above  knee. 
I   am   a  great  walker.     My  friends   often   ask  me  which  is   the 

artificial  leg.  I  tell  them  to  find  out  or  ask  Marks.  Wore  Marks 
leg  since  1897.  Jan.   1,  1908. 

*  H.  A.  HOWAED— Farmer,  Caswell  Co.,  N.  C.     Below  elbow. 

I  have  been  intending  to  write  to  you  for  some  time.  I  am 
pleased  to  report  that  the  arm  fits  nicely  and  surpasses  my  ex- 
pectations as  to  usefulness.  I  can  plow  and  use  a  hoe  far  better 
than  I  had  any  idea  that  I  would  be  able  to.  The  ring  and  hook 
are  very  useful  in  loading  and  unloading  wood,  in  carrying  any- 
thing that  cannot  be  carried  with  the  hand.  The  fork  and  brush 
do  their  part  with  satisfaction. 


The  rubber  hand  is  very  useful  in  nailing,  as  I  can  hold  the  nail 
between  the  finger  and  thumb;  without  the  rubber  hand  I  could 
not  nail  at  all. 

My   stump   is   six   inches   long,   and   since   using  the   arm  it  has 
improved  very  much,  and  does  not  pain  as  it  did  before. 
*  ED.  HOWELI^-Telegrapher,  Williamson  Co.,  111.     Below  knee. 

At  the  age  of  eleven  I  suffered  the  amputation  of  my  left  leg 
about  one  inch  above  ankle-joint.  Two  years  later  purchased  an 
artificial  leg  from  St.  Louis.  The  limb  was  the  ankle-joint  style. 
After  thirteen  months'  usage  the  joint  became  so  worn  that  the 
foot  was  allowed  to  turn  over,  all  attempts  to  repair  substantially 
were  useless.  November  7,  1892,  I  purchased  a  limb  from  you, 
wearing  it  continually   until  September  21,   1903,  when  a  double 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        319 

barrel  hanimerless  shotg-un  fell,  discharging  both  barrels  through 
my  artificial  leg  and  stump,  four  inches  above  the  ankle-joint, 
necessitating  re-amputation.  I  was  so  near  the  gun  that  both  shot 
and  wads  passed  through,  making  a  clean  opening  one  and  one- 
half  inches  in  diameter  entirely  through  the  leg.  After  recovering 
I  again  brought  the  old  leg  into  use,  with  the  expectation  that  it 
would  be  so  weakened  as  to  render  it  useless,  but  to  my  surprise 
it  served  me  for  another  year.  In  1906  I  bought  a  second  leg  from 
you  which  further  confirms  me  in  my  belief  in  your  superiority. 

Oct.  26,  1909. 
L.  P.  HUBBAED— Brass  Worker,  New  Haven  Co.,  Conn.  Both  feet. 
In  1896  I  had  a  double  amputation  at  the  ankle  joints.  I  procured 
a  pair  of  artificial  legs  with  ankle  joints,  which  gave  me  a  great 
deal  of  trouble.  My  stumps  would  get  sore.  In  April,  1902,  I  re- 
ceived one  of  your  artificial  legs  with  a  rubber  foot,  which  has 
given  entire  satisfaction.  In  March,  1904,  I  received  the  mate  to 
the  one  I  got  two  years  before.  Both  legs  are  giving  entire  satis- 
faction. My  occupation  is  bench  work  in  a  brass  manufactory, 
sitting  or  standing.  I  consider  that  I  have  as  good  a  pair  of 
artificial  limbs   as   is  made.  Oct.   18,   1909. 

*G.  H.  HURST— Huddersfield,  England.     Below  knee. 

Dear  Mr.  Barstow: — I  just  sit  dov^^n  to  remind  you  that  it  is  just 
twelve  months  since  I  came  to  your  house  for  my  Marks  Artificial 
Leg.  And  I  am  very  pleased  to  say  that  I  have  never  had  cause  to 
regret  it.  I  have  followed  my  usual  employment,  and  I  think  I  have 
done  remarkably  well,  to  say  that  it  is  only  eighteen  months  since 
my  accident  happened.  I  watched  you  very  minutely  when  you  took 
my  measurements,  which  I  have  found  since  that,  they  were  taken 
with  exactness. 

The  way  which  you  receive  people  at  your  house  and  the  hospitality  you 
show  them,  is  enough  to  show  the  sincerity  you  have  in  them.  In  my  firm 
opinion,  Mr.  Barstow,  there  is  only  one  kind  of  leg  to  beat  the  Marks 
and  that  is  a  good  natural  one.  Feb.  16,  1911. 

*  THOMAS  HUNT— E.  E.  Porter,  Hamilton  Co.,  Tenn,    Below  knee. 
I  am  wearing  one  of  Marks'  legs,  and  it  has  given  me  satisfaction 

in  every  respect.  Dec.  8,  1908. 

*  G.  L.  HUME,  M.D.— Quebec.     Below  knee.  7 
The   artificial   leg   sent   by   you   to    Geo.    Beausoleil    eight   years 

ago,  made  from  measurements,  I  am  pleased  to  state  has  given 
entire  satisfaction.  My  patient  can  walk  without  aid  of  cane  or 
crutch,  and  very  few  people  are  able  to  detect  any  difference. 
The  arm  you  made  for  Fred  Ball  is  equally  as  suitable.   Oct.  20,  1909. 

*  JOHN  H.  HYNES— E.  E.  Man,  Hartford  Co.,  Conn.    Below  elbow. 
I  am  wearing  my  arm  constantly  and  it  does  not  give  me  any 

trouble.  My  co-workers  are  very  much  surprised  to  see  that  I  get 
along  so  well.  Sept.  22,  1907. 

F.  C.  HUNTLEY— Builder,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.    Above  knee. 

In  1892  I  had  my  left  leg  amputated  a  little  above  the  knee  on 
account  of  gangrene  following  an  injury  that  I  received  in  my 
knee.  In  the  following  July  I  applied  to  you  for  an  artificial  leg. 
I  superintend  the  laying  of  artificial  stone  in  new  buildings.  This 
compels  me  to  go  up  and  down  half  completed  stairways  without 
balustrades  and  very  frequently  up  and  down  ladders.  I  never  use 
a  cane  or  crutch  and  walk  so  well  that  very  few  persons  suspect 
that  I  have  a  wooden  leg.  I  weigh  200  pounds  and  am  enjoying  the 
best  of  health  and  never  miss  a  day  from  my  work. 

I  consider  your  rubber  foot  the  most  valuable  invention  in  arti* 
fieial  limb  construction  that  has  ever  been  made.  Oct.  21,  1909. 


320        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

CHARLES  HUNT— Private  Policeman,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.    Wrist. 

Before  I  placed  an  order  with  you,  I  visited  other  firms  and  came 

to  the  conclusion  that  you  made  the  best  and  most  practical  hand; 

the  results  have  justified  me  in  my  decision.     I  am  a  policeman  and 


have  been  for  the  last  eight  years.    I  have  on  several  occasions  been 
obliged  to  use  violence  in  order  to  hold  my  man. 

C.  P.  HUTCHINSON— Dauphin  Co.,  Pa.     Instep  amputation. 

I  am  glad  to  testify  that  your  appliance  for  my  foot,  a  Chopart's 
amputation,  is  the  finest  article  in  the  market.     I  am  a  fireman  on 
the  P.  E.  Road  and  do  my  work  every  day. 
W.  H.  IRVINE,  M.D.— New  Brunswick,  Canada. 

Mr.   McLeod   got  his   leg  two   months   ago,   and   it  works   satis- 
factorily. 
G.  L.  ISBISTER— Farmer,  Columbia  Co.,  New  York.     Below  knee. 

My  limb  was  amputated  when  I  was  a  boy  of  eight  years,  leaving 
me  a  stump  of  five  and  one-half  inches  below  the  knee.  For  over 
twelve  years  I  continually  wore  an  artificial  leg  of  your  make  which 
has  given  perfect  satisfaction.  My  occupation  is  a  farmer,  requir- 
ing me  to  do  all  kinds  of  labor,  plowing,  hoeing,  etc.  I  also  ride  a 
wheel. 

D.  E.  ISHAM — Carpenter,  Chautauqua  Co.,  N.  Y.    Ankle  amputation. 
For  fit,  lightness  and  strength,  your  metal  socket  leg  for  ankle 

joint  amputation  is  far  ahead  of  any  other  leg  I  have  worn.     I  know 

the  requirements  of  an   artificial  leg,  having  worn  one  for  forty 

years. 

*  G.    LAVIN    ISLA — Merchant,    Mexico.     Below   knee. 

Every  day  that  passes  makes  me  more  and  more  content  and  satis- 
fied with  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  a  year  ago.  I  dance, 
ride  horseback  and  do  everything  just  as  if  the  leg  was  natural. 

Feb.    25,    1907. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.        321 

*  GEO.  V.  JACKSON— Hartford  Co.,  Conn.     Jielow  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  you  recently  made  for  me  is  satisfactory  in 
every  respect.  I  just  advised  a  friend  of  mine  who  is  in  need 
of  an  arm  to  go  to  you. 

*  P.    C.    JACKSON — Engineer,    Alaska.     Partial    hand    amputation. 
The    artificial    hand    I    received    from    you,    constructed    on    the 

plan  of  P-38,  fits  perfectly  and  I  am  greatly  pleased  with  it, 
much  more  so  than  I  expected  to  be.  It  is  of  great  use  to  me 
in  engineering,  as  I  can  hold  almost  any  instrument  with  the 
fingers.  Feb,  28,  1909. 

PEOF.  F.  E.  JACOBY— New  Haven  Co.,  Conn.     Below  knee. 

When  I  met  with  the  misfortune  of  losing  my  right  leg,  I  felt 
that  all  the  sunshine  had  passed  from  my  life.  Fortunately  I  came 
in  possession  of  one  of  your  books,  and  as  I  perused  its  pages, 
I  received  much  encouragement.  Some  tried  to  dissuade  me  from 
obtaining  an  artificial  leg  inside  of  four  or  five  months,  but  I  was 
so  determined  to  get  about  on  two  legs  again,  that  I  procured 
an  artificial  leg  from  you  in  exactly  nine  weeks  after  my  natural 
leg  was  amputated.  Five  days  after  I  received  the  leg  my  doctor 
saw  me  skating  on  the  canal.  He  was  amazed;  he  told  me  that  I 
beat  anything  he  had  ever  seen. 


I  was  a  professional  tight  rope  walker  and  aeronaut  before  I  lost 
my  leg,  and  I  did  not  propose  to  allow  the  loss  of  a  leg  to  compel 
me  to  seek  another  occupation.  I  can  walk  a  tight  rope  nearly 
as  well  as  ever  I  could.  The  rubber  foot  enables  me  to  balance 
with  safety.  When  I  am  dressed,  without  exposing  my  limbs, 
no  one  would  suspect  that  one  of  my  legs  is  artificial. 

While  walking-  on  the  ground  I  never  feel  the  necessity  of  looking 
out  for  uneven  or  bad  places.  I  feel  safe  and  sure  on  my  rubber 
foot,  no  matter  where  I  place  it.  I  consider  your  invention  of 
the  rubber  foot  with  spring  mattress  the  most  valuable  and 
important. 

Note. — The  above  illustration  has  been  made  from  an  instantane- 
ous photograph  taken  of  Professor  Jacoby  while  performing  on  a 
tight  rope.  He  is  balancing  entirely  on  his  artificial  leg;  his 
natural  foot  is  ofE  the  rope  in  the  act  of  passing  forward  to  take 
the  next  step. 


S22        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirnbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  LUCY  JAMES— Cook,  Madison  Co.,  Va.     Below  knee. 

The  leg  you  shipiJed  to  me  in  1903  is  still  in  good  order.  I  began 
wearing  it  as  soon  as  I  received  it.  I  attend  to  my  household 
duties  without  the  least  inconvenience.  I  must  say  that  it  is  a  God- 
send, for  I  never  expected  to  get  around  with  as  much  ease  and 
comfort  as  I  do  now.  Nov.  1,  1909. 

*  J.  A.  JAEEATT— Blacksmith,  De  Soto  Co.,  La.     Below  knee. 

I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  one  of  my  legs  in  1857,  and  have 
been  wearing  artificial  limbs  made  by  you  since  1864.  The  last 
leg  I  got  was  made  in  1892.  It  has  given  me  such  good  service 
I  do  not  wish  to  throw  it  aside  for  another  one.  However,  if  you 
will  guarantee  another  one  to  last  as  long  as  this  one  has  and 
then  guarantee  me  to  live  until  I  wear  it  out,  I  have  the  money  to 
pay  for  it.  I  have  had  several  to  try  to  sell  me  a  limb  of  their 
make,  but  I  always  put  up  the  above  proposition  to  them  and 
that   ends   the   matter. 

I  do  not  believe  that  the  artificial  leg  of  your  make,  which  I 
have  worn  for  seventeen  years,  has  been  out  of  use  more  than 
two  months  in  that  time  and  that  was  not  caused  by  any  trouble 
with  the  leg,  and  all  the  repairs  that  I  have  been  put  to  during 
that  long  period  have  not  amounted  to  $10.00.  I  have  shod  horses, 
worked  in  a  blacksmith  shop,  built  wagons,  built  houses  and  painted 
one  church  all  alone,  with  no  help  to  raise  my  ladders,  and 
made  my  scaffolding.  I  am  now  nearly  seventy  years  old  and  if 
I  live  long  enough  to  need  another  artificial  limb  you  will  make 
it  for  me.  Nov.  8,  1909. 

MICHAEL    J Hungary.     Above    knee. 

Nearly  ten  years  ago  I  was  furnished  with  an  artificial  leg  by 
A.  A.  Marks  of  New  York.  I  have  had  no  trouble  with  it  whatever 
and  walk  with  it  in  the  most  natural  way.  It  gives  me  pleasure 
to  speak  favorably  of  Marks  artificial  limbs.  I  have  seen  a  number 
made  in  Europe  and  different  parts  of  the  world,  but  none  of 
them  have  shown  the  worth  and  merits  of  those  constructed  by 
Marks.  I  am  on  my  artificial  leg  all  the  time  and  it  has  to  be  a 
good  one  to  hold  me  up  and  meet  the  demands  I  make  upon  it. 

Oct.  29,  1909, 

*  AETHUE  JOHNSON— Farmer,  Twigg  Co.,  Ga.     Below  knee. 

I  received  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  rae  January  9th  and 
found  it  to  be  all  right.  I  can  plow,  cut  wood,  and  do  all  my  own 
work,  such  as  shoeing  horses,  mules,  and  general  repairing. 

May  18,  1908. 

*  C.  C.  JOHNSON,  M.D.— Aiken  Co.,  S.  C. 

I  have  ordered  several  of  your  artificial  limbs  for  different  persons 
in  this  State.  All  of  them  are  now  being  used  with  utmost  satis- 
faction. The  leg  recently  secured  for  a  young  patient  of  mine  is 
so  natural  and  useful  that  the  acquaintances  of  the  gentleman  can- 
not realize  that  he  has  been  maimed  and  is  wearing  an  artificial 
leg.  He  and  at  least  two  others  of  the  wearers  of  Marks  leg's  in 
this  section  are  expert  bicycle  riders,  having  learned  to  ride  since 
procuring  your  legs.  Oct.   19,   1909. 

ELI  W.  JONES— Farmer,  Marion  Co.,  111.     Above  knee. 

I  lost  my  leg  March  16,  1865,  in  the  Civil  War,  thigh  amputation. 
Have  been  wearing'  artificial  legs  since  with  more  or  less  trouble, 
until  sixteen  years  ago  when  I  got  one  of  yours  with  the  rubber 
foot.  Wore  it  with  great  comfort  for  nine  years.  Seven  years  ago 
you  made  me  a  new  one  which  is  as  near  perfect  as  an  artificial 
leg  can  be.  I  walk  with  perfect  ease.  The  main  objection  I  made 
against  your  system  was  the  absence  of  the  ankle  joint.  I  now  find 
that  to  be  the  chief  merit  of  your  limbs.  Oct.  27,  1909. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Ariificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  City.        323 


*  O.  W.  JONES— Barber,  Bertie  Co.,  N.  C.     Below  knee. 

I  take  very  great  pleasure  in  recommending"  your  house  after 
you  having  given  me  perfect  satisfaction.  Jan.  22,  1909. 

W.   R.  JONES— Clearfield  Co.,   Pa.     Above  knee. 

The  rubber  foot  is  a  grand  success.  I  am  much  swiftxjr  on  this 
limb  than  the  one  I  have  been  wearing  from  another  firm.  I 
heartily   recommend   your   work.  Oct.    17,    1909. 

DR.    G.   H.   JUILLY— San   Francisco,   Calif. 

The  leg  you  made  for  L.  Roy  has  given  excellent  satisfaction. 

*  F.  H.  KAPPA— Machinist,  Jefferson  Co.,  Ky.     Above  knee. 

The  first  artificial  leg  ordered  from  measurements  at  Pensacola, 
Fla.,  October,  1884,  has  given  me  great  satisfaction  and  good 
service.  May,  1902,  I  ordered  the  second,  which  is  superior  in 
construction,  especially  the  spring  mattress  rubber  foot  is  an  im- 
provement  which   I   cannot   praise   enough. 

I  am  a  machinist  by  trade  and  experience  no  difficulty  in  follow- 
ing my  occupation,  and  only  experienced  people  can  tell  that  I  am 
wearing  an  artificial  leg.  Oct.  21,  1909. 


*  SYLVANUS  J.  KEITH— Tailor,  Nova  Scotia.  Both  below  knees. 
Twenty-three  years  ago  I  had  both  of  my  legs  amputated  below 
knees  and  had  been  wearing  artificial  limbs  with  ankle  joints  for 
twenty  years  with  much  trouble  and  dissatisfaction.  One  year  and 
a  half  ago  I  purchased  a  pair  of  your  artificial  limbs  with  rubber 
feet  attached  and  since  then  the  trouble  so  common  to  me  for  so 
long  has  disappeared.  I  am  engaged  in  the  tailoring  business  and 
do  all  the  cutting,  which  means  that  I  am  on  my  feet  most  of  the 
time.  I  go  about  the  store  up  and  downstairs  and  out  for  short 
walks  without  the  use  of  a  cane  and  without  the  unpleasant  squeak- 
ing and  rattling  of  joints  which  used  to  annoy  me  so  much.  The 
rubber  foot  does  not  produce  that  wooden  leg  sound  so  often 
noticed  from  less  modern  appliances  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in 
recommending-  your  artificial  legs  with  rubber  feet  as  being  the 
very  best  on  the  market. 


324        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limls,  New  York  City. 

SAMUEL  M.  KATZ— Machinist,  Luzerne  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 

The  leg  I  bought  from  you  three  years  ago  has  given  me  entire 
satisfaction.     I  have  not  lost  one  day  from  work  since  wearing  it. 

Dec.  11,  1907. 
THADDEUS  S.  KAUTZ— Conductor,  Dauphin  Co.,  Pa.     Partial  foot. 

Having  made  a  study  of  three  makes  of  artificial  feet,  I  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  Marks  foot  is  the  most  practical  of  all.  I 
have  made  a  thorough  test,  using  your  foot  in  the  capacity  of  a 
brakeman  for  eight  years.  Oct.  9,  1909. 

JOHN  KELDER— Machinist,  Queens  Co.,  N.  Y.     Below  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  I  received  from  you  eight  years  ago  has  proved 
satisfactory.  I  am  an  engineer  and  have  to  run  locomotives  and 
do  all  kinds  of  engine  work.  I  am  able  to  do  all  this  with  the 
aid  of  your  artificial  arm.  I  would  not  part  with  your  hand  for 
$500.00.  Oct.  19,  1909. 


SAMUEL  P.  KEMP — Farmer,  Lawrence  Co.,  Pa.    Above  knee. 

My  artificial  limb  is  working  fine.  I  have  had  more  comfort 
in  the  six  years  I  have  been  wearing  A.  A.  Marks  leg,  than  I  have 
had  in  all  the  time  before,  about  thirty-three  years. 

My  stump  is  just  eight  inches  long  and  I  can  walk  good  without 
a  cane  and  I  can  do  almost  any  kind  of  work  on  a  farm.  I  can 
plow,  plant  corn,  dig  and  shovel  clay  or  pitch  hay  and  chop  w^ood 
and  other  kinds  of  labor  as  well  as  any  other  man.  Oct.  18,  1909. 
STEPHEN   KELSEY— Essex   Co.,   N.   J.     Above   knee. 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  legs  you 
have  made  for  me  have  been  most  satisfactory  and  comfortable. 
As  you  know  I  have  worn  them  for  fourteen  years.  I  have  gotten 
so  now  that  it  never  occurs  to  me  that  I  am  lame.  I  have  no 
difficulty   in   running   automobiles  or   riding  motorcycles. 

I  advise  any  young  person  with  diseased  or  shortened  limbs 
to    have    them,    amputated    and    get    one    of    your    artificial    legs. 

Nov.   15,   1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        325 

DR.    E.    J.    KEMPF— Dubois    Co.,    Iiul. 

The  arm  and  hand  of  .To.se])h  (Joetz  were  received,  and  Goetz  is 
well  pleased,  and  even  more  than  that,  he  is  tickled.  He  can 
write  his  name  and  do  any  kind  of  light  work. 

*  JOHN  KEMPER— Grayson  Co.,  Texas.     Instep  amputation. 

I  have  been  wearing  your  artificial  foot  for  instep  amputation 
for  nearly  fifteen  years,  and  it  has  given  me  perfect  satisfaction  at 
all  times.    I  can  cheerfully  recommend  the  same  as  the  best  made. 

Oct.  24,  1909. 

JAMES  J.  KENNELLY— Produce  Clerk,  Brooklyn.     Below  knee. 

On  the  15th  of  November,  1893,  I  began  to  wear  one  of  your 
artificial  feet.  1  continued  my  studies  and  graduated  from  the 
High  School  without  any  of  my  fellow  students  knowing  that  I 
wore  an  artificial  foot.  I  am  a  member  of  the  Royal  Arcanum 
and  there  are  not  three  members  of  my  lodge  know  that  I  wear 
an  artificial  foot. 

*  REV.  J.  H.  KENT— England.    Above  knee. 

After  nearly  two  years'  use  of  the  Marks  artificial  leg  I  can 
speak  well  of  it.  I  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  the  careful  way 
in  which  Mr.  Barstow  took  my  measurements,  and  which  proved 
so  satisfactory.  April  15,  1908. 

*  T.   M,   KEOGH— Musician,  England.    Below  knee. 

The  new  leg  is  a  great  success.  I  can  walk  fast  with  perfect 
ease  and  no  friction,  and  it  works  well  when  cycling.  I  am  a 
member  of  the  Liverpool  Masonic  Motorcycling  Club,  and  I  have 
often  ridden  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  miles  a  day.  I  can 
never  understand  any  person  requiring  an  artificial  limb,  and  who 
has  had  "  Marks "  brought  before  their  notice,  going  elsewhere 
for  one,  and  at  any  time  any  of  your  prospective  clients  would 
like  to  see  "  Marks  "  leg  in  use  I  shall  be  pleased  to  show  them 
how  I  ride  a  bicycle,  run,  and  do  things  any  ordinary  person  with 
both   their   natural   limbs   do.  May   9,    1909. 

*  THOMAS  KILLGOUR— Auckland,  New  Zealand.     Below  knee. 
The    artificial    leg    which    you    made    for    me    eleven    years    ago 

has  proved  of  the  greatest  comfort  and  satisfaction,  and  although 
the  usage  I  have  given  it  has  been  rough,  it  will  unquestionably 
last  me  several  years  longer. 

In  the  course  of  my  occupation  as  a  bush  contractor,  I  have  to 
travel  continually  over  many  miles  of  heavily  timbered  mountainous 
country,  both  walking  and  riding,  often  covering  forty  miles  a 
day.  The  timber  for  the  most  part  grows  on  very  rough  and 
broken  country  and  on  the  sides  of  precipitous  gulleys,  and  I 
experience   only   a   little   difficulty   in   getting   over   such   country. 

The  rubber  foot  enables  me  to  walk  much  more  easily  and 
comfortably  and  the  leg  is  considerably  lighter  than  what  I 
previously  wore  which  had  an  ankle  action.  Feb.  26,   1910. 

*  GEORGE  OSCAR  KINARD— Packer,  Bibb  Co.,  Ga.    Below  elbow. 
The  arm  I  got  from  you  was  the  cause  of  my  securing  a  better 

position  than  I  have  ever  had.  I  have  been  in  the  company  of 
strangers  for  several  hours  at  a  time  and  they  did  not  discover 
that  I  had  but  one  natural  arm.  Oct.  21,  1909. 

*  W.  F.  KLECKNER— Car  Checker,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.  Below  knee. 
The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  has  given  so  much  satis- 
faction that  I  would  not  part  with  it  for  any  consideration.  I 
have  been  traveling  with  friends  that  did  not  know  I  had  my  leg 
off  until  they  were  told.  This  goes  to  show  that  I  walk  well. 
I  shall  recommend  your  make  of  legs  at  all  times. 


326        A.  A.  Mar'ks,  Artificial  Limbs,  Netv  Yorh  City. 

GEO.   D.   KERNS— Jefferson   Co.,   Mont.     Knee   bearing-. 

In  regard  to  my  experience  in  using  an  artificial  leg  will  say 
that  I  have  worn  one  thirty-one  years. 

The  first  rubber  foot  I  wore  for  twelve  years,  and  the  second 
I  am  still  wearing.  I  am  a  stone  mason  and  builder.  My  work 
is  on  rough  ground,  with  spall,  fragments,  and  rubbish  as  usually 
seen  about  stone  buildings  while  under  construction.  This  is 
the  place  to  test  an  artificial  leg.  No  other  leg  ever  did  so  much 
good.    It  has  a  stiff  ankle  joint  which  is  really  its  charm. 


I  can  stand  on  the  heel  or  toe  at  will;  this  gives  me  great 
advantage  in  turning  about  and   getting  around  lively. 

If  on  a  sidehill,  roof,  or  ladder  the  ankle-joint  foot  is  not  safe, 
but  the  rubber  foot  is  always  safe. 

*  LENA  KLEIN— Jennings  Co.,  Ind.     Above  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1896  is  still  in  good 
condition.  I  wear  it  continuously.  It  cannot  be  beat  by  any 
leg  that  is  made.  Jan.  27,  1910. 

EEV.  J.  W.  KNAPPENBERGER,  A.M.— President,  Allentown  Col- 
lege for  Women,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa.  Above  knee. 
I  have  been  wearing  A.  A.  Marks  artificial  limb  since  1S90.  I 
have  found  it  satisfactory  in  every  particular  and  I  consider  it  the 
best  in  the  market.  It  is  comfortable,  easy  to  manage,  wears  well, 
and  protects  from  injury. 

*  WILLIAM  KNEIPP— Cattleman,  Australia.     Below  elbow. 

The  hand  I  got  from  you  gives  every  satisfaction.  I  can  use  the 
knife  to  cut  my  food  quite  well,  and  I  hold  the  reins  in  the  artificial 
hand  when  driving  and  riding.  It  is  worth  double  the  money  for 
looks  only. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  City.        327 

*  VERNON   KNOWLES— Clerk,    Eiif^-liiiK].     r,elow   flljow. 

I  am  writing  again  to  show  my  apjjreciation.  for  the  artificial 
arm  xjurchased  of  yon.  I  have  worn  the  same  continnonsly  ever 
since.  I  camiied  three  weel<s  on  Horse  Shoe  Island.  I  have  used 
the  hand  for  paddling  a  canoe,  carrying  minnow  pails,  holding 
fishing  rod,   digging  bait,   washing  myself. 

I  have  just  completed  a  trip  through  England  and  the  Continent, 
during  which  journey  I  used  the  hand  constantly  for  carrying 
my  suit  case,  cutting  my  food,   etc.  Sept.  25,  1909. 

G.  FRED  KOHLER,  JR.— Bergen  Co.,  N.  J.     Below  knee. 

I  have  been  wearing  one  of  your  rubber  feet  now  since  March  9, 
1904,  and  have  not  had  any  chafing  of  the  stump  or  any  other 
difficulty.     I  do   not  limp  at  all. 

*  CHAS.    KORTE— Mora    Co.,    New   Mexico.     Below   knee. 

In  the  twenty-one  years  that  have  passed  since  I  bought  an 
artificial  leg  of  you,  I  have  worn  the  leg  continuously.  I  have 
been  very  much  satisfied  and  thankful  to  you,  for  I  have  done 
my  work  same  as  though  I  had  my  natural  leg.       Feb.  25,   1910. 

*  L.  KRASKER— Pearl  Worker,  England.     Below  knee. 

After  wearing  an  artificial  leg  (made  in  France)  I  met  a  friend 
in  Australia  who  wore  a  Marks  leg,  and  he  strongly  recommended 
me  to  have  one.  I  am  thankful  that  I  took  his  advice,  for  I  never 
felt  so  comfortable  before.  My  order  was  put  through  Mr.  Bar- 
stow.  Jan.    25    1909. 

*  W.  L.  KUHN— Cigar  Store,  Frederick  Co.,  Va.     Above  knee. 
The  new  leg  I  got  from  you  two  years  ago  fits  nicely  and  I 

expect  it  will  last  as  long  as  the  other  one,  which  I  had  worn 
continuously  for  twenty-two  years.  The  leg  was  constructed  by 
you  in  1886.  Feb.  2,  1910. 

GEO.   W.   KUTCH— Boatman,   Schuylkill  Co.,   Pa.     Below  knee. 

I  am  wearing  your  make  of  artificial  limbs  since  1886.  I  am  what 
is  commonly  called  a  waterman,  and  work  upon  a  barge.  Your  leg 
gives  entire  satisfaction.  It  gets  damp,  occasionally  wet,  but  no  ill 
effects  result.  I  can  perform  my  work  as  well  as  those  who  have 
their  two  natural  legs.  In  winter  time  the  barges  are  often  covered 
with  ice,  which  makes  walking  very  uncertain,  but  I  can  get  around 
as  well  as  most  who  have  their  natural  legs.  Oct.  16,  1909. 

*  PETER  KUTCHERA— Marathon  Co.,  Wis.     Below  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  I  got  from  you  some  time  ago  has  far  surpassed 
my  expectations.  The  rubber  hand  is  certainly  a  good  invention. 
I  can  carry  a  grip  or  bundle  with  it,  I  can  also  close  and  open  my 
latch  door.  My  right  arm  being  amputated  two  inches  below  the 
elbow.  I  had  no  idea  that  I  would  have  any  control  of  the 
artificial  arm.  Oct.  19,  1909. 

*  FRANCISCO  LABORDE— La  Plata,  Argentine  Rep.     Below  knee. 
I  am  entirely  satisfied  with  the  almost  perfect  construction  of 

your  leg.     I  walk  almost  naturally.  Aug.   8,   1908. 

*  E.  L.  LAIRD— Crawford  Co.,  Kan.     Above  knee. 

It  is  with  pleasure  I  inform  you  that  the  limb  purchased  for  my 
daughter  when  she  was  six  years  old  is  giving  the  best  of  satis- 
faction, far  better  than  I  supposed  it  were  possible,  considering 
the  location  of  the  amputation — her  stump  is  a  very  short  one  above 
the  knee.     I  heartily  recommend  your  work.  Dec.  14,  1909. 

*  H.  M.  LAIRD— Drug  Clerk,  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.    Below  knee. 

I  have  given  the  limb  you  sent  me  a  thorough  trial.  I  can  say 
that  I  am  well  pleased  with.  It  seems  to  be  what  I  want.  Last 
week  I  walked  half  a  mile  and  was  no  worse  for  it.  I  want  to 
thank  you  for  the  satisfaction  you  gave  me.  You  may  use  my  name 
as  reference,  Nov.  1,  1909. 


328        A.  A.  MarJiS,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

*  EODOLPHO   LAMBEA— Farmer,  Cuba.     Below  knee. 

I  am  well  pleased  with  the  artificial  limib  you  sent  me.  I  am 
working  on  a  farm  and  use  your  artificial  leg  to  great  advantage. 
I  thank  you  for  what  you  have  done  for  me. — Translated  from 
Spanish.  Sept.  29,  1909. 

*  THOMAS  LANGTON— Herbalist,  England.     Above  knee. 

I  have  received  the  leg  you  made  for  me  and  having  now  worn 
it  for  the  last  five  years,  I  have  much  pleasure  and  satisfaction 
in  testifying  to  its  qualities,  which  are  in  every  particular  as  good 
as  one  could  wish.  It  is  comfortable,  light,  strong  and  safe,  the 
finish  and  mechanism  are  a  great  improvement  on  those  I  have 
previously  worn.  I  desire  also  to  express  my  gratitude  to  you  for 
your  patience,  persistence  and  unfailing  courtesy  in  bringing  about 
this  most  gratifying  result.  Shall  recommend  your  firm  whenever 
possible.  Oct.  25,  1909. 

NORMAN  A.  LAMPMAN— Laborer,  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.    Below  knee. 

I  think  you  would  like  to  hear  from  one  of  your  artificial  legs. 
I  am  wearing  mine  right  along  every  day.  The  leg  is  alright. 
I  have  always  been  very  thankful  that  I  have  a  leg  of  your  make 
and  get  along  so  well.  March  4,  1908. 

*  R.  M.  LANIER— Tax  Collector,  Ware  Co.,  Ga.     Below  knee. 
About  twenty-five  years  ago  I  lost  my  right  leg  just  below  the 

knee,  and  since  that  time  I  have  used  three  of  your  artificial  limbs. 
In  1902  purchased  the  last  one.  I  have  always  found  them  to  be 
comfortable  and  durable  in  my  work.  I  am  tax  collector  of  Ware 
County,  Ga.,  which  occupation  carries  with  it  considerable  walking, 
and  I  get  around  with  all  ease  and  comfort.  I  don't  think  your 
class  of  work  is  surpassed  by  any.  Oct.  17,  1909. 


*  EDWARD  W.  LASLEY— Laborer,  Antrim  Co.,  Mich.  Below  elbow. 
I  lost  my  arm  below  the  elbow  last  October.  I  had  one  of  your 
artificial  hands  made  by  measurements,  and  have  worn  it  every 
day  since.  I  am  greatly  pleased  with  it.  It  fits  perfectly,  and  with 
the  glove  on  one  could  not  tell  it  from  the  natural  hand.  I  do 
most  anything  with  it.  I  can  punch  the  bag,  play  pool,  and  box 
with  it.  I  find  it  very  useful,  and  I  wouldn't  be  without  the  hand 
for  anything. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City.        329 

*  MRS.   MARY  LANO— Todd   Co.,   Minn.     Uelow   knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  limbs  for  the  last  fourteen 
years,  the  first  one  I  wore  seven  years,  the  second  I  got  eight 
years  ago,  both  made  from  meaKurements.  I  am  well  pleased 
with  them.  I  am  sixty-six  years  old,  and  can  do  all  my  house- 
work. Oct.  18,  1909. 

*  JOSEPH  LAROCK — Sawmill,  Carleton  Co.,  Ontario.     Above  knee. 
I  guess  I  am  the  best  walker  in  Canada.     I  have  worn  the  leg 

you  made  for  me  now  six  years.     The  rubber  foot  is  great  to  walk 
on.  April  27,  1908. 

*  J.  B.  LEBOIX— France.     Above  knee. 

After  wearing  your  artificial  leg  with  rubber  foot  for  seven  years, 
I  am  pleased  to  recognize  all  the  merits  your  make  deserves.  The 
leg  is  comfortable,  and  construction  is  simple.  I  have  as  yet  had 
no  need  for  repairs,  and  have  subjected  it  to  hard  tests  every  day.— 
Translated  from  French.  Oct.  27,  1909. 

*  C.  L.  LEDLIE— Chatham  Co.,   Ga.     Ankle  amputation. 

I  am  still  wearing  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1907, 
and  am  glad  to  state  that  I  have  been  complimented  by  several 
good  doctors  who  know  of  my  case.  I  highly  recommend  your 
limb  whenever  I  get  a  chance  to  do  so.  I  am  at  present  employed 
by  the  Southern  Cotton  Oil  Company  as  operator.  Am  on  my  feet 
all  day  and  I  think  that  tests  my  stump  and  your  foot  pretty 
well.  Feb.  7,   1910. 

*  MISS  FLORENCE  M.  LEE— Washington  Co.,  R.  I.    Below  knee. 

It  is  seven  years  this  month  that  you  made  for  me  the  leg,  and  I 
am  doing  nicely  with  it;  the  former  leg  made  by  you  was  applied 
when  I  was  four  years  old,  and  I  wore  it  eight  years.  I  work  and 
walk  every  day.  I  have  no  trouble  whatever  with  it,  and  have  worn 
it  all  the  time  since  you  made  it  for  me.  Oct.  20,  1909. 

*  PATRICK  W.  LEE — Trooper,  New  Zealand.     Above  knee. 

I  was  a  member  of  one  of  the  New  Zealand  Contingents,  in  active 
service  during  the  Boer  War,  and  lost  my  right  leg  as  a  result  of 
injuries  received  in  the  Western  Transvaal.  The  amputation  is 
about  five  inches  above  the  knee.  Acting  on  the  advice  of  a  clergy- 
man, who  is  himself  wearing  one  of  your  limbs,  I  obtained  one, 
and  have  worn  it  every  day  since. 

It  is  a  wonderfully  good  substitute,  and  to  a  great  extent  removes 
the  disability  imposed  by  the  loss  of  the  natural  limb.  I  am  not 
engaged  in  any  particular  vocation  at  present,  but  do  a  lot  of 
walking,  and  can  get  about  with  but  little  inconyenience 

*  WILLIAM  LEES,  M.D.,  C.S.,  L.S.A.— Chester,  England. 

The  arm  for  Williamson  has  arrived  safely  and  fits  him  perfectly. 
I  am  highly  pleased  with  it,  and  intend  to  show  this  patient  and  his 
arm,  and  also  Mr.  Howson  and  his  leg,  at  our  Chester  Medical 
Society.     I  consider  them  triumphs  of  mechanical  art. 

*  ANTONIO  LEONARDO— Fruiter,  Oriente,  Cuba.     Below  knee. 

I  am  enjoying  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  a  year  and  a 
half  ago.  It  makes  a  young  man  of  me.  Everybody  admires  your 
work.  I  am  engaged  in  the  fruit  business.  I  am  never  tired  of 
praising  your  skill.  April  25,   1909. 

*  H.  E.  LEWIS— Grocer,  Washington  Co.,  R.  I.— Below  knee. 

I  have  been  using  the  artificial  leg  you  made  me  twelve  years 
ago  continuously,  and  am  up  and  down  a  step-ladder  a  great  deal, 
and  feel  perfectly  safe.  My  weight,  at  the  present  time,  is  214 
pounds.    I   never   use    a   cane,    as   I   can   walk  better   without    it, 

Oct.  18,  1909, 


830 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City. 


PETEE  L.  LEE— Watchman,  Worcester  Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

Your  leg  is  all  that  you  claim  for  it  in  fact  it  is  much  more. 
I  am  night  watchman  in  a  large  worsted  and  carpet  raill,  which 
requires  my  walking  up  several  flight  of  stairs  every  night.  I  am 
twenty-five  minutes  on  the  go  winding  clocks.  I  also  have  two 
large  boilers  to  take  care  of,  and  have  to  wheel  fourteen  to  sixteen 


large  wheelbarrows  of  clinkers  and  ashes  every  night  up  an  incline 
two  and  a  half  feet  in  ten,  which  I  do  without  trouble. 

The  artificial  leg  that  I  wore  before  I  got  yours  gave  me  much 
trouble,  and  kept  my  stump  sore  and  irritated  nearly  all  the  time. 
It  compelled  me  to  undergo  a  second  amputation. 

*  C.   G.   LINDAHL— Snohomish   Co.,  Wash.     Below   elbow. 

I  have  now  used  the  artificial  arm  which  you  manufactured 
for  me  for  eight  months,  and  1  am  glad  to  say  that  it  is  a  perfect 
fit  and  that  I  am  very  satisfied  with  the  outfit.  March  28,  1910. 

J.  S.  LINDLEY,  M.D.— Indian  Agency,  Okla. 

I  deem  it  due  to  you  to  say  that  the  artificial  leg"  you  furnished 
the  Indian  Department  for  Joe  Chilchuana,  the  Apache  Indian,  gives 
the  utmost  satisfaction  in  every  respect.  The  young  man  wears  it 
with  the  greatest  ease,  satisfaction,  and  comfort,  and  is  delighted 
with  it.  One  Avho  does  not  know  that  he  is  wearing  an  artificial 
limb  would  not  detect  it  in  his  walk.  You  are  to  be  congratulated 
upon  the   satisfaction  your  work  gives. 

*  AECHIE  LIVINGSTONE— Laborer,  Cassia  Co.,  Idaho.    Both  below 

knees. 

I  got  my  legs  amputated  in  December,  1901,  and  received  artificial 
ones  from  A.  A.  Marks,  June,  1902.  I  have  been  wearing  them  ever 
since;  they  were  made  from  measurements,  and  fit  right.  They 
have  not  bothered  me  at  all.  I  am  a  rider,  and  can  get  on  a  horse 
quicker  than  many  that  have  not  lost  their  limbs.  Nov.  15,  1909. 
JAMES  LIVINGSTON— Eailroad,  Perry  Co.,  111.     Below  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  since  1891  (seventeen 
years)  and  it  has  given  entire  satisfaction.  Nov.  27,  1907. 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Ariificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.        331 

ENOS  LINCOLN— Saline  Co.,  Kansas.     Above  Imec. 

After  having-  worn  your  artificial  leg-  with  rubber  foot  for  more 
than  thirty  years,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying-  it  is  the  best  leg 
in  use;  it  is  simply  the  most  durable  of  any  of  the  many  I  have 
seen.  The  rubber  foot  with  stiff  ankle  is  unquestionably  the  best 
and  softest  leg  made;    it  never  drags  at  the  toe  from  weight  of 


-^=^ 


mud.  It  is  so  simple  a  child  can  adjust  it.  I  have  worn  artificial 
legs  since  1862,  and  do  all  kinds  of  work.  I  am  a  blacksmith,  and 
shoe  horses.  I  have  dug-  wells,  and  quarried  stone  and  other  heavy 
work.  I  can  walk  farther  in  a  given  time  than  any  man  on  any 
other  kind  of  a  leg,  with  the  same  length  of  stump  as  mine;  it  is 
only  three   inches   from  center   of   hip   joint. 

JULIO  LLUBERES— Conductor,  Santo  Domingo.     Above  knee. 

A  month  after  amputation  I  had  an  artificial  leg  apijlied  at  your 
establishment,  and  upon  my  arrival  here  I  filled  the  position  of 
conductor  of  a  passenger  and  freight  train  for  three  months,  and 
for  the  past  five  years  I  have  discharged  the  duties  of  station  agent 
at  Bajabonico,  both  of  which  I  have  performed  satisfactorily.  I 
can  put  the  leg  on  in  two  minutes.  I  walk  a  great  deal,  both  for 
work  and  pleasure.  I  have  got  on  the  train  when  the  locomotive 
was  under  very  rapid  headway.  I  can  assure  you  that  I  am  well 
satisfied  with  the  leg,  and  believe  it  the  best  in  the  world — Trans- 
lated  from   Spanish.  Nov.    10,    1909. 

*  FEED  LOED— Paper  Hanger,  York  Co.,  Me.     Wrist  amputation. 

The  artificial  hand  you  made  for  me  some  time  ago  is  doing-  good 
service;  it  has  stood  up  under  very  severe  work.  It  has  proved  a 
great  deal  better  than  I  expected  an  artificial  arm  would.  I  have 
had  it  five  years  and  it  looks  as  though  it  would  be  good  for 
fi.ve  years  raore.  Sept.  18,  1908. 


332        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

*  GIROLAMO  LOEENZONI— Lawyer,  Italy.     Above  knee. 

In  September,  1895,  after  thirty  years  of  suffering,  I  had  my  right 
leg  amputated,  above  the  knee,  leaving  a  very  short  stump.  I 
obtained  an  artificial  leg  made  in  Padua.  I  walked  very  badly  with 
it,  and  was  in  despair,  when  fortunately  one  of  my  friends  made 
me  acquainted  with  your  firm.  In  1897  you  furnished  me  with  a 
magnificent  artificial  limb,  which  I  have  worn  ever  since.  I  am 
mo^t  contented  with  your  system,  especially  the  construction  of 
the  foot,  which  is  unimprovable  in  every  resj)ect.      March  17,  1910. 

*  MES.  S.  F.  LOVELACE— Pittsylvania  Co.,  Va.     Below  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  nearly  ten  years.  It  was 
made  from  measurements.  I  do  all  kinds  of  housework,  walk  to 
church  and  a  mile  or  so  to  see  my  friends  None  but  those  that 
are  afflicted  know  what  a  blessing  an  artificial  leg  is.  I  would  not 
be  without  it  for  double  what  it  cost.  Oct.   1,   1907. 

GEO.  J.  LOWEEY— Printer,  Boston,  Mass.     Both  below  knees. 

I  bought  a  pair  of  artificial  legs  from  you  in  1899.  They  have 
given  me  perfect  satisfaction.     I  have  worn  them  continually  since. 

Jan.  31,  1908, 

*  EBEN  P.  LOW — Eancher,  Honolulu,  Hawaii.     Below  elbow. 

It  is  seventeen  years  since  I  got  an  artificial  arm  from  you  and 
ten  years  since  I  got  a  duplicate.  Both  have  served  me  with 
wonderful  help,  considering  the  class  of  work  I  am  engaged  in. 
I  have  had  several  falls  from  my  horse  landing  on  my  artificial 
arm  which  has  suffered  no  injury.  I  have  made  a  record  that 
stands  to  be  equaled  or  beaten,  that  is  a  record  of  one  minute  and 
twelve  seconds  for  roping  and  tying  a  wild  steer  after  the  steer 
has  been  given  sixty-five  feet  start.  I  know  that  I  stand  before 
the  world  as  "  The  champion  one  arm  roper."  1  enclose  a  photo 
of  myself  in  my  cowboy  outfit  in  preparation  for  the  catch  of  the 
steer  in  the  contest  before  the  public,  where  fourteen  of  the  most 
expert  cowboys  of  the  kingdom  participated,  so  much  for  the 
help  of  your  artificial  arm.  Jan.  15,  1910. 

*  M.  F.  LUCAS,  M.D.— Lincoln  Co.,  Out. 

A  few  years  ago  I  fitted  a  young  man  with  one  of  your  arms 
and  legs  in  the  city  of  Victoria,  B.  C.  You  will  no  doubt  be  glad 
to  learn  that  his  limbs  have  given  the  greatest  satisfaction. 

Oct,  2C,  1908. 

*  THOMAS  F.  LUSH— Teacher,  Lycoming  Co.,  Pa.     Knee  bearing. 
I  am  now  wearing  my  second  artificial  leg,  both  made  by  you, 

and  I  can  truly  say  that  they  have  both  been  satisfactory  in  every 
respect.  Your  artificial  limbs  are  a  combination  of  lightness,  dura- 
bility, and  strength,  which  makes  them  superior  to  any  other  arti- 
ficial limb  that  I  have  ever  seen.  I  wear  a  knee-bearing  leg. 
The  last  one  that  I  purchased  from  you  I  took  my  own  measure- 
ments, which  almost  anyone  can  do  by  your  system.     Oct,  22,  1909, 

*  J.  N.  McCUTCHEON— Clerk,  Hamilton  Co.,   Tenn.    Above  knee. 
I  consider  your  limbs  the  most  simple,  durable  and  comfortable 

I  have  ever  seen  or  worn.  I  have  worn  one  for  twenty-four  years 
with  not  more  than  $1.50  expense.  The  rubber  foot  is  the  next 
thing  to   nature,   it  protects   my   stump  from  «udden  jars. 

Oct.   19,   1909. 

*  MATTHEW  B.  McGOVEEN— Eailroad,  Levis  Co.,  Quebec.    Below 

knee. 
The    artificial   leg   you   made   for   me   in    1901   has   recently   had 
some   repairs.     It  is  now  in  the  pink  of  condition  and  giving  all 
round  satisfaction.    Expect  it  to  last  another  nine  years. 

Feb.  2,   1910, 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        333 

*  ALEX  McDonald — Engineer,  Nova  Scotia.     Below  knee. 

I  am  happy  to  say  that  I  have  worn  one  of  your  legs  for  the 
last  ten  years.  I  feel  convinced  that  no  better  can  be  made.  I 
have  frequently  been  in  the  company   of  people  v^^ho  never  sus- 


pected that  I  was  wearing  an  artificial  leg.  I  attend  my  work 
every  day,  which  is  engine  driving.  I  had  my  leg  taken  off  five 
inches  above  the  ankle  joint.  Oct.  22,  1909. 

*  A.  W.  McEWAN — Secretary,  South  Africa.    Above  knee. 

The  artificial  limb  you  so  skillfully  made  for  me,  to  accommodate 
an  amputated  thigh  two  and  one-eighth  inches  from  the  crotch, 
has  arrived  here  in  good  order,  and  after  a  fortnight's  wear,  I 
am  enabled  to  use  the  limb  with  the  greatest  of  ease  and  comfort. 
I  consider  it  a  wonderful  arrangement  in  every  particular,  especially 
noting  the  easy,  noiseless,  and  reliable  knee  mechanism,  and  the 
delightful  natural  suppleness  of  the  rubber  foot,  which  gives  one 
a  great  amount  of  impetus  in  walking. 

Previous  to  getting  your  limb,  I  had  been  wearing  one  with 
articulating  joint  at  the  ankle.  I  was  forced  to  use  two  canes  to 
assist  me  in  walking;  now  I  am  able  to  walk  with  the  greatest 
ease  and  comfort  without  canes. 

J.  H.  McFADZEN — Lawyer,  New  Brunswick,  Canada.    Above  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  I  purchased  from  you  while  in  New  York,  in 
1903,  has  proved  satisfactory.  I  find  it  of  great  assistance,  very 
comfortable,  and  it  has  developed  the  muscles  of  my  arm  and  side, 
got  them  back  into  their  normal  and  healthy  condition,  and 
besides  it  is  of  great  benefit  to  my  appearance.  I  have  very  much 
pleasure  indeed  in  recommending  same,  my  only  regret  now  is,  that 
I  had  not  purchased  it  sooner. 

My  amputation  took  place  twenty  years  ago,  above  the  elbow. 
My  profession  is  that  of  a  barrister.  On  account  of  the  mechanism 
of  the  rubber  hand,  I  find  no  difficulty  in  holding  papers,  books, 
etc.  I  also  find  it  very  useful  in  driving  a  horse,  carrying  a  valise, 
and  in  fact  were  it  not  for  the  wearing  of  a  glove,  it  would  often 
be  hard  to  detect  the  artificial  from  the  real.  As  I  am  a  bit  of  a 
sport,  I  often  engage  in  lawn  tennis,  billiards,  etc.      Oct.  18,  1909. 


334 


A.  A.  Marias,  Artificial  Limbs,  Neiv  YorJc  City. 


JAMES  A.  McDonald— Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.  Both  below  knee. 
Over  twentj^  j^ears  ag-o  I  met  with  the  misfortune  of  having  both 
my  legs  crushed  by  the  railroad  cars,  which  necessitated  amputa- 
tion below  the  knees.  I  was  then  a  mere  lad,  and  did  not  fully 
realize  the  gravity  of  my  misfortune. 


By  the  advice  of  my  surgeons  and  others,  I  placed  myself  under 
your  care  for  restoration.  Your  reputation  as  the  one  most  com- 
petent in  the  land  had  so  impressed  me  that,  from  the  first,  I  felt 
that  I  was  soon  to  realize  the  most  that  skill  and  ingenuity  could 
possibly  do  for  me.  In  this  I  have  not  been  disappointed,  for  your 
labors  have  restored  me  to  my  feet,  and  I  am  for  all  practical 
purposes,  myself  again.  I  well  remember  how  proud  I  was  when 
your  genius  placed  me  in  a  position  in  which  I  could  indulge  in 


youthful  sports,  how  I  availed  myself  of  every  advantage,  playing 
ball,  boating,  fishing  and  hunting  in  summer,  and  skating  in  winter. 
I  even  went  so  far  as  to  swing  my  partner,  on  several  occasions, 
at  rural  dances.  I  have  always  felt  that  your  artificial  legs  were 
wonders  and  ought  to  be  known  throughout  the  land. 

My  latest  fad  is  that  of  riding  a  bicycle.  I  found  the  task  diffi- 
cult at  first,  but  I  succeeded  after  repeated  attempts,  to  ride  well 
and   to   enjoy  it. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Ariificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.        385 


*  CHAS.  McUOWJCLL— Farmer,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.     Above  knee. 
The   several   artifieial   leg's   I    have   obtained   from    you    have    all 

proved  satisfactory,  they  all  have  lasted  an  unusual  length  of  time. 
I  would  not  have  an  ankle  joint  no  matter  who  I  had  to  make  my 
leg.  I  can  rely  on  the  stiff  ankle.  The  rubber  in  the  foot  is  of 
course  necessary  and  your  way  of  combining-  it  with  the  mattress 
is  the  thing.  I  work  hard  and  never  think  of  anything'  happening 
to  the  leg.  Feb.  10,  1910. 

C.  D.  McGEHEE — Eailroad,  Henrico  Co.,  Va.     Ankle  amputation. 

In  1890  I  was  in  New  York  and  had  you  make  an  artificial  leg 
for  my  ankle-joint  amputation.  I  wore  it  six  years  with  entire 
satisfaction,  then  got  another  which  I  am  now  wearing.  I  con- 
sider the  make  of  your  limbs  the  best  in  the  country.     Dec.  21,  1907. 

^  WM.   D.  McINTYEE— Painter,  Mercer  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 

I  purchased  an  artificial  leg  of  you  in  August,  1903.  I  have 
done  many  kinds  of  hard  work  since,  from  cow  punching  to  coal 
teaming,  have  put  the  artificial  limb  through  what  I  am  positive 
no  other  kind  of  leg  would  have  stood.  I  worked  for  a  while  as  a 
pile  driver  on  the  coast  of  Michigan.  I  was  in  water  waist-deep 
many  days.  The  leg  seemed  to  sufiier  no  bad  effects  from  the 
soaking.  I  do  not  consider  that  I  am  handicapped  in  the  least  on 
account  of  having  lost  my  natural  limb.  Oct.  8,  1909. 

*  SAMUEL  McKEE— Belfast,  Ireland.    Below  knee. 

I  got  an  artificial  leg  from  you  some  time  about  the  end 
of  June,  1875,  and  I  have  been  wearing  it  ever  since.  I  would 
like  to  get  another  just  like  it.  The  limb  I  have  has  a  rubber 
foot  for  amputation  below^  the  knee.  It  is  a  pity  you  have  not  an 
agent  here,  for  there  is  only  one  party  in  this  city  who  makes 
artificial  legs,  and  they  are  not  to  be  compared  with  yours  for 
durability,  neatness  and  comfort. 

*  S.  B.  McKEE— Lawyer,  Alameda  Co.,  Cal.     Both  below  knees. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  testifying  to  the  merits  of  your  artificial 
limbs.     I  have  used  them  since  1875. 

They  were  fitted  from  measurements.  I  have  worn  them  con- 
stantly without  any  trouble.     I  am  by  profession  a  lawyer. 

Your  legs  are  the  best  made. 

*  VEENE    McLaughlin— Telegrapher,    Saline    Co.,    Ark.    Wrist 

amputation. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  arms  since  February,  1900,  and 

during   all   these    eight   years    I   have   been    a   telegraph    operator 

and  station  agent.     The  hand  has  been  tested  to  its  utmost  and  has 

proved  itself  valuable,  useful  and  satisfactory.  Sept.  9,  1908. 

ELLENA  E.  McLEAN— Teacher,  Tolland  Co.,   Conn.     Above  knee. 

I  am  delighted  with  my  success  with  the  artificial  leg  you  made 

for  me.    Am  teaching  school  every  day.  Oct.  15,  1907. 

*  MES.  JANIE  McLEAN— Eobeson  Co.,  N.  C.     Below  knee. 

I  guess  you  will  be  somewhat  surprised  to  hear  from  me.  I 
have  been  married  two  years  and  I  have  gotten  along  fine  with 
the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1903.  The  leg  is  still  in 
good  condition  and  I  do  all  my  housework,  washing,  ironing  and 
sewing.  Everyone  says  that  they  do  not  see  how  I  get  along  so 
well.  Dec.  3,  1909. 


336        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Linihs,  New  YorTc  City. 


MIGUEL  R.  MACARIO— Railroad,  Chihuahua,  Mexico.    Below  elbow. 

I  will   soon   purchase   another   arm   from   you.     The   one   I  have 

been   wearing    for   five    years    has   given    me   the    best   of   service. 

I  can  do  most  anything  with  it.  Aug.  25,  1909. 

*  HECTOR   MACFADYEN— Scotland.     Above   knee. 

I   had    my    leg   amputated    above   knee    over   twenty   years    ago. 

I  tried  two  artificial  limbs  by  other  makers  for  a  time,  but  had 
to  discard  them  both  as  unsatisfactory. 

I  am  twelve  and  one-half  stones  in  weight,  and  I  can  walk  with 
ease  and  comfort  with  the  Marks  leg,  which  I  have  worn  con- 
stantly for  the  last  nine  months. 

It  is  a  perfect  fit,  and  I  have  every  reason  to  thank  Mr.  Barstow 
personally  for  care  and  attention.  Feb.  5,  1910. 

*  JOSE   DOMINGUEZ  MACHADO— Engineer,  E   de   Minas   Gerals, 

Brazil.     Below   elbow. 
The  artificial  arm  I  ordered  of  you  gives  me  the  greatest  com- 
fort.    I    want   to    do   all   I   can   to   encourage   your   good   work. — 
Translated  from  Spanish.  July  9,  1909. 

*  J.  MADDEN — Watchman,  New  Zealand.     Below  knee. 

My  leg  was  amputated  below  the  knee  on  August  2,  1887. 
In  the  following  March  I  got  my  first  artificial  leg  with  ankle 
joint,  which  I  wore  until  April,  1891,  when  I  got  one  of  your 
celebrated  artificial  legs  with  rubber  foot,  which  I  am  still  wearing, 
now  over  nineteen  years,  on  an  average  of  sixteen  hours  a  day. 
During  that  time  its  expenses  were  nil  except  a  little  for  bushing 
the  knee-bolts,  whereas  with  the  ankle-joint  leg  I  was  continually 
putting  my   hand   in   my   pocket.  Feb.   8,   1910. 


*  A.  E.  MAGOFFIN— Druggist,  Shawnee  Co.,  Kas.    Below  knee. 

I  was  a  soldier  of  the  Civil  War  when  I  was  crippled  in  1863, 
resulting  in  amputation  of  left  leg  below  the  knee.  I  immediately 
ordered  a  Marks  leg,  and  have  worn  no  other  since.  I  get  around 
very  well,  and  have  attended  to  my  drug  business  for  fifty-three 
years.  The  legs  have  given  full  satisfaction,  and  I  have  no  desire 
to  change  for  any  other  make.  Oct,  19,  1909. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lim,hs,  New  York  City.        337 

*  B.  W.  MAKKINK— Holland.     Above  knee  amputation. 

I  received,  in  best  condition,  the  artificial  Icfc  you  sent  me.  It 
is  a  great  pleasure  to  write  to  you  of  my  perfect  contentment. 
Up  till  this  time  the  three  legs  I  have  worn  were  all  of  leather 
and  steel,  and  so  I  could  never  make  a  correction  at  the  spots  that 
hurt  my  stump  or  abraded  my  skin.  Now  while  the  socket  is  of 
wood,  I  am  able  to  form  the  borders  just  as  I  find  from  time  to 
time  necessary  to  prevent  pressure.  Marching  and  cycling  is  much 
easier  than  before  and  I  am  sure  your  rubber  foot  is  a  great 
improvement.  It  is  a  fact  that  walking  with  the  rubber  foot  with- 
out ankle  articulation  is  much  easier  and  quicker  than  when  there 
is  an  articulation.  I  am  thankful  you  have  helped  me  so  very  well, 
and  I  shall  recommend  your  work  everywhere  I  can.      June  6,  1912. 


DANIEL  MAHONEY— Brakeman,   New  York   City,   N.   Y,    Instep. 

I  have  used  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  the  last  fifteen  years, 
and  found  it  all  right.  My  foot  was  taken  off  at  the  instep.  In 
my  position  as  a  brakeman  I  can  do  my  work  without  any  trouble 
whatever. 

From  my  experience  in  using  your  leg,  I  verify  all  you  claim 
for  it.  May  7,  1909. 

*  WM.  O.  MAIN — Laborer,  Washington  Co.,  E.  I.    Above  knee. 

I  have  worn  artificial  legs  of  your  make  for  sixteen  years  w^ith 
greatest  success.  March  10,  1908. 

REV.  E.  L.  MAINES— Clergyman,  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.     Below  elbow. 

A  little  more  than  a  year  ago  I  had  my  left  arm  amputated  about 
five  inches  below  the  elbow.  Two  months  and  a  half  later  I  went 
to  the  Marks  establishment,  in  New  York,  to  investigate  their 
artificial  limbs.  I  had  been  advised  to  get  an  all-willow  hand,  but 
thinking  of  the  advantages  of  rubber  over  willow,  I  decided  to 
personally  investigate  the  matter,  so  made  a  special  trip  to  the 
city.  I  am  glad  to  say  that  so  far  I  have  found  much  comfort  in 
wearing  the  Marks  rubber  hand. 


338        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


*  S.  L.  MANHART— Engineer,  Steele  Co.,  Minn.     Wrist  amputation. 
This  is  to  certify  that  I  have  used  an  artificial  hand  of  A.  A. 

Marks  construction  for  nine  years.  It  has  never  caused  me  any 
discomfort.  I  have  found  it  very  useful  in  my  work.  The  first 
year  I  v^'as  employed  in  a  drug  store,  the  second  year  I  was  State 
boiler  inspector  and  continued  for  four  years.  Since  that  time 
i  have  been  in  the  retail  fuel  business  and  frequently  have  to  load 
scuttles  of  coal  for  old  men,  women  and  children  who  come  to  my 
yard  for  fuel.  I  can  handle  the  shovel  as  well  with  my  artificial 
hand  as  I  could  with  my  natural  one.  Oct.  20,   1909. 

WILLIAM  MANN — Gardener,  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.     Both  arms. 

I  thought  I  would  write  and  tell  you  how  I  am  making  out  with 
my  artificial  arms  made  in  1902.  I  can  get  along  very  nicely.  I 
can  eat  all  right,  and  can  dig  garden  pretty  well,  and  write  this 
letter  with  the  right  rubber  hand  Oct.  18,  1909. 

*  C.  A.  MANSFIELD— Laborer,  Eock  Co.,  Wis.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  I  am  now  wearing  was  made  by  you  in  1905. 
The  doctor  took  the  measurements  and  you  made  the  leg  by  them. 
The  leg  proved  to  be  a  fine  fit  and  I  have  worn  it  ever  since. 
In  the  summer  I  am  working  over  a  hot  range  all  the  time  and 
that  even  don't  make  it  chafe.  Dec.  23,  1908. 

*  MIGUEL  MAEINO— Clerk,  Cuba.     Above  knee. 

I  received  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  on  the  30th  of 
March.  It  fits  perfectly  and  I  consider  it  a  marvelous  piece  of 
work.  In  four  days  I  could  walk  without  a  crutch,  cane,  or  limp. 
My  friends  are  astonished  at  my  good  condition,  April  7,  1910. 


*  CALVIN  MAESHALL— Carpenter,  Lamar  Co.,  Tex.     Below  elbov7. 

I  take  pleasure  in  testifying  to  the  satisfaction  I  have  derived 
from  your  artificial  arm  with  rubber  hand,  my  arm  being  ampu- 
tated about  midway  between  the  wrist  and  elbow. 

I  am  a  carpenter,  and  can  do  as  much  work  as  ever.  Can  use  my 
planes  and  drawing  knife  to  perfection. 


A.  A.  MarJcs,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  City.        330 


EDWARD  MARSHALL— New  York  City.     Left  Acg  below  knee. 

The  Spanish-Ameriean  War  was  reinarkal)]e  less  for  its  loss  in 
killed  and  wounded  than  for  its  loss  from  disease  in  camp,  etc.  Yet 
a  number  of  most  astonishiiipf  wounds  have  been  placed  to  its 
credit  or  debit  in  medical  histories  and  reviews.  For  instance,  in 
one  case,  a  soldier — one  of  the  Rough  Riders — was  shot  in  the 
middle  of  the  outside  of  the  left  thigh.  The  wound  of  exit  was  in 
the  middle  of  the  right  thigh.  The  natural  supposition  of  the 
doctors  was  that  the  ball  had  penetrated  both  legs.  An  examina- 
tion showed  them,  however,  that  this  was  not  the  case.  The  ball 
had  entered  the  left  thigh  about  midway  between  the  knee  and 
the  hip.  It  had  gone  upward,  and  then  across,  through  the  lower 
abdomen,  and  finally  downward  to  a  point  in  the  right  thigh, 
almost  exactly   opposite   to   the    point  where   it   entered   the   left 


thigh,  and  passed  out.  Just  what  influenced  the  ball  to  take  this 
course  is  one  of  those  mysteries  that  puzzle  the  doctors. 

The  Spanish-American  War  was  the  first  conflict  in  which  small 
caliber  bullets  of  great  velocity  were  used  by  both  sides.  In  the 
Civil  War  a  wound  in  the  lung  from  a  Minie  ball  was  almost  certain 
to  prove  fatal.  In  the  Spanish-American  War  with  their  new 
small  caliber,  high  velocity  Mauser  and  Krag-Jorgensen  bullets, 
scarcely  a  single  fatality  came  from  a  wound  in  the  lungs. 

Perhaps  as  remarkable  a  case  as  occurred  during  the  entire  war 
was  that  of  Edward  Marshall.  Marshall  was  not  a  soldier,  but  a 
newspaper  correspondent;  yet,  the  story  of  his  misfortune  and  suf- 
fering is  probably  as  widely  known  as  that  of  any  soldier  in  tlie 
army. 

He  was  one  of  the  only  two  correspondents  present  at  the  battle 
of  Las  Guasimas,  the  first  important  land  fight  in  which  the  army 


340        A.  A.  MarJcs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


took  part.  It  will  be  remembered  that  only  the  marines — the 
military  branch  of  the  navy —  were  engaged  at  Guantanamo. 
Marshall  had  landed  at  Daiquiri  with  the  troops  the  day  before 
the  march  to  the  front  began,  and  learned  that  the  Eough  Eiders 
were  likely  to  be  engaged  in  battle  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  June. 
He  marched  the  nineteen  and  a  half  miles  through  the  jungle  to 
Siboney  with  the  famous  regiment  which  is  so  closely  identified 
with  the  name  of  ex-President  Theodore  Eoosevelt,  reaching  that 
strange  little  collection  of  Cuban  shanties  late  at  night.  The  next 
morning  at  four  o'clock  he  started  to  the  battlefield  with  the  regi- 
ment with  which  he  had  cast  his  lot.  It  was  a  fearful  climb  over 
the  precipitous  hills  and  along  the  narrow  jungle  trails.  How 
cleverly  the  Spaniards  had  gauged  the  route  over  which  the  men 
must  go,  and  what  a  baptism  of  blood  awaited  them  at  the  end  of 
that  last  trail,  are  now  matters  of  history — history  whose  punctua- 
tion marks  are  more  than  thirty  graves  in  the  National  Cemetery 
at  Arlington. 


When  Marshall  started  out  on  that  march  he  was  as  strong  a 
man  physically  as  ever  had  toiled  along  under  a  broiling  tropical 
sun.  While  many  trained  soldiers  fell  by  the  way,  Marshall,  a 
newspaper  man,  carrying  a  burden  of  equipment,  cameras,  etc., 
probably  much  heavier  than  the  kit  borne  by  any  soldier,  stood 
the  heat  almost  without  discomfort.  Because  of  his  business  of 
news-gathering  he  had  many  times  to  visit  other  regiments  march- 
ing in  the  same  direction,  and  to  continually  double  back  and  forth 
among  the  Eough  Eiders.  So  he  probably  covered  at  least  a  fourth 
more  ground  that  afternoon  and  night  and  the  following  morning 
than  any  unmounted  soldier  in  the  army.  When  the  regiment 
reached  Las  Guasimas  he  was  not  the  least  fatigued.  After  the 
regiment  had  reached  the  field  of  battle  and  he  had  been  for  an 
hour  at  work  along  the  firing  line  and  among  the  dead  and  wounded 
scattered  about  the  field,  he  still  felt  no  need  of  rest.  But  his 
activity  ceased  just  before  the  battle  ended.    In  the  advance  on  the 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  Oily.        341 


old  Spanish  distillery  which  was  tho  temporary  headquarters  of 
the  Spanish  army,  a  Mauser  bullet  hit  him  in  the  spine.  lie  fell 
instantly  to  the  ground.  In  describinfif  the  sensation  of  being-  shot, 
and  his  later  sufferings,  we  will  use  Marshall's  own  words: 

"  There  was  no  pain  as  the  bullet  entered  my  body.  I  knew  that 
I  had  been  hit,  because  I  had  fallen,  and  because  I  had  no  power 
to  move  any  part  of  my  body.  Legs,  arms,  fingers,  toes — every 
member  was  wholly  without  the  possibility  of  voluntary  motion, 
except  my  eyes.  I  was  completely  jiaralyzed.  The  actual  sensation 
of  being  hit  was  not  a  very  different  one  from  the  sensation  that  I 
many  times  knew  as  a  boy,  when  in  a  game  I  was  struck  by  a  base- 
ball. 

"  I  am  told  that  while  four  regulars  were  carrying  me  off  the 
battlefield  many  hours  later,  convulsions  seized  me  from  time  to 


time,  but  I  have  no  memory  of  any  pain  whatever  until  after  they 
had  placed  me  on  the  hospital  ship  '  Olivette.'  Then  I  suffered,  and 
suffered  severely.  The  bullet  had  hit  me  in  the  fifth  lumbar  ver- 
tebra, which  is  near  the  base  of  the  spine.  If  I  had  been  marked 
for  a  target  the  Spaniard  who  shot  me  could  not  have  had  a  chance 
of  striking  a  more  important  nerve-center  than  the  one  which  his 
bullet  found.  I  have  no  idea,  however,  that  the  man  ever  saw  me, 
much  less  took  aim  at  me;  for  if  the  bullet  had  come  from  close 
range  it  would  undoubtedly  have  passed  completely  through  my 
body  and  killed  me  then  and  there.  As  it  was,  it  struck  this  ver- 
tebra, and  shattered  it,  passing  upward  (having  been  deflected  by 
the  bone)  and  then  struck  me  again  between  the  shoulders.  Here 
again  the  bone  changed  its  course  and  the  bullet  turned  downward, 
finally  lodging  in  the  right  kidney,  where  it  remains  to-day." 

After  a  marvelous  operation  by  the  much-maligned  army  sur- 
geons on  board  the  "  Olivette,"  Marshall  was  taken  to  New  York 
four  or  five  weeks  later.  That  he  reached  there  alive  was  the  marvel 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  all  sections  of  the  United  States  and 
Europe,  and  wais  the  topic  of  many  articles  in  medical  journals. 


342        A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


For  seven  mouths  he  lay  in  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  New  York,  com- 
pletely paralj'zed  below  the  knees  and  partially  afiected  above. 
Gradually,  however,  all  sig'ns  of  paralysis  left  him  above  the  knees. 
Still,  his  doctors  held  out  no  hope  that  he  would  ever  be  able  to 
walk.  When  he  finally  left  the  hospital  it  was  necessary  for  him 
to  be  carried  by  two  attendants..  This  state  of  almost  complete 
helplessness  lasted  for  a  long-  time.  His  right  leg  regained  some 
of  its  strength,  but  the  nerves  controlling  the  front  muscles  of 
the  lower  left  leg  (the  tibialis  anticus)  were  completely  dead. 
Their  support  of  vitality  had  been  completely  cut  off  by  the  bullet 
which  came  so  near  ending  Marshall's  life.  This  made  it  impossible 
for  him  to  keep  his  foot  from  drooping  or  falling  down.  His  right 
leg  finally  recovered  sufficiently  so  that  he  could  essay  a  few  steps 
on  crutches,  but  the  dragging  of  the  left  foot  made  it  impossible 
for  him  to  do  more  than  a  few  steps  at  a  time. 

Among  the   artists  who   contributed   pictures   to   Mr.   Marshall's 
book  on  the  Spanish-American  War  was  W.  Frazee  Strunz,  well 


known  as  an  illustrator.  Mr.  Strunz  and  Mr.  Marshall  had  been 
associated  in  their  iirofessions  for  many  years.  Mr.  Marshall,  how- 
ever did  not  know  that  his  friend  and  co-worker  had  ever  met  with 
an  accident.  He  spoke  to  Strunz  one  nig'ht  about  the  possibility 
of  having  that  troublesome  left  foot  amputated. 

"  If  you  do  that,"  said  Strunz,  "  we  shall  be  in  the  same  class." 

"  What  do  you  mean  by  that?  "  inquired  Marshall,  who  knew  that 
Strunz  had  been  celebrated  as  a  baseball  player  and  sprinter  among 
the  athletic  set  in  the  Quartier  Latin,  in  Paris,  when  he  was  there 
as  an  art  student,  and  who  was  familiar  with  the  man's  intense 
physical  activity  in  New  York.  This  activity  went  so  far  as  climb- 
ing scene  painters'  scaffoldings,  when  he  was  engaged  in  scenic 
■work  a  dozen  times  a  day;  in  running  up  and  downstairs  to  a 
studio  located  on  the  fifth  floor  of  a  building  without  an  elevator, 
in  long  walks  and  in  sprinting  races. 

"Why,  didn't  you  know  I  had  a  wooden  leg?  "  Strunz  asked. 

Marshall  scarcely  believed  him  until  he  proved  his  statement  by 
showing  the  artificial  limb.  Strunz  had  his  limb  cut  off  in  a 
railway  accident  when  he  was  a  child  of  eight.     The  conversation 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        343 


ended  in  Marshall's  decision  to  see  the  people  who  had  succeeded 
in  giving-  his  friend  so  perfect  a  substitute  for  a  lost  leg,  on  which 
he  could  walk  without  limping-,  run,  and  climb  stairs  and  ladders 
with  ease. 

The  firm  which  had  supplied  Strunz  with  his  artificial  leg  was 
A.  A.  Marks,  of  701  Broadway,  New  York,  whose  place,  of  business 


was  not  very  far  from  where  Marshall  lived.  A  telephone  message 
brought  Mr.  Marks  himself  around  to  Mr.  Marshall's  house  the 
next  morning.  Upon  examination,  Mr.  Marks  found  that  there  was 
no  immediate  necessity  for  amputation.  Marshall's  only  anxiety 
for  an  amputation  was  that  he  was  impeded  in  walking  on  account 
of  the  foot  drooping  so  inconveniently.  After  a  moment's  thought 
Mr.  Marks  said  he  believed  he  could  devise  a  scheme  that  would 
enable  Mr.  Marshall  to  walk,  even  if  he  could  not  properly  hold  up 
his  toes. 

"  I  shall  put  your  foot  in  a  sling,"  he  said. 

He   did   so. 

He  made  an  ingenious  contrivance  of  straps  and  loops  which 
were  put  on  in  siich  a  way  as  to  hold  the  front  of  the  foot  at  the 
proper  angle. 

From  that  moment  it  became  possible  for  Mr.  Marshall  to  resume 
newspaper  work.  The  fact  that  his  legs  were  paralyzed  of  course 
made  it  necessary  for  him  to  use  crutches,  but  still — he  got  around 
very  conveniently.  How  well  this  contrivance  served  him  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  he  was  enabled  by  it  to  travel  with  no  other  com- 
panions than  his  secretary,  whom  he  would  have  taken  with  him 
in  any  event.  He  dispensed  with  the  services  of  the  strong  valet 
whom  his  drooping  foot  had  for  months  made  necessary.     He  went 


344 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yoi'Jc  City. 


nearly  all  over  the  United  States  on  a  lecturing  tour  and  in  the 
pursuit  of  his  professional  duties,  and,  in  May,  less  than  a  year 
after  he  had  been  so  teri'ibly  wounded,  this  broken-backed  journal- 
ist sailed  across  the  ocean  and  acted  as  the  representative  of  the 
S.  S.  McClure  Literary  Syndicate  at  the  Hague  Peace  Conference. 
His  physical  capacity  to  get  around  in  this  manner  he  was  always 


willing  to  acknowledge  was  due  to  Mr.  Marks'  happy  thought  of 
"  putting  his  foot  in  a  sling." 

After  Mr.  Marshall's  return  to  America  the  condition  of  his  left 
leg  became  steadily  worse,  and  finally,  after  gangrene  had  set  in 
and  had  done  its  deadly  work,  amputation  of  the  leg  at  about 
the  calf  was  perforraed.  The  tissues  of  the  stump  were,  of  course, 
paralyzed,  and  the  doctors  said  they  did  not  believe  Mr.  Marshall 
would  be  able  to  wear  an  artificial  leg  in  less  than  a  year.  Indeed, 
it  was  predicted  that  he  would  be  in  the  hospital  for  at  least  three 
months  as  the  result  of  the  complication.  The  same  vitality  which 
had  enabled  him  to  live  through  his  terrible  Cuban  experience, 
pulled  him  through  again,  and  he  returned  to  his  desk  at  the  offices 
of  the  S.  S.  McClure  Company  within  three  weeks.  Not  more  than 
six  weeks  later  Mr.  Marshall  stopped  in  to  see  Mr.  Marks,  the  man 
who  had  "  put  his  foot  in  a  sling."  Mr.  Marks  thoroughly  under- 
stood the  fact  that  to  put  an  artificial  leg  on  a  paralyzed  stump  is 
a  ticklish  thing  to  do,  for  the  paralyzed  tissues,  being  without  sen- 
sation, give  no  warning  to  their  owner  if  injury  occurred  to  the 
stump.  He  volunteered  the  belief,  however,  that  he  could  make  an 
artificial  limb  which  should  be  so  carefully  adjusted  and  fitting  so 
perfectly  that  there  could  be  no  possibility  of  injury.  After  con- 
sultation. Dr.  Cyrus  Edson,  who  was  Mr.  Marshall's  physician, 
advised  a  trial. 

It  took  Mr.  Marks  exactly  one  week  to  complete  the  artificial 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


346 


limb.  Marshall  tried  it  and  found  it  to  fit  perfectly.  Again  he 
was  able  to  go  about.  Again  he  was  able  to  get  along  without 
the  arms  of  an  attendant  always  at  his  shoulders.  It  must  be 
understood  that  the  partially  paralyzed  condition  of  his  other,  or 
right  leg,  had  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  walk  with  two  crutches 
after  the  amputation.  He  had.  used  a  crutch  on  his  left  side,  but 
he  had  to  be  supported  by  an  attendant  on  his  right  side. 

Since  the  day  that  Mr.  Marshall  put  on  his  artificial  leg,  no  man 
has  been  more  actively  engaged  in  journalistic  work — and  certainly 
no  field  of  human  endeavor  requires  greater  physical  activity.  He 
became  Sunday  editor  of  the  New  York  Herald  in  a  few  weeks, 


and    has,    since   leaving   that   post,    engaged    in   many   enterprises 
involving  much  traveling  and  physical  activity/ 

Following  is   a  letter  which  he  wrote  Mr.  Marks  not  long  ago 
without  solicitation: 
My  Dear  Mr.  Marks : 

I  am  going  away  for  a  time  and  shall  need  some  supplies.  I 
cannot  tell  you  what  a  comfort  that  artificial  limb  has  been  to  me. 
You  know  that  my  right  leg  is  still  paralyzed  from  the  knee  down, 
and  that  it  is  still  somewhat  beyond  my  control.  Such  is  not  the 
case,  however  with  the  leg  made  by  you.  I  can  handle  it  almost  as 
well  as  I  handle  the  one  God  made  for  me,  and  I  am  afraid  that  I 
make  it  do  far  more  than  its  fair  share  of  work.  Sometimes  I 
almost  wish  that  it  may  be  necessary  to  amputate  the  right  leg,  as 
I  can  certainly  handle  the  left  one  much  better  than  I  can  the  one 
which  is  still  flesh  and  blood.     Very  sincerely   yours, 

EDWAED  MARSHALL. 

The  difficulties  that  were  present  in  Mr.  Marshall's  case  were  the 
partial  paralysis  of  the  motor  nerves  and  the  total  paralysis  of  the 


346 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City. 


sensory  nerves,  resulting  in  the  absence  of  sensation  in  the  stump 
and  a  complication  of  infirmities  in  the  ojix^osite  leg. 

The  artificial  leg-  made  for  him  was  constructed  upon  the  model 
of  cut  E  17,  illustrated  above.  This  model  has  a  rubber  foot  and 
is  suitable  for  short  and  long  stum^js,  as  well  as  those  of  medium 
length,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  cuts. 

J.  W.  MARSHALL— Office  Work,  Lauderdale  Co.,  Miss,  Below  knee. 
I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  nearly  ten  years  and  find 
it  gives  satisfaction  in  every  particular.  I  lost  my  leg  in  May, 
1899,  amputation  six  inches  below  the  knee  which  left  my  limb  very 
sensitive  in  front  but  this  sensitive  place  is  fully  protected  by 
your  leg.  I  would  not  wear  any  other  leg.  My  position  is  that 
of  check  clerk  and  this  keeps  me  on  my  feet  from  morning  till 
night.  Oct.  21,   1909. 

*  E.  T.  MAETIN— Chile,  S.  A.    Below  knee. 

The  fit  is  perfect  and  my  son  is  able  to  use  the  leg  with  the 
greatest  comfort. 

My  son  begs  me  to  tender  you  his  most  earnest  and  heartfelt 
thanks  for  the  blessing  that  you  have  been  the  means  of  rendering 
to   him. 

J.  S.  MARTIN— Marion  Co.,  S.  C.     Knee  bearing. 

I  have  been  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  legs  since  July,  1905, 
and  find  it  satisfactory.  I  wear  the  leg  without  straps  and  use 
it  from  early  morning  until  ten  or  eleven  o'clock  at  night. 


*  ANTONTO  PINTO  MAETINO— Merchant,  Natal,  Rio  G.  del  Norte, 
Brazil.     Above  knee. 

You  have  permission  to  print  my  testimonial  in  your  books  as 
I  can  utter  none  too  favorable  words  for  the  work  you  have 
done  for  me. 

My  right  leg  is  amputated  above  the  knee.  You  fitted  me  from 
measurements.  I  get  about  in  a  very  natural  manner,  attend 
to  my  business,  I  mount  and  dismount  my  donkey  and  ride  per- 
fectly well.     Enclosed  find  my  photograph.  Oct.  7,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City.        347 

*  U.  E.  MAST — Druggist,  Lagrange  Co.,  Tiuliana.     JUdow  kiieo. 

I  purchased  my  first  artificial  leg  from  yon  in  ]802  and  wore 
it  every  day  for  eleven  years.  My  only  expense  in  that  time  for 
repairs  was  $1.88.  In  1903,  I  jjiii-chased  my  second  limV}  of  you 
which  I  have  worn  every  day  since  without  one  cent  of  repairs 
or  expense.  My  business  is  druggist  and  jeweler  and  I  do  a  great 
deal    of    walking.     I    can    easily    carry    two    large    pails    of    water 


up  or  downstairs,  spade  my  garden,  split  wood,  climb  a  ladder, 
carrying  fifty  pounds  on  my  shoulder.  In  fact  I  can  do  nearly 
any  kind  of  work.     The  Marks  limb  is  the  best  I  have  ever  seen. 

*  CAMPO   E.   MATEUS— Chester  Co.,   Pa.     Above  knee. 

Having  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  a  leg  during  the  last  civil 
war  in  Colombia,  S.  A.,  I  have  been  using'  one  of  your  artificial 
legs  for  six  years.  Indeed  I  will  tell  you  that  I  am  very  much 
pleased  with  it.  I  walk  without  cane  because  I  don't  need  it. 
I  have  written  to  some  of  my  friends  who  have  lost  legs  in  the 
same  war,  recommending  your  house  as  the  best.  Dec.  10,  1908. 

*  THE  HON.  L.  MAUE— Judge,  Germany.     Above  knee. 

While  at  the  University  from  1870-1872,  I  suffered  the  amputation 
of  my  left  thigh,  the  nerves  and  end  of  bone  were  insufficiently 
covered.  Until  1894  I  used  the  product  of  a  local  firm,  which  was 
made  of  leather  and  steel,  weighing  some  six  kilograras,  with  knee 
and  ankle  joints.  The  weight  and  clumsiness  of  this  machine  made 
it  a  heavy  burden.  This  annoyance  was  ended  by  your  leg.  I 
received  two  from  1894-1896,  which  I  hope  to  use  for  many  years. 
I  have  never  seen  a  better  limb.  The  simplicity  and  durability  of 
its  construction  recommend  your  limb  and  I  repeat  my  sincere 
thanks  to  you. — Translated  from  German.  Oct.  28,  1909. 

*  H.  N.  MAYO,  M.D.— Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 

I  applied  one  of  your  legs  to  Mr.  Prongos  to-day  and  everything 
to  a  detail  was  satisfactory.  Thanking  you  for  your  prompt  atten- 
tion and  care  with  my  order.  Feb.  24,  1908. 


348 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


JOHN  MATTHEWS— Street   Sweeper,  Westchester  Co.,   N.   Y. 

I  bought  an  artificial  leg  of  you  in  1866.  I  wore  the  same  until 
1888,  then  I  obtained  a  new  one  which  I  am  now  wearing.  Two 
artificial  limbs  in  forty-four,  years  with  practially  no  repairs, 
certainly  reflects  credit  to  the  work  that  you  do.  I  have  always 
been   a   general    utility   man,    have   scraped   the    streets,    shoveled, 


used  a  pick-ax,  blasted  rock,  and  carried  articles  of  heavy  weight, 
in  fact  have  always  been  occupied  with  a  kind  of  work  that  would 
put  the  artificial  limb  to  the  severest  tests.  You  are  at  liberty 
to  refer  to  me.  April  12,  1910. 

*  M.  G.  MELL— Grain  Dealer,  Grady  Co.,  Okla.     Ankle  joint. 

I  don't  know  how  to  express  my  gratitude  to  you  for  the  good 
you  have  done  me  in  making  my  artificial  foot.  A  foot  without 
fault. 

I  have  lived  in  this  vicinity  over  seven  years  and  very  few  know 
that  I  wear  an  artificial  foot.  My  testimonial  cannot  be  too  strong 
in  recommending  the  A.  A.  Marks  artificial  feet.  Oct.  23,  1909. 

J,  W.  MERSHON — Undertaker,  Lackawanna  Co.,  Pa.    Below  knee. 

The  leg  I  got  of  you  seven  years  ago  is  all  right.  I  never 
have  any  trouble  with  it.  I  have  worn  your  legs  for  forty  years 
and  always  with  corafort  and  satisfaction.  I  wore  one  ten  years 
with  no  repairs  to  speak  of.  I  have  worked  ten  hours  a  day  for 
years  making  furniture  and  undertaking.  Oct.  20,  1909. 

J.  W.  METCALF,  M.D.— Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Refer  to  me  as  to  the  merits  of  the  Marks  limbs. 
MRS.  F.  J.  MICHAUD— Quebec.     Shortened  leg. 

My  daughter,  when  a  child,  was  afflicted  with  hip-joint  disease 
which  left  one  leg  shorter  than  the  other. 

The  shoe  which  you  arranged  for  her  has  made  walking  much 
easier  and  less  tiresome.  She  walks  with  scarcely  a  limp.  It  has 
now  been  worn  seven  years.  Oct.  16,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        349 

*  B.  J.  MILAM,  M.D.— Macon  Co.,  Mo. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  Mrs.  Geiselman  in  June,  1894,  has 
done  her  good  service.  She  has  worn  the  leg  every  day,  doing  all 
her  own  housework.  She  says  she  would  not  take  $1,000  and  do 
without  it.     She  is  well  pleased  in  every  respect.         Oct.  18,  1909. 

*  N.  MILDENSTEIN— Lubeck,  Germany.     Below  elbow. 

In  regard  to  the  artificial  hand  I  got  of  you  fourteen  years  ago,  I 
can  say  it  exceeds  my  expectations. 

If  I  were  compelled  to  work  for  my  living  the  rubber  hand  would 
be  of  great  use  in  any  occupation.  I  recommend  the  rubber  limbs 
to  anyone  who  has  become  crippled.  Oct.  29,  1909. 

*  ED.   J.  MILES— Eaton   Co.,  Mich. 

I  am   much   pleased   with   the  artificial  leg  you  made   for  me. 
It  is  entirely  satisfactory — could  not  do  without  it. 
A.  MILLEE — Machinist,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.     Below  knee. 

Several  years  ago  my  foot  was  amputated  just  above  the  ankle. 
I  tried  different  limbs  with  ankle  movement,  and  found  them 
unsatisfactory.  Have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  limbs  for  thirteen 
years,  and  am  still  wearing  it  with  comfort  and  satisfaction.  My 
occupation  is  one  in  which  I  am  obliged  to  do  a  great  deal  of 
walking.  Oct.  15,  1909. 

AETHUR  J.  MILLEE — Glasgow,   Scotland.     Hip  joint  amputation. 

The  artificial  leg  with  pelvic  socket  for  hip  joint  amputation  you 
made  for  me  in  1905  is  giving  the  utmost  satisfaction.    Sept.  1,  1909. 

*  FEANK  MILLEE— Driver,  Cook  Co.,  111.     Above  knee. 

I  had  my  leg  amputated  in  1883  on  account  of  disease.  In 
September,  1891,  I  ordered  an  artificial  leg  from  you.  You  made  it 
from  measurement  I  had  made  at  home  and  sent  to  you.  The  leg 
was  received  promptly  and  fitted  acceptably.  I  wore  it  continuously 
for  twelve  years,  during  which  time  it  did  a  great  amount  of  hard 
work,  and  I  walked  long  distances.  I  was  so  well  pleased  with  the 
leg  that  in  April,  1903,  I  ordered  another  of  you,  which  I  am  now 
wearing  in  the  most  satisfactory  way.  Oct.  24,  1904. 

*  LON.  MILLEE— Ohio  Co.,  Ky.    Below  knee. 

My  son  has  been  wearing  an  artificial  foot  of  your  make  since 
August,  1901.  It  has  given  perfect  satisfaction,  and  a  great  many 
people  can't  tell  he  has  an  artificial  foot.  We  are  glad  we  got 
one  of  your  make. 

*  EOBEET  MILLIGAN— Eancher,  Alberta,  Canada.    Wrist  joint. 

I  purchased  from  you  an  artificial  arm  eight  years  ago  which 
has  given  me  the  greatest  satisfaction.  June  3,  1909, 

*  CHAS.  L.  MILLS— Laborer,  Aroostook  Co.,  Me.     Below  knee. 

I  wish  to  drop  you  a  few  lines  regarding  your  wonderful  in- 
vention. I  received  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  from 
measurements  about  a  year  ago.  I  never  expected  anything  could 
be  manufactured  that  would  so  completely  meet  the  demands. 
In  three  weeks  after  I  got  your  leg  I  was  able  to  go  to  work  as 
well  as  anyone  and  walk  as  far.  I  have  had  a  great  many  of  my 
old  friends  come  up  and  speak  to  me  and  wonder  at  the  marvelous 
work  your  leg  has  done.  A  short  time  ago  a  friend  of  mine  wanted 
me  to  go  to  the  woods  with  him.  I  had  not  been  in  the  woods 
for  three  years  before,  but  I  went  and  I  found  that  I  could  go 
through  the  woods  the   same  as  he  could.  April  2,   1910. 

LOUIS  MINET— New  York  City,  N.  Y.     Ankle  amputation. 

I  am  very  well  pleased  with  the  foot  I  got  from  you  for  my  son 
in  1902,  when  six  years  old,  and  find  it  very  complete  and  satis- 
factory.   The  boy  enjoys  play  with  it  like  the  rest  of  the  boys. 

Oct.  20,  1909. 


350        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  AUGUST  B.  MODENBACH— Erie  Co.,  N.  Y.     Both  below  knees. 
I  have   never  met  with  a  person  who   could  walk  as  well  as  I 

can,  who  has  had  both  legs  amputated  and  wearing"  artificial 
ones.  There  are  few  who  believe  that  I'm  amputated  as  I  am. 
I  never  use  a  cane  unless  I  go  a  great  distance.  I  am  pulling 
overshoes  in  a  shoe  factory  and  stand  from  7  in  the  morning  until 
5  in  the  afternoon,  then  I  go  to  lectures  three  times  a  week. 
These  artificial  legs  have  now  been  in  use  over  ten  years  and  they 
are  still  in  good  condition.  A  year  ag'o  I  took  the  first  prize  at 
a  masquerade  ball.  I  impersonated  "  The  Lone  Fisherman,"  and 
engaged  in  the  dances  and  my  crippled  condition  was  never  dis- 
closed. Jan.  23  1910. 

*  PEROSHAW  B.  E.  MODY— Manager,  India.     Below  elbow. 

It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  add  my  testimonial  to  the  long 
list   you   already   have. 

In  June,  1902,  I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  my  left  arm  three 
inches  below  the  elbow,  on  account  of  blood  poisoning.  Shortly 
after  I  forwarded  to  you  the  measurements  for  one  of  your  artificial 
arms,  which  arrived  in  due  time,  and  which  I  am  wearing  regularly 
since,  and  am  glad  to  say  has  given  me  great  comfort  and  satis- 
faction. 

My  occupation  is  that  of  manager  of  a  joint  stock  company,  and 
I  find  the  arm  a  great  help  in  my  duties.  Dec.  13,  1909. 

GEORGE  MOEHN— Plumber,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     Above  knee. 

In  the  year  1901  I  fractured  my  leg,  and  had  it  amputated.  I 
have  two  friends  with  Marks  legs  who  surprised  me  by  their  good 
walking.  This  caused  me  to  have  Marks  make  me  one,  five  weeks 
after  the  amputation.  I  am  satisfied  that  I  could  not  have  done 
better.  My  stump  is  only  six  inches  long,  and  my  friends  are  sur- 
prised when  they  see  me  walking  along  the  streets.     Oct.  16,  1909. 

*  LOUIS  MOHLFELDT— Farmer,  Lewis  Co.,  Mo.     Above  knee. 

I  desire  to  state  that  your  artificial  limbs  are  what  they  are 
represented.  Have  had  two  of  them  and  consider  them  the  best. 
Would  recommend  anyone  wishing  a  limb  to  use  yours.  Oct.  21,  1909. 

*  EIGOBEETO  A.  MONDACA— Valparaiso,  Chile.     Below  knee. 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  inform  you  that  the  last  artificial  leg 
you  made  for  me  fits  me  perfectly.  It  is  so  comfortable  that  it 
would  be  very  difficult  for  me  to  enter  any  complaint. 

As  you  will  remember  it  is  the  third  artificial  leg  you  have 
manufactured  for  me,  and  I  have  enjoyed  the  benefits  of  your 
skill  so  much  that  I  have  absolute  confidence  in  your  ability. 
Every  time  I  have  ordered  a  new  leg-  from  you  it  appears  to  have 
been  better  than  the  former  one. 

As  I  am  now  it  would  be  difficult  to  distinguish  which  is  the 
lame  leg  and  which  is  the  natural.  I  would  recommend  anybody 
who  has  been  so  unfortunate  to  lose  their  limbs  to  try  one  of  your 
manufacture;    it  will  be   sure  to  give  them  complete   satisfaction. 

Dec.    29,    1909. 

*  MRS.  NELLIE  MONTAGUE— New  Zealand.    Hip  amputation. 
The   artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  was  received  and  is  found 

to  be  a  splendid  fit.     I  am  able  to  walk  admirably.      Nov,  21,  1907. 

MRS.   MOORE— Brooklyn,  N.   Y. 

My  boy  Christopher,  aged  twelve,  obtained  an  artificial  leg 
for  thigh  amputation  from  you  and  is  using  it  nicely  and  goes 
to  school  every  day  and  walks  back  and  forth,  which  is  a  good 
distance  from  home.  He  doesn't  use  a  cane.  He  is  as  happy  as 
he  can  be.  He  was  playing  football  Saturday  and  played  as  rough 
as  any  of  the  boys.  I  will  highly  recommend  you  to  anyone,  and 
if  you  wish  to  send  anyone  here  to  interview  my  boy,  I  will  be 
glad  to  have  you  do  so.  Nov.  25,  1907. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City.        351 

*  ARTHUR  MOORE— Tinsmith,  New  Zealand.     Below  knee. 

The  leg  I  received  from  you  is  giving"  me  great  satisfaction.  It 
is  amputated  below  the  knee.  I  find  I  can  get  about  well.  I  walk 
two  miles  every  morning  and  return  at  night.  I  go  out  at  night 
without  feeling  the  least  exhaustion.  I  am  a  tinsmith  by  trade, 
and    work    without    trouble. 

*  FRANCIS  M.  MOORE— Ford  Co.,  Kas.     Above  knee. 

On  the  18th  of  September,  1903,  I  received  the  artificial  leg  that  I 
ordered  from  measurements,  to  take  the  place  of  the  limb  I  lost 
on  account  of  varicose  veins  in  1889.  You  will  thus  see  that 
fourteen  years  elapsed  since  the  amputation  and  the  application 
of  an  artificial  leg.  I  get  around  very  well,  my  only  regret  is  that 
I  did  not  get  the  leg  long  before.  Going  about  so  many  years  on 
crutches  got  me  into  habits,  and  a  peculiar  way  of  carrying  my 
stump  that  has  occasioned  me  some  little  trouble,  which,  however, 
is  disappearing  gradually.  If  I  had  obtained  my  leg  six  months 
after  the  amputation  I  am  sure  I  would  to-day  be  walking  as  Avell 
as  any  person  in  possession  of  their  natural  legs.  As  it  is,  I  would 
not  take  anything  for  the  artificial  leg,  it  is  a  source  of  great  com- 
fort, relief,  and  help  to  me.  Oct.  24,  1909. 

*  FELICIAMO     de     LEON     MORALES— Telegrapher,     Guatemala. 

Above  knee. 
Thirteen  years  ago  I  received  an  artificial  leg  from  you.  It 
has  been  of  great  use  to  me.  The  leg  is  well  constructed.  Al- 
though warranted  for  five  years  it  has  already  lasted  more  than 
twice  that  and  I  believe  will  last  for  a  good  many  more  years. 
I  feel  it  a  public  duty  in  making  this  fact  known.     March  12,  1910. 

*  THOMAS   MORAN— Worcester  Co.,   Mass.     Above  knee. 

In  1907  you  constructed  an  artificial  leg  for  me.  I  have  had 
no  trouble  with  it  whatever.  I  hardly  realize  that  I  am  using 
one.  My  stump  is  above  the  knee,  only  six  inches  from  the  body. 
I  shall  be  pleased  to  communicate  with  anyone  looking  for  in- 
formation pertaining  to  artificial  limbs. 

Meeting  a  young  lady  the  other  day,  she  kept  looking  at  me. 
Finally  she  said,  "  I  have  been  looking  at  your  nether  limbs  for 
some  time,  as  I  saw  in  the  pajjer  that  one  of  them  had  been 
amputated.  Did  you  really  lose  one?  You  certainly  do  not  look 
like  one  who  had."  I  told  her  I  did,  but  had  an  artificial  limb 
made  by  A.  A.  Marks,  of  New  York.  "  Well,"  said  she,  "  Mr.  Marks 
must  be  a  grand  man  to  imitate  natui'e  so  perfectly.  He  deserves 
the  homage  of  all."  To  elicit  such  comments — and  they  are  made 
frequently — shows  how  well  you  have  succeeded  in  overcoming 
obstacles  which  appear  almost  insurmountable  in  your  field  of 
endeavor.  Feb.  11,  1908. 

*  FRANCISCO  SOLERNO  MOREIRA— Soldier,  Brazil.  Below  knee. 
In  1897,  as  ensign  of  the  39th  battalion  of  infantry  of  the  Invin- 
cible Brazilian  Army,  composed  of  hei'oes  and  giants,  I  received  a 
bullet  wound  in  the  joint  of  my  right  foot  in  battle,  which  neces- 
sitated the  amputation  of  the  leg  a  little  below  the  knee.  I  had  no 
thought  or  hope  of  a  further  military  career.  I  graduated  from 
the  military  school  at  Ocara,  with  every  promise  of  a  successful  and 
brilliant  career,  but  alas,  the  injury  I  received  in  the  battle  shatr 
tered  my  hopes,  and  left  me  almost  without  ambition.  In  my  most 
bitter  moments  of  depression,  I  chanced  to  get  possession  of  your 
descriptive  catalogue.  After  looking  it  over  very  carefully,  I  pro- 
cured from  you  an  artificial  leg.  I  have  had  it  now  five  years.  I 
walk  with  such  perfection  that  only  my  most  intimate  friends,  those 
who  are  acquainted  with  my  affliction,  know  that  one.  of  my  limbs 
is  artificial.  My  good  friend  and  illustrious  benefactor  of  suffering 
humanity,  accept  my  thanks  for  the  perfection  of  the  apparatus  you 


352        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City. 

have  given  me,  which  has  permitted  me  to  resume  the  military 
duties  which  I  so  love.  Of  the  various  limbs  which  I  have  seen, 
French,  German  and  English,  those  of  your  make  are  the  most 
perfect. — Translated  from  Portuguese. 

BYEON  MORFOOT— Printer,  Erie  Co.,  Ohio.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  is  still  in  use.  I  have 
worn  it  continually  now  for  fourteen  years  and  have  not  spent 
fifty  cents  for  repairs  on  it.  I  consider  a  Marks  leg  the  only 
one  manufactured  that  will  fill  the  requirements.  I  have  traveled 
in  every  state  and  territory,  over  mountains  and  in  fact  all  kinds 
of  places,  and  the  leg  has  never  failed  me  once.  I  will  do  all  I  can 
for  your  firm.  April  18,   1910. 

*  F.   MOEGADO — Machinist,   Vera   Cruz,  Mexico.     Below   knee. 

It  is  with  pleasure  I  inform  you  that  the  artificial  leg  I  ordered 
of  you  in  1904  for  Alberto  Paredes,  amputation  below  the  knee, 
for  which  I  took  and  sent  you  measurements  and  diagrams,  has 
been  received  and  worn  with  perfect  satisfaction.  The  limb  is  so 
perfect  and  well  finished  that  in  less  than  ten  days  after  putting 
it  on  Mr.  Paredes  returned  to  his  work,  the  same  that  he  was  en- 
gaged in  before  amputation.  The  work  is  very  hard,  as  he  is  fore- 
man of  the  loading  of  steamers  in  the  bay.  Every  time  Paredes 
meets  me  he  repeats  his  gratitude  for  having  told  him  about  your 
house.  He  says  that  the  only  way  he  could  be  improved  is  to 
have  his  natural  leg  back  again.  The  leg  you  made  and  sent  to 
him  fits  perfectly. 

In  regard  to  the  artificial  leg  you  raade  for  me  in  1902,  I  take 
pleasure  in  saying  that  I  use  it  constantly.  I  am  also  engaged 
in  hard  work,  I  am  a  machinist.  The  leg  will  undoubtedly  last 
many  years  longer.  In  regard  to  perfection  and  workraanship,  I 
sent  a  voluntary  testimonial  some  months  ago,  and  the  thought 
expressed  in  the  same  is  repeated  now. — Translated  from  Spanish. 

Oct.  23,  1909. 

*  J.  H.  MORGAN— Laborer,  Columbia  Co.,  Ga.     Below  knee. 

I  am  now  using  my  second  artificial  limb  purchased  from  you. 

I  was  working  in  the  R.  R.  yard  at  Waycross,  Ga.,  when  the 
accident  happened  which  necessitated  the  amputation  of  my  left 
foot,  about  midway  between  knee  and  ankle.  I  commenced  using 
my  first  artificial  limb  in  December,  1896,  using  it  continuously 
until  February,  1904.  I  am  now  using  my  second  limb  with  entire 
satisfaction,  it  fits  perfectly.     I  can  see  no  room  for  improvement. 

Oct.  20,  1909. 

*  THOS.  H.  MORGAN— Porter,  Philadelphia,  Pa.     Below  elbow. 

I  wish  to  express  my  appreciation  for  the  hand  you  made  me 
in  1895.     It  has  and  is  giving  excellent  satisfaction.  May  6,  1909. 

*  EDWARD  E.  MORRIS— Clerk,   Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.— Above  knee. 

I  am  wearing  the  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1904  every  day  and 
would  not  be  without  it.  The  leg  is  still  in  fine  shape.  It  gives 
me  great  pleasure  to  show  my  leg  to  anyone  who  is  thinking  of 
getting  one.  Nov.  21,  1907. 

*  MURDOCK  MORRISON— Cape  Breton,  Nova  Scotia.     Below  elbow. 
I  purchased  an  artificial  arm  from  your  firm  in  January,  1904, 

and  may  say  that  it  gave  entire  satisfaction.  Feb.  29,  1908. 

PERLEY  N.  MUDGETT— Farmer,  Lamoille  Co.,  Vt.  Above  knee. 
My  artificial  leg  works  nicely.  It  enables  me  to  get  about  my 
farm,  and  do  considerable  work.  It  is  much  better  than  the  one  I 
had  with  an  ankle  joint;  it  is  easier  for  the  stump  and  more 
comfortable  in  walking.  Oct.  19,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.        353 

*  KEVORK  MUNCITERTAN— Missionary,  Turkey.  Below  knee. 
THE  ARMENIAN  MASSACRE— An  artificial  leg  sold  into  captivity. 
It  seems  to  be  the  strange  order  of  things  that,  periodically  the 
world  is  to  witness  scenes  of  exceptional  horror.  Christians  are  fed 
to  lions  in  the  Colosseum;  or  in  shirts  of  tar,  burned  like  candles 
to  illuminate  the  gardens  of  a  Roman  Emperor.    A  French  Revolu- 


•A.A- MARKS.  N.y."'3; 


tion  with  its  guillotine  and  "  days  of  terror "  deluges  a  land  in 
blood;  and,  in  our  own  day,  in  the  full  blaze  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  the  most  shocking  of  all  appears  in  the  Armenian  mas- 
sacres. 


For  six  hundred  years  the  Armenians  were  the  most  submissive 
servants  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  the  most  prosperous  of  the 
non-Mohammedan  races.  Christians  and  Jews,  who  paid  tribute  as 
a  penalty   for   not   accepting   Islam. 


354        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

The  accession  of  tlie  present  Sultan  marked  a  change  in  their  con- 
dition. He  had  not  been  long-  on  the  throne  before  a  constantly 
increasing-  series  of  oppressions  were  begun. 

The  reason  for  this  course  of  action  is  not  hard  to  seek. 

Sultan  Abdul  Hamid  lost  Bulgaria,  a  valuable  part  of  his  do- 
minion, because  of  its  prosperity  and  spread  of  European  ideas  of 
libertj^  and  European  civilization  among  the  people.  Fearing  he 
would  lose  Armenia  also,  if  it  became  as  enlightened  as  Bulgaria; 
and,  giving  "  fear  of  rebellion  "  as  an  excuse,  he  entered  on  that 
course  of  persecution  beginning  vpith  a  merciless  taxation,  and 
ending  with  the  slaughter  of  more  than  30,000  persons,  under  cir- 
cumstances of  incredible  horror. 

Among  those  who,  while  escaping  with  life,  "  suffered  the  loss 
of  all  things,"  is  a  native  missionary,  the  Kev.  Kevork  Muncherian. 


c.u-'^w"  '""tiv  ^^^'%f<  \^:^'^^i'- 


Having  lost  his  right  leg  by  reason  of  a  snake  bite,  he  managed 
to  get  about  on  a  peg  leg  of  local  manufacture  for  a  number  of 
years,  when  through  the  kindness  of  a  brother  missionary,  he 
procured  an  artificial  leg  from  A.  A.  Marks,  of  New  York,  which  he 
used  with  great  comfort  and  assistance  in  his  missionary  labors, 

Mr.  Muncherian  writes: 

"  The  leg  which  I  got  from  you  nine  years  ago  was  very  satis- 
factory, and  I  wore  it  with  comfort  for  seven  years,  but  during  the 
massacre  two  years  ago  my  house  was  burned,  and  all  my  posses- 
sions carried  off  by  the  Turkish  soldiers. 

"  Among  other  things,  they  took  my  artificial  leg,  and  sold  it 
into  captivity.  Since  that  time,  after  having  been  saved  from  death 
in  a  wonderful  way,  I  have  been  obliged  to  use  my  old  wooden  peg 
leg. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City.        355 

"  Although  I  am  a  native  of  Marash,  Turkey,  for  ten  years  I  had 
been  living  and  engaged  in  business  in  the  small  town  of  Anderin, 
preaching  the  Christian  gospel  in  a  little  church  on  Sundays,  and 


occupying  my  spare  moments  in  the  interest  of  the  Christian  faith. 
At  the  time  of  the  massacre  my  w^ife  and  children  were  in  Marash, 
while  I  was  in  Anderin.  The  greater  number  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Anderin  are  Moslems.  At  the  time  of  the  massacre  I  had  fifty  liras 
($220)   worth  of  goods  in  my  shop,  and  100  liras   ($440)   worth  of 


wheat,  barley,  corn,  and  other  grains.  All  of  these  were  carried  off 
by  Moslem  rolsbers  in  the  course  of  a  few  days;  on  several  occasions 
I  barely  escaped  death.  Suddenly  one  day  without  any  warning  a 
company    of   Armenians    from    Zeitoon,    having   tired    of   Turkish 


356        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

oppression  and  tyranny,  made  an  attack  on  the  town,  and  after  a 
short  but  sharp  contest  took  possession,  and  proceeded  to  plunder 
the  houses  of  the  Moslems,  and  to  kill  all  the  Turks  they  could  lay 
their  hands  on. 

"  In  that  terrible  scene,  the  way  in  which  I  was  saved  w^as 
wonderful;  when  I  came  out  from  my  place  of  hiding  those  that 
caught  sight  of  me  mistook  me  for  a  Moslem  and  attempted  to 
kill  me,  and  I  escaped  only  by  crying  out,  '  I  am  a  Christian,  I  am 
a  Christian,'  at  the  same  time  making  the  sign  of  the  cross. 

"  I  was  in  greatest  danger  when  spied  by  a  Gregorian  monk.  I 
made  the  sign  of  the  cross  just  in  time  to  escape  being  pierced  by 
a  bullet  which  he  was  about  to  fire  at  me. 

"  The  goods  and  grain  I  have  already  mentioned,  and  also  the 
artificial  leg  I  got  from  you,  had  been  stolen  by  the  Moslems. 


"  Having  lost  everything,  saving  only  my  life,  I  joined  the  Ar- 
menians when  they  were  leaving  the  place,  and  that  night,  hungry 
and  destitute,  I  traveled  a  large  part  of  the  way  on  foot  and  peg  leg 
to  the  village  Geben,  five  hours  distant.  The  third  day  after  my 
arrival  I  happened  to  see  my  artificial  leg,  which  the  Arraenians 
had  brought  with  them.  The  Turks  had  thrown  it  away  as  a  thing 
of  no  possible  use,  and  so  it  had  been  picked  up  and  brought  to 
Geben  by  the  Armenians.  Just  at  this  time  the  Osmanli  army 
attacked  Geben,  and  I  was  forced  to  flee  to  Zeitoon;  my  journey 
lasted  fifteen  hours,  and  was  through  a  wild,  mountainous  country. 
I  had  to  walk  most  of  the  way  on  my  antiquated  peg  leg;  the 
journey  would  not  have  been  half  as  arduous  if  I  had  had  my 
artificial  leg  instead  of  this  crude  peg  affair. 

"  According  to  investigations  I  made  afterwards,  the  leg  I  left  in 
Geben  was  captured  by  the  Osmanli  soldiers,  and  sent  as  a  prisoner 
to  the  headquarters  of  the  army  corps,  and  there  sold  and  held 
into  captivity. 


A.  A.  Maries,  ArUfictat  TAmhs,  New  Yorh  City.        357 

"  A  few  days  after  my  arrival  in  Zeitoon,  the  Turkish  army  made 
an  attack  on  the  town.  On  the  third  day  of  the  coTiflict  1  climbed 
up  a  steep  mountain  and  hid  in  a  cave,  sheltered  by  a  f^reat  rock. 
I  stayed  in  this  cave  without  food  or  water  for  three  days  and 
nights,  after  which  I  went  back  to  Zeitoon.  There  I  got  on  a  horse 
with  the  intention  of  riding  up  to  the  Turkish  lines  to  see  if  I 
could  get  through  to  Marash,  to  my  home  and  family;  but  no  sooner 
had  I  set  out  from  the  town  (two  miles  from  the  Turkish  lines) 
than  the  Turkish  soldiers  began  to  rain  bullets  on  me.  I  succeeded 
in  reaching  the  outworks  of  the  defences  of  Zeitoon,  but  could 
go  no  further  so  I  turned  back  to  re-enter  Zeitoon,  still  under  a 
murderous  fire,  but  praise  God  not  one  of  the  bullets  hit  me.  I 
was  obliged  to  remain  about  three  months  in  besieged  Zeitoon,  in 
the   midst   of   a   terrible    and   continuous    battle — without    a   cent, 


r^  ~\  ,,.'i//j  'mmrN^ 


hungry,  and  in  great  sorrow  and  fear.  Finally,  through  the  media- 
tion of  the  great  powers  the  war  ceased,  Zeitoon  was  saved,  and  I 
returned  to  my  native  city,  Marash.  As  soon  as  I  reached  the  site 
of  my  home  I  found  that  during  my  absence  one  of  my  little  girls 
had  been  killed,  all  my  household  furniture  was  stolen,  and  my 
house  burned  down. 

"  Since  those  terrible  times  I  have  been  working  in  this  and 
surrounding  villages,  under  the  direction  of  missionaries  of  the 
American  Board,  as  a  relief  agent  and  preacher,  at  a  salary  of 
$5.28  a  month,  while  my  wife  is  engaged  in  Marash  at  a  salary  of 
$3.52;  you  will  thus  see  that  we  have  to  live  in  a  most  economical 
and  exceedingly  uncomfortable  way.  I  hope  to  receive  my  new 
leg,  when  I  will  be  in  better  shape  to  work  and  travel. 
"  Yours  sincerely, 

"  KEVOKK  MUNCHERIAN, 

Armenian   Missionary." 


358        A.  A.  MarTcs,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  MRS.  C.  W.  MUNDEN— Calcutta,  India.    Above  knee. 

I  have  worn  a  Marks  artificial  leg"  for  twelve  years.  I  wore 
an  English  made  one  before  that.  My  experience  with  both  has 
taught  me  that  the  Marks  leg  is  far  better.  I  shall  always  speak 
highly  of  it.  I  shall  always  be  pleased  to  recommend  your  legs 
to  anj'one  requiring  them.  March  24,  1910. 

*  MfeS.  MARY  MUNELLY— Essex  Co.,  N.  J.    Below  knee. 

I  am  very  much  pleased  with  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for 
me  ten  years  ago.  I  go  around  and  do  not  use  any  cane  and 
the  \eg  is  still  in  good  condition,  although  it  has  seen  ten  years 
of  hard  service.  You  are  at  liberty  to  use  this  letter  any  time  you 
see   fit.  '  Jan.   27,   1910. 

*  HUGH  W.  MUNSON— Student,  Dixon  Co.,  Neb.    Below  knee. 
My   leg   works   fine.     I   would   not   have   an   ankle   joint   of   any 

kind  now.  I  outran  two  fellows  lately  that  did  not  know  I  had 
an  artificial  leg.  Your  limbs  are  and  shall  always  be  highly 
recommended  by  me.  Jan.   9,   1908. 

*  WILLIAM  MURDOCK— New  Zealand.     Above  knee. 
Seventeen  years  ago  my  leg  was  amputated  above  the  knee,  and 

I  got  an  artificial  leg.  It  did  not  turn  out  suitable,  so  ten  years 
ago  I  forwarded  measurements  to  you  for  one  of  your  legs.  I  am 
glad  to  say  this  has  proved  in  every  way  satisfactory.  The  rubber 
foot  with  spring  mattress  in  particular  being  very  comfortable — 
there  not  being  the  slightest  jar  when  walking. 

*  WALTER  MUSE— Laborer,  Sumter  Co.,  Ga.    Below  knee. 

Have  been  wearing  your  artificial  leg  since  I  got  it  and  I  am 
glad  to  say  that  it  pleases  me  very  much.  Nov.  25,  1907. 

*  A   .M.  MYERS— Teacher,   Lee   Co.,  Va.     Below  knee. 

With  pleasure  I  endorse  your  rubber  foot.  My  leg  is  amputated 
below  the  knee,  and  I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  limbs  over 
six  years. 

I  was  fitted  from  measurements,  and  I  find  the  leg  to  be  in  every 
particular  what  you  represented.  I  am  a  teacher,  and  am  on  my 
feet  a  great  deal.  I  can  run,  jump,  and  skip  almost  as  if  I  had  two 
natural  feet. 

I  have  walked  as  high  as  ten  nailes  in  a  day.  I  have  not  had  to 
pay  out  one  cent  for  repairs.  Oct.  19,  1909. 

E.  A.  NELLIS— Sheriff,  Litchfield  Co.,  Conn.    Below  knee. 

In  1864  I  lost  my  leg  by  amputation  below  the  knee.  In  1865  I 
procured,  as  I  supposed,  one  of  the  best  artificial  legs  in  use,  the 
wearing  of  which  gave  me  much  pain,  and  I  was  often  obliged  to 
go  back  on  crutches  until  the  irritated  and  swollen  stump  was 
again  in  condition  to  wear  the  leg.  It  also  annoyed  me  very  much 
by  frequent  rattling  at  the  ankle  joint.  Repair  bills  were  from  $6 
to  $8  a  year.  I  was  oblged  to  use  a  cane  when  walking.  I  wore 
this  leg  about  two  years.  I  met  a  great  many  wearing  artificial 
legs  made  by  various  firms,  all  of  whom  were  laboring  under  diffi- 
culties similar  to  my  own.  I  think  it  was  in  1867  or  1868,  while  in 
Watertown,  N.  Y.,  I  met  a  gentleman  wearing  one  of  your  artificial 
legs  with  rubber  foot.  I  was  surprised  to  see  this  man  go  up  and 
downstairs  actually  on  a  run.  He  also  moved  about  among  the 
guests  at  the  hotel  noiselessly  and  quietly,  with  the  grace  and  ease 
of  natural  motion;  he  advised  me  to  get  one  of  your  artificial  legs 
with  rubber  foot.  I  at  once  wrote  to  you,  requesting  you  to  send 
me  instructions   and  blanks   for  taking  measurements. 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.        359 

I  received  a  prompt  reply,  and  ordered  a  leg".  I  have  worn  your 
legs  constantly  from  the  time  I  first  received  one,  never  having 
lost  an  hour's  time  from  its  use. 

I  go  up   and   downstairs,   up   and   downhill,   through  the   brush, 
htinting  and  fishing.     In  fact,  I  go  when  and  where  I  please  with 
ease  and  comfort. 
EOBT.  NEWBERY— Mechanic,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     Below  knee. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  tell  you  that  the  artificial  leg  you  made 
for  me  six  years  ago  last  June  is  as  good  as  ever.  I  work  twelve 
hours  a  day  at  hard  work.  Your  limb  cannot  be  beat  for  work- 
manship and  material.     I  am  seventy  years  old.  Oct.  18,  1909. 

*  GEOEGE  NEWMAN— Barber,  Chase  Co.,  Kas.     Ankle  amputation. 
I  was  hurt  thirteen  years  ago,  run  over  by  railroad  cars,  which 

caused  amputation  at  ankle  joint  of  right  leg.  Have  worn  your 
artificial  limb  ever  since,  and  am  doing  well.  I  don't  think  there 
is  any  other  that  can  beat  it.  I  have  worn  it  with  comfort,  and 
strangers  can't  tell  the  difference,  or  which,  foot  is  off.  I  am 
a  barber  by  trade,  and  have  to  be  on  my  feet  frequently  half  a 
night  around  my  chair,  and  walk  a  mile  every  day  from  shop  to 
home,  besides  that  I  ride  horseback  every  day.  Couldn't  get  along 
without  your  rubber  foot.  Oct.   20,   1909. 

*  BENJAMIN  J.  NICKEESON— Laborer,  Harris  Co.,  Texas.    Both 

below  knees. 
The    pair    of    artificial   legs    you    made    for   me    in    1886    is    still 
in  use.     They  have  certainly  done  good  work  for  me  and  I  have 
taken  pains  to  show  their  merits  to  others  in  need  of  limbs. 

Dec.   23,   1907. 

*  SYDNEY  NICHOLLS— Tunnel  Worker,  England.     Above  knee. 

I  am  very  much  pleased  to  say  that  I  have  been  a  wearer  of 
the  Marks  artificial  leg  for  the  past  eleven  years,  and  I  for  one 
can  speak  as  regards  its  success  as  a  leg.  It  has  had  nothing  done 
to  it  in  the  way  of  repairs  since  I  have  had  it.  I  can  walk  twenty 
miles   on   it   with    comfort   and   without   feeling   any   bad    effects, 

July  23,  1908. 

*  MRS.   BERTHA  NICHOLS— Clay  Co.,   Neb.     Below  knee. 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  I  am  well  pleased  with  the  artificial  leg. 
I  have  worn  it  a  great  many  years  and  do  my  own  housework 
and  walk  a  great  deal.     I  ride  horseback,  dance  and  ride  a  bicycle. 

Jan.     15,    1908. 

*  MRS.  THOS.  NICHOLSON— Skagit  Co.,  Wash.    Below  elbow. 

I  want  a  new  arm  and  I  want  it  made  as  much  like  the  old  one 
as  possible.  I  am  still  wearing  the  arm  made  for  me  sixteen  years 
ago,  and  I  cannot  do  without  it,  but  will  order  a  new  one  for 
fear  that  I  may  not  be  able  to  wear  the  former  one  much  longer. 
It  never  gave  me  any  trouble.  I  have  five  children  and  I  do  all 
my  own  housework,  and  the  artificial  arm  helps  me  wonderfully 
in  every  way.  Nov.  20,  1906. 

E.  J.  NIDDEIE,  M.D.— Simcoe  Co.,  Ontario. 

When  considering  the  question  of  artificial  limbs,  you  may  be 
sure  that  with  me  it  is  "  Marks  "  first,  last  and  all  the  time.  You 
have  furnished  my  patients  in  the  most  skillful  way,  always  giving 
the  best  of  results.  Oct.  19,  1909. 

*  MRS.  J.  A.  NILSON— Sweden.    Below  knee. 

I  am  a  little  over  fifty  years  of  age.  I  lost  my  leg  below  the 
knee  some  years  ago.  Everybody  thinks  I  am  a  wonder  that 
knows  that  I  am  wearing  a  leg.  I  can  walk  and  carry  as  much 
as  I  please,  and  I  have  had  the  leg  on  now  every  day  for  fifteen 
years.    I  handle  it  perfectly.  May  27,  1906, 


360        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

*  EDWARD  NOONAN— Operator,  Dubuque  Co.,  Iowa.     Below  elbow. 

If  you  look   over  your  books  you  will  find  I  purchased  one  of 

your  artificial  arms  over  four  years  ago.     I  have  been  using  it  every 


day  since  on  a  typewriter  and  handling  from  350  to  500  messages 
daily.     To  say  I  am  satisfied  with  the  arm  is  putting  it  mildly. 

Dec.    18,    1908. 

*  MES.  H.  E.  NOORDUYN-CHUECHILL— Holland,  Europe.    Above 

knee. 

At  last  I  am  able  to  send  you  a  photograph  of  my  son  and  I  am 

sure  you  will  be  pleased  at  his  appearance  with  your  artificial  leg. 

He  wears  the  leg  constantly  and  it  is  remarkable  how  quickly  he 

has   gotten  used  to   it.  May   6,   1909. 

*  A.  NOSEWOETHY— Fisherman,  Newfoundland.     Above  knee. 

I  had  my  leg  amputated  in  February,  1902.  I  purchased  one  of 
your  artificial  legs  in  1903.  Since  then  I  get  around  with  ease 
and  comfort  and  I  never  use  a  stick  and  have  never  stumbled. 
I  find  the  rubber  foot  and  knee  joint  to  work  perfectly.  I  am 
a  fisherman  and  can  get  about  in  a  boat  with  very  little  difficulty. 

Nov.   2,   1909. 

*  A.  OGLESBEE— Screven  Co.,  Ga.     Eight  arm  above  elbow. 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  add  my  testimonial  to  the  long  list 
of  those  who  are  using  your  artificial  limbs.  Two  years  ago  I 
had  the  misfortune  to  have  my  right  arm  cut  off  above  the  elbow 
in  a  cotton  gin.  When  I  sent  for  an  arm  I  had  very  little  faith  in 
my  ability  to  use  it.  However,  since  I  have  worn  your  arm  I  find 
myself  able  to  perform  nearly  all  the  work  that  is  necessary  to 
be  done  on  the  farm.  I  can  drive,  plow,  or  hoe,  with  very  little 
inconvenience,  and  I  certainly  consider  that  in  my  case  your  limb 
has  been  a  Godsend. 

*  MIGUEL  PEEEZ  ORTIZ— Tinsmith,  Mayaguez,  Porto  Eico.     Be- 

low  knee   and   below   elbow. 

I  wish  to  inform  you  that  I  am  very  much  pleased  with  your 

invention,   as   the   leg   and   arm   you   made   for   me   have   and   are 

both  giving  the  greatest  satisfaction.     I  use  both  in  a  very  natural 

way  and  feel  very  much  indebted  to  you.  Jan.  24,  1908. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City.        361 

JACOB  OEKEN— Washing-ton,  D.  C.     Above  knee. 

I  have  received  the  artificial  leg  in  good  condition  and  am  well 
pleased  with  the  knee  joint;   it  works  naturally  and  perfectly. 

I  have  worn  for  the  last  twelve  years  several  other  makes,  but  I 
have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  yours  is  the  best  of  all. 

People  are  surprised  at  how  well  I  walk,  they  cannot  tell  that 
I  have  an  artificial  leg.  Have  always  used  a  cane,  but  with  your 
leg  I  have  no  occasion  to  use  one.  Jan.  25,   1910. 

J%  "^  %  ^^  ^  ^  ^^^ 

jL  yi    /•     O     f^     JS    \ 

A     ^  4  'f  ^*  ^  -*- 

t  s  1  ^  ^"  ^ 


i      P.  'i-^  %  \^  f 


^^     tfi^.^i^ 


I    h  ^'  ''t  ^^  i  ^ 

H     '^  *  •!  -1 1, 

*  HIS  EXCELLENCY  THE  COUNT  OKUMA  OF  JAPAN— Waseda, 
Tokio,  Japan.  Above  knee. 
I  am  desired  by  His  Excellency  Count  Okuma  to  inform  you  that 
the  artificial  leg  which  you  made  for  him  reached  here  some  time 
ago  in  good  condition.  The  Count  is  exceedingly  gratified  with 
the   admirable  workmanship    of   the   leg.  T,   KATO. 


362 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorlc  City. 


HAERY  P.  OSBOEN— Stenographer,  Essex  Co.,  N.  J.     Below  knee. 

I  have  been  wearing  legs  made  by  you  for  over  eighteen  years 
and  would  wear  no  other  as  no  other  leg  would  give  satisfaction. 

Both  of  my  feet  were  deformed  from  birth.  At  the  age  of  eight 
years  it  became  necessary  to  amputate  my  right  foot  about  six 
inches  above  the  ankle.  A  few  months  later  I  received  one  of  your 
legs  and  have  never  missed  a  day  wearing  it  from  early  morning 
until  late  at  night.  Nov.  2,  1909. 

V.  C.  OVEETON,  M.D.— Jefferson  Co.,  Texas. 

I  can  cheerfully  and  willingly  say  that  your  artificial  limbs 
have  no  equal  and  all  the  patients  that  I  have  recommended  you  to 
are  perfectly  satisfied;  in  fact  I  have  never  had  a  single  complaint. 

Oct.   15,   1909. 

*  J.  C.  OWEN— Collector,  Jamaica,  B.  W.  I.    Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  received  from  you  some  time  ago  when  I  was 
fourteen  years  old  gives  me  entire  satisfaction.  My  work  is 
collector  and  this  makes  it  necessary  for  me  to  do  a  great  deal 
of  walking.  I  can  trutMully  recommend  your  legs  to  anybody 
requiring  artificial  ones.  March  13,  1909. 

*  SUSANO  S.  OETIZ— San  Miguel  Co.,  N.  Mex.    Below  knee. 

The  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1899  has  given  me  satisfaction. 
I  know  it  is  the  best  leg  made.  I  have  worn  it  every  day  since  I 
bought  it  and  have  never  spent  a  cent  on  having  it  repaired,  and 
to-day  it  is  as  good  as  new.  I  will  be  very  glad  to  recommend 
your  leg  to  anybody  in  need,  and  if  you  know  of  anybody,  refer 
him  to  me  and  I  will  write  him.  Sept.  22,  1913. 


*  LESLIE  PALMEE— Clerk,  Franklin  Co.,  Me.     Above  knee. 

In  December,  1902,  I  received  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me, 
it  was  just  seven  weeks  after  the  amputation.  I  applied  the  leg 
the  day  it  arrived,  and  it  has  not  been  off  my  stump  since  except 
at  night.  I  am  able  to  dance,  which  I  enjoy  very  much.  I  do 
not  use  a  cane,  and  have  walked  five  miles  on  one  stretch.  The 
limb  has  been  perfectly  satisfactory,  and  I  am  able  to  stand  the 
strain  of  an  athletic  life  in  Maine  with  great  enjoyment,  such  ag 
hunting,  brook  fishing,  and  mountain  climbing. 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorlc  City.        363 

*  H.    PACKEE— Farmer,    New    Zealand.     Itelow    knee. 

I  received  the  leg  and  am  very  well  satisfied  with  it.  I  can  get 
about  splendidly.     I  do  almost  the  same  sort  of  work  I  nsed  to  do. 

When  I  lost  my  leg  I  never  thought  I  would  be  al)le  to  get  aljout 
very  well  again,  but  I  find  that  1  can  get  about  as  well  as  ever  I 
could.  All  my  friends  tell  me  that  1  have  gotten  on  wonderfully 
well.  I  have  had  every  satisfaction  and  I  think  I  have  given  it  a 
good  trial  as  I  have  had  it  eight  years  and  have  done  some  very 
rough  work  in  a  very  rough  country.  I  build  fences,  cut  firewood, 
and  work  in  the  gravel  pit,  and  also  shear  sheep.     Dec.   14,  1909. 

WM.  H.  PALMEE — Hampden  Co.,  Mass.     Both  below  knees. 

I  see  in  your  catalogue  that  there  are  many  feats  which  persons 
on  pairs  of  artificial  limbs  are  able  to  perform.  I  have  been  wear- 
ing a  pair  of  yours  for  nearly  eleven  years  and  I  stand  to-day  ready 
to  challenge  any  man  who  is  amputated  the  same  as  I  am  to 
run  a  train  of  cars  as  I  do  when  they  are  going  twenty-five  or 
thirty  miles  an  hour.  I  have  done  this  and  can  prove  it  right 
here.  July   28,   1908. 

*  A.   F.   PANKNIN,  M.D.— Charleston  Co.,  S.  C. 

The  pair  of  artificial  legs  you  made  for  Mr.  Grooms  some  years 
ago  have  suited  him  admirably.  He  paid  me  a  visit  about  a  month 
ago,  walking  all  the  distance  (about  a  mile)  with  only  the  aid  of 
a  cane.  I  don't  think  he  could  have  had  a  more  satisfiictory  fit. 
You  made  the  legs  from  measurements  that  I  sent  you,  and  Grooms 
did   not  leave   his   home. 

*  MRS.  MILDEED  M.  PAELIN— Kennebec  Co.,  Me.     Knee  joint. 

I  have  worn  an  artificial  leg  of  your  make  since  1903,  thigh 
amputation.  I  have  been  doing  the  greater  part  of  the  housework 
on  a  farm  for  my  family  of  five.  Oct.  21,  1909. 

MANUEL  A.  PAEEAGA— San  Salvador,  C.  A.     Above  knee. 

It  is  nineteen  years  since  I  obtained  an  ai'tificial  leg  from  you. 
During  this  period  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  find  the 
least  fault  with  it.  I  walk  very  much,  and  without  a  cane  or  sup- 
port.    I   suffer  no   pain   or   uneasiness. 

Since  I  have  returned  to  Central  America  I  find  it  necessary  to 
make  long  journeys  on  horseback.  In  this  the  leg  has  assisted  me 
very  much.  I  pride  myself  on  my  easy  and  graceful  movements, 
and   the   facility   with  which   I   mount   and   dismount. 

The  India-rubber  foot  is  a  most  excellent  invention;  without  it 
I  question  my  ability  to  walk  with  safety  in  this  country,  the 
streets  are  so  very  rough  and  stony. 

*  GEO.  H.  PAEEEN— Laborer,  Norfolk  Co.,  Mass.     Knee  joint. 

My  leg  is  standing  it  very  good;  I  got  it  from  you  in  1891.  I  do 
a  great  deal  of  walking  and  work  very  hard.  All  I  need  now 
is  a  new  set  of  suspenders  and  the  leg  will  doubtless  last  me  a 
great  many  years  longer,  Oct.   11,   1909. 

*  G.    E.    PAESONS— Time   Keeper,   Shannon   Co.,   Mo.     Wrist   amp. 
The    artificial    hand    purchased    from    you    six    years    ago    is    in 

perfect  repair,  and  has  given  all  the  satisfaction  promised  by  you. 

I  find   it  especially  helpful  in   my  office  work,  in  telegraphing, 

handling  books,  papers,  etc.  Jan.  27,  1910. 

*  AMBEOSE  Z.  PAEVIN— Tailor,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 
The   first   artificial   leg   I   bought   of   you   was    in    1894   and   the 

second  in  1906.  I  would  not  wish  a  better  one.  They  are  strong, 
light,  and  I  can  always  depend  upon  them.  I  know  of  many  around 
here  wearing  the  complicated  kind  and  I  walk  much  better 
than  any  one  of  them. 


S64        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Torh  City. 

D.  J.   PATTERSON— Worcester  Co.,  Mass.     Below  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  that  I  received  from  you  in  1903  is  all  that  I 
expected.     I   have   worn   it   every   day,   and   find   it   a   great   help. 

Jan.    22,    1909. 

*  FRANK  R.  PATTERSON— Tel.  Operator,  Blair  Co.,  Pa.    Ankle- 

joint   amputation. 
I  received  the  new  foot  and  have  been  wearing  it  all  the  time 
since.     It   fits   O.   K.   and   seems  to  be   satisfactory   in   every  way. 

March    9,    1909. 

*  FRED  H.  PAUL — Dentist,  Hamburg,  Germany.     Ankle  amputat'n. 
I  am  to-day,  as  I  have  always  been,  convinced  of  the  excellence 

of  your  appliances.  I  shall  certainly  never  wear  any  other  kind 
than  yours.  I  have  worn  one  since  1897  and  have  up  to  the  present 
time  never  found  the  slightest  cause  for  complaint.      Nov.  11,  1909. 

*  W.  E.  PA WSON— Porter,  Wellington,  New  Zealand.      Knee. 

As  the  result  of  an  accident  I  lost  my  right  leg  in  the  knee  joint. 
I  have  had  four  years'  experience  of  wearing  one  of  your  artificial 
lirabs,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  they  are  unsurj^assed. 
I  may  state  that  I  could  not  have  been  better  fitted  had  I  been 
measured  and  fitted  in  New  York  personally.  I  have  not  once  had 
occasion  to  leave  the  limb  off  on  account  of  soreness  of  any  kind 
whatever,  and  consequently  do  not  feel  the  loss  of  my  own  limb 
to  the   extent   I  at  first  thought. 

The  rubber  foot  is  the  invention  of  the  age,  being  every  bit  as 
flexible  as  the  human  foot.  In  ascending  hills  it  affords  every 
facility.  In  fact,  my  friends  express  surprise  at  the  easy  manner 
with  which  I  negotiate  this  task;  but  the  rubber  foot  does  it  all. 
I  am  quite  satisfied.  I  have  recommended  several  to  you  for  limbs, 
and  have  no  hesitation  in  doing  so,  as  I  feel  sure  I  am  doing  the 
right  thing  in  tlieir  best  interests. 

*  PEDRO  G.  PAZ — Honduras,  Central  America.     Below  elbow. 
About  a  year  ago  I  received  an  artificial  arm  which  you  made 

for  me.  It  has  turned  out  so  well  that  I  do  not  miss  the  natural 
one.     Please  accept  my  thanks  for  your  meritorious  work. 

May    14,    1908. 

*  YSIDRO     PENAFIEL— Student,     Cumberland     Co.,     Me.      Below 

elbow. 

I   recognize   the    good    results    of   your    artificial   limbs.     I   have 

been   using   one   of   your   artificial   arms   for   now   two   years,   and 

it    has    given    rae    perfect    satisfaction    and    it   is    still    in    perfect 

condition.  Dec.  12,  1908. 

*  ADOLFO  PEREZ— Zacualtipan,  Mexico.     Above  knee. 

I  beg  to  say  the  leg  you  made  me  is  much  more  satisfactory  than 
the  one  I  used  before.  I  can  walk  perfectly  with  it,  although 
the  ground  is  very  uneven  here.  I  feel  very  grateful  to  you,  as  all 
should  be  who  have  been  relieved  by  you  as  I  have  been,  after  so 
much  suffering.     Translated  from  Spanish. 

*  JOAQUIN  PEREZ— Railroad  Employee,  Uruguay.     Above  knee. 
Recognizing  the   value   of  the   artificial  limbs   invented   by  you, 

especially  the  leg  you  sent  me,  I  am  pleased  to  state  that  I 
wear  it  every  day  without  any  difficulty,  although  the  stump  is 
only  three  inches  in  length  below  the  body.  I  feel  grateful  to  you 
for  having  enabled  me  to  walk  naturally  again. — Translated  from 
Spanish. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Ariificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        3G5 


ROBERT  II.  PEiniY— Painter,  Hudson  Co.,  N.  J.     Above  knee. 

I  am  still  wearing  the  leg  you  furnished  eighteen  years  ago.  I 
have  worn  it  comfortably  with  less  than  six  dollars  cost  for  re- 
pairs.    My  occuption   (house  painter)   gives  it  a  good  test.     I  can 


and  do  work  on  scaffolds,  ladders — in  fact,  anywhere.     I  have  but 
a  three-inch  stump.     I  am  well  satisfied.  Oct.  16,  1909, 

*  AUGUST  PETERSON— Kane   Co.,   111.     Below   elbow. 

I  am  the  boy  who  got  an  artificial  arm  from  you  four  years  ago, 
and  I  am  well  pleased  with  it.  Jan.  29,  1908. 

*  H.  E.  PERKINS— Truckman,  Oxford  Co.,  Me.     Below  knee. 

I  am  a  truckman.  Have  worn  artificial  limbs  for  seventeen  years. 
I  consider  your  artificial  limbs  superior  to  others.  I  find  I  can 
walk  as  fast  as  anyone  who  has  two  good  feet.  Oct.  18,  1909. 

*  ALICE  PFOHL— South  Africa.     Below  knee. 

You  may  think  me  ungrateful  for  not  acknowledging  the  receipt 
of  the  leg,  and  letting  you  know  how  I  am  getting  on  with  it.  I 
received  the  leg  a  few  days  before  Christmas,  and  have  been  wear- 
ing it  ever  since,  and  am  glad  to  say  it  gives  me  every  satisfaction, 
both  in  comfort  and  efficiency. 
E.  F.  PHILLIPS,  M.D.— Schnylkill  Co.,  Pa. 

Allow  me  to  congratulate  you  on  the  perfect  fit  you  have  made 
for  Mr.  Jacob  Ball,  whose  measurements  and  diagrams  I  took  and 
sent  you  for  an  artificial  leg.  The  people  here  who  do  not  kno%v 
that  he  lost  a  limb  have  not  detected  it  in  his  walking.  Mr.  Ball  is 
certainly  a  walking  advertisement  for  you. 


366       A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  YorTc  City. 

*  J.  B.  PHILLIPS— Tools,  Contra  Costa  Co.,  Cal.    Above  elbow. 
The    artificial    arm,    above    elbovs^    amputation,    fits    and    vv^orks 

perfectly.  My  brother  put  it  on  as  soon  as  it  came  and  has  not 
had  it  off  since.  He  has  found  many  uses  for  it  and  v^^ould  not 
be  without  it.     You  may  refer  anyone  to  me  or  to  him. 

March    21,    1908. 

*  EAFAEL  MAKING  PINTO— Merchant,  Bogota,  Colombia.     Above 

knee. 
I  have  been  using-  the  artificial  leg  which  I  obtained  of  you  in 
1904  through  Dr.  Alejandro  Herrera  of  this  city,  and  I  take  pleasure 
in  manifesting  to  you  that  I  am  completely  satisfied  with  it,  as  it 
has  turned  out  so  well  I  can  manage  it  with  the  greatest  ease 
and  amongst  a  great  many  in  this  city  wearing  artificial  limbs 
I  believe  I  walk  the  best.  Nov.  24,  1909. 

^*  JOHN  PITTMAN— Farmer,  Scott  Co.,  Ark.     Below  knee. 

It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  add  my  testimonial  to  the  great 
number  of  letters  you  receive.  I  bought  a  leg  style  E-17.  It  has 
the  rubber  foot  with  spring  mattress.  It  is  satisfactory  in  every 
way.  I  ride  horseback,  can  mount  and  dismount  with  as  great 
ease  as  I  formerly  did.  Aug.  17,  1909. 

*  S.  M.   PLATT— Chittenden   Co.,  Vt.     Below  knee. 

I  have  now  one  of  your  legs,  I  think,  eighteen  years.  It  has 
not   cost   me    $1.00    for    repairs.     I    give    you    a   good    recommend. 

Nov.    8,    1907. 


HOMER  F.  PORTEE— New  Haven  Co.,  Conn.     Above  knee. 

I  have  been  employed  by  the  E.  E.  as  a  hoisting  engineer  for 
the  past  year. 

I  have  to  work  two  brakes,  one  with  my  artificial  limb  and  one 
with  my  natural,  and  also  two  levers  with  my  hands.  I  have  to 
climb  a  sixty-foot  pole  every  morning.  I  do  my  own  firing  and 
all  the  work  about  the  engine  roozn. 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        3G7 

*  A.  S.  POTTER,  M.D.— Parry  Sound,  Ontario. 

Dennis  is  using-  the  arm  you  made  for  him  on  his  farm,  brushing-, 
logg-ing,  plowing,  etc.;  has  found  it  very  satisfactory  and  a  perfect 
fit,  June  8,  1908. 

*  ERIC  A.  A.  POTTER — Hairdresser,  New  Zealand,     Above  knee. 

I  received  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  about  six  years 
ago,  and  have  had  no  trouble  in  walking  about  with  ease  and 
comfort. 

I  have  seen  several  makes  of  artificial  legs,  and  I  consider  the 
"Marks"  with  the  patent  rubber  foot  the  best.  I  take  much 
pleasure   in   recommending   the   "  Marks."  Dec,   9,   1909, 

J.  DENSMORE  POTTER,  M.D.— Onondaga  Co.,  N.  Y, 

Mrs.  K.  E.  Gardner's  leg  works  to  a  charm.  She  can  get  about 
without  even  a  walking-cane,  on  the  Marks  leg.  She  does  her 
housework  without  any  difficulty, 

*  REV.  J.  WESLEY  POTTER— Perry  Co.,  Pa.     Above  elbow. 

I  purchased  an  arm  for  right  humerus  amputation  in  September, 
1906.  If  I  could  not  have  another  I  would  not  sell  this  one  at  any 
price.     I  never  thought  it  would  be  so  helpful  to  me.      May  5,  1908. 

WM.  POTTS — Window  Dresser,  Quebec,  Can.     Above  knee. 

As  for  myself  I  have  never  looked  back  since  I  purchased  the 
leg.  You  warned  me  not  to  wear  it  longer  than  two  hours  at  a 
stretch  at  the  beginning,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  I  have  worn 
it  every  day  since  the  deal  several  months  ago  from  7  a.  m  till 
11:30  p.  m.,  sometimes  into  the  next  morning.  I  am  following 
my  daily  work  which  is  window  dressing  and  attend  to  sales 
during  the  day,  March  15,  1910. 

C.  W.  POWELL— Bookkeeper,  Missoula  Co.,  Mont.    Above  knee. 

I  would  say  that  I  have  worn  an  artificial  leg  made  by  your 
firm  for  eight  years.  My  leg  was  amputated  above  the  knee  and 
since  wearing  your  limb  I  have  experienced  no  difficulty  in  getting 
about  and  attending  to  business.  Wearing  the  leg  is  attended  with 
no  discomfort,  and  I  would  be  pleased  to  recommend  your  house 
to  persons  so  afflicted  as  to  need  your  services.  Oct.   19,   1909. 

*  W.  O.  POWELL — Farmer,  Clarke  Co.,  Wash.     Below  knee. 

You  constructed  an  artificial  leg  for  me  in  1891  and  another 
in  1899, 

You  will  thus  see  that  for  nineteen  years  I  have  only  had  two 
artificial  legs  and  when  I  need  a  new  one  it  will  be  from  you,  as 
I  feel  that  my  experience  with  your  work  would  compel  me  to 
continue  my  patronage  with  you.  Dec.  4,  1909. 

*  CHARLES  PRICE— Hotel  Keeper,  Galveston  Co.,  Texas.     Partial 

foot. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  is  a  perfect  fit  and  I  walk 

without    a    cane    and    without    the    slightest    limp.     I    have    worn 

several  limbs  made  by  other  companies,  but  none  of  them  gave  me 

the   satisfaction   that   yours   does. .  Dec.    12,    1908. 

*  E.  T.  PRINTZ,  M.D.— Appanoose  Co.,  Iowa.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  you  recentlj^  made  from  measurements  for  me 
is  very  satisfactory.  I  like  it  very  much  and  do  my  work  as  well 
as  ever.  I  run  my  automobile,  using  the  artificial  foot  to  manage 
the  foot  brake,  March  31,  1910. 


368        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Linils,  New  YorTc  City. 

*  MISS    MARION    BLANCHE    PEINCE— Teacher,    Newfoundland. 

Wrist  amputation. 

Nearly  ten  years  ago  I  had  to  have  my  left  arm  amputated. 
It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  state  that  having  obtained  one 
of  your  artificial  hands,  I  am  more  than  pleased  with  the  results. 
It  is  all  that  can  be  desired. 

The  rubber  hand  is  indeed  something  to  be  proud  of,  and  en- 
ables ine,  as  a  school  teacher,  to  handle  all  the  work  with  ease. 

I  would  not  be  without  it  for  anything.  Oct.   29,   1909. 

*  JAMES  W.  PEITCHETT— Saw  Filer,  Gibson  Co.,  Ind.  Above  knee. 
I  have  to  say  that  the  artificial  leg  you  made  me  from  measure- 
ments fits  as  perfectly  as  possible. 

If  I  had  come  to  the  shop  and  you  had  taken  the  measurements 
yourself,  I  doubt  that  results  would  have  been  better. 


I  have  worn  it  for  about  eight  years.  I  put  it  on  the  next  day 
after  I  got  it,  and  have  worn  it  every  day  since,  from  early  in  the 
morning  until  late  at  night.  My  occupation  is  circular  and  band 
saw  filer;  I  keep  up  all  the  saws  for  a  large  circular  and  band  saw- 
mill. I  have  to  be  on  my  feet  most  all  day.  I  get  around  almost 
anywhere  without  a  stick.  As  to  the  rubber  foot,  I  think  it  is  the 
finest  thing  out.  It  does  not  jar  me  when  I  make  a  misstep.  I 
only  have  six  inches  of  a  stump,  and  I  get  around  better  than 
others  I  see  that  have  worn  other  makes  of  legs. 
*  CAEL  PROHL — New  Zealand.     Ankle   amputation. 

I  had  my  foot  taken  off  at  the  ankle  joint  when  I  was  seven 
years  of  age,  when  I  reached  the  age  of  nineteen  I  had  an  artificial 
foot  made  by  you.  Ever  since  then  I  have  had  every  satisfaction 
with  it.  I  can  ride  a  bike,  and  have  done  some  very  heavy  work 
with  it. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  Oily.        309 


*  GEOKGE  H.  PURCHASE— Student,  Billings  Co.,  N.  D.  Below 
elbow. 
I  think  my  arm  in  every  particular  is  a  grand  success,  and  I 
will  always  be  pleased  to  speak  in  its  praise  to  my  fellow-unfor- 
tunates. No  doubt  you  will  be  greatly  surprised  to  know  that  I 
wrote  this  entire  letter  and  addressed  envelope  with  my  artificial 


hand.    I  think  if  you  will  compare  this  with  former  letters  of  mine 
you  will  pronounce  this  the  best  writing.  Oct.   30,   1909. 

*  GEO.  W.  PURDY— Lighthouse  Keeper,  Dukes  Co.,  Mass.    Shoulder 

joint   amputation. 

In  reference  to  the  artificial  arm  I  purchased  of  you  seven  years 
ago,  I  wish  to  state  that  I  have  found  it  extremely  useful.  I  used 
to  be  a  sailor  on  board  a  steamship,  but  now  I  am  a  lighthouse 
keeper.  I  can  do  anything  that  is  required  of  men  and  without 
the  arm  I  could  not  fill  the  position.  I  use  the  hand  in  carrying 
oil  up  to  the  tower,  it  aids  me  in  filling  the  lamp.  I  use  the  arm 
when  I  paint  and  I  do  considerable  of  that.  I  also  use  it  in 
pushing  a  wheel-barrow.  Remember  this  lighthouse  is  not  a  bug- 
light,  it  is  one  of  the  first  lights  on  the  coast,  first  order,  the  one 
everyone  depends  on  in  making  into  Vineyard  Sound.  Oct.  18,  1900. 
SAMUEL  RAPP,  M.D.— New  York  City.     Below  elbow. 

I  well  know  that  Edward  Wiley,  who  is  now  absent,  is  satisfied 
with  his  hand;  he  is  able  to  drive  a  team  of  horses,  and  do  other 
farm  work. 

*  W.  B.  L.  REAGAN— Farmer,  Monroe  Co.,  Tenn.    Above  knee. 

I  am  delighted  with  the  ease  with  which  I  walk  on  the 
artificial  leg  you  made  for  me.  I  can  handle  it  so  much  better 
than  I  could  the  old  one.  Sept.  24,  1908. 

*  A  M.  REDDING— Salt  Lake  Co.,  Utah.    Below  knee. 

The  leg  I  purchased  from  you  in  December,  1898,  has  proved 
entirely  satisfactory.  It  is  in  good  condition,  and  I've  never 
had  one  cent  expense  with  it.  I  was  only  sixteen  years  old  when 
I  began  wearing  your  leg,  and  having  grown  considerably  since,  the 
leg  has  been  lengthened  to  meet  this  growth.  Sept.  3,  1907. 

W.  S.  REDDY— Notary  Public,  Montreal,  Can.     Both  legs  at  knees. 

I  wish  to  express  to  you  my  heartfelt  thanks  for  the  comfort 
I  experience  in  the  new  pair  of  artificial  legs.  They  are  certainly 
a  credit  to  your  noble  firm,  one  that  has  done  so  much  to  relieve 
the  afflicted   and   sore-distressed.  Dec.   12,   1908. 

FRANK  REED— Freight  Agent,  Allegheny  Co.,  Pa.     Partial  hand. 

I  purchased  a  hand  for  partial  hand  amputation  from  you  some 
years  ago   and  I  find  everything   satisfactory.  Jan.   30,   1908. 


3^0        A.  A.  MaA-s,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorJc  City. 

*  MRS.  CLEMENT  QUINN— Wright  Co.,  Quebec.     Above  knee. 

Having  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs,  with  a  rubber  foot,  for 
the  past  thirteen  months,  I  take  pleasure  in  letting  you  know 
how    well    I   am   getting   along.    My    stump    is    a    little    over    six 


inches  from  the  body.  (Amputation  caused  by  tuberculosis  in  the 
knee  joint.)  I  can  walk  without  the  aid  of  a  cane  and  do  all 
my   housework. 

*  GEO.  H.  EEID— Coal  Miner,  Perry  Co.,  Ohio.     Below  knee. 

In  1901  I  began  to  wear  one  of  your  artificial  legs.  Your  make 
is  far  above  all  others  that  I  have  ever  seen.  It  does  not  get 
out  of  order  and  is  reliable.  Feb.  28,  1908. 

*  WAED    REID — Fireman,    Northumberland    Co.,    Nova    Seotia,    Can. 

Above  and  below  knee. 
The  pair  of  artificial  legs,  one  for  amputation  above  the  knee 
and  the  other  for  amputation  belov^^,  which  you  made  for  me  nine 
years  ago,  have  been  worn  right  along.  They  have  given  me  great 
service  and  benefit.  I  have  been  acting  as  fireman  on  board  a 
steam   boat   for   the   last   two   summers.  Sept.    30,    1907. 

*  C.  A.  EEIDER— Lawyer,  Wayne  Co.,  Ohio.     Above  knee. 

My  artificial  leg  is  now  over  three  years  old.  It  has  given  me 
great  satisfaction.  I  take  pleasure  in  giving  you  a  good  recom- 
mendation. May  20,   1909. 

F.  E.  EEINWALD— Farmer,  Tioga  Co.,  Pa.     Shortened  leg. 

Having  worn  an  appliance  for  a  deformed  limb  since  last  fall,  I 
can  positively  assure  all  my  unfortunate  friends  that  they  do  not 
comprehend  the  advantages  of  an  artificial  limb  until  they  have 
used  one  of  yours. 

Since  I  have  worn  the  appliance  I  can  get  around  much  better 
and  do  more  work,  and  meet  the  demands  of  my  vocation  much 
better  than  before. 


A.  A.  MarJcs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        371 

*  JOSE  MONGE  REYES— Lawyer,  Costa  liica.     Above  elbow. 

I  have  the  pleasure  of  stating-  that  immediately  after  having-  sent 
you  the  measurements  for  my  left  arm,  amputated  two  inches 
below  the  shoulder,  I  received  from  you  in  the  month  of  January, 
an  artificial  one,  which  fits  me  perfectly  well,  and  served  me  up  till 
now  without  any  rei^airs  at  all.  By  reason  of  my  occupation 
necessitating  my  frequent  appearance  in  public  places,  I  can  fully 
appreciate  what  a  boon  your  work  is  doing-  to  humanity. 
A.   E.   EICHARDSON— Mechanic,   Tolland   Co.,   Conn.     Instep   amp. 

I  take  great  comfort  in  wearing  the  foot  you  made  me  in  1003.  I 
could  not  be  without  it  a  day.  I  can  walk  any  distance  without 
the  least  discomfort.  Oct.  27,   1909. 

*  JOAQUIN  EICALO— Teacher,  Oriente,  Cuba.     Knee  bearing. 
The  artificial  leg  manufactured  by  you  and  which  I  have  been 

wearing  since  1885  is  superior  to  any  other  ajjpliance  I  have  ever 
seen.  I  am  never  tired  of  recommending  your  estimable  firm  to 
persons  who  may  have  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  any  of  their 
members.  Feb.  18,  1909. 

*  CYRUS    RIDENOUE— Shoemaker,    Washington    Co.,    Md.    Below 

knee. 
I  am  wearing  your  artificial  leg  every  day,  and  I  get  along  very 
well.  I  don't  think  there  is  any  other  leg  made  as  good  as  the 
rubber  foot  leg.  I  am  a  shoemaker  by  trade,  but  can  do  all  kinds 
of  laboring.  I  can  plow,  dig,  saw  and  cut  wood,  and  In  fact 
everything  that  is  to  be  done  on  a  country  farm.      Oct.  18,  1909. 


*  H.  D.  RINEHAET— Fireman,  Lewis  Co.,  W.  Va.     Below  elbow. 

I  received  my  artificial  arm  in  good  condition,  and  am  much 
pleased  Avith  the  rubber  hand.  My  arm  is  amputated  three  and  one- 
half  inches  below  the  elbow.  I  am  a  fireman  stationed  in  the 
mill.  I  can  perform  my  work  all  right.  I  would  not  do  without 
my  arm. 


372        A.  A.  Marias,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


*  GEORGE  EISDON— Beadle  Co.,  S.  Dak.     Both  insteps. 

I  am  very  mucli  pleased  with  my  feet;    I  walk  first  rate  with 
them.    Last  week  I  walked  from  Huron  out  to  my  farm,  a  distance 


c— — I ^ 


of  thirteen  miles,  and  my  feet  never  felt  easier  than  when  I  got  to 
the  end  of  my  journey. 

*  C.   H.    RIST— Farmer,   Erath   Co.,   Tex.     Above   knee. 

About  nine  years  ago,  I  got  one  of  your  artificial  limbs,  and 
have  been  wearing-  it  all  that  time.  It  fits  just  splendid,  and  is 
so  easy  to  wear  I  can't  praise  your  limbs  too  highly.  I  recommend 
them  to  all  who  are  in  need  of  them.  They  are  the  best  artificial 
limbs  in  the  market.  That  I  might  have  a  reserve  leg  in  case  of 
an  accident,  I  got  a  new  one  five  years  ago,  and  have  worn  it 
enough  to  know  that  it  cannot  be  beat.  It  fits  perfectly  in  every 
way,  and  is  very  easy  to  wear.  Oct.  25,  1909. 

*  VICENTE  RIVERA— Winchman,  Chile.     Above  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  for  amputation  above  the  knee  you  made  for 
me  last  fall  was  promptly  received.  I  have  worn  it  from  the  start 
with  the  greatest  of  satisfaction.  I  walk  better  and  much  lighter 
than  I  ever  did  with  the  leg  I  obtained  from  France.  I  shall 
certainly  tell  everyone  in  need  of  an  artificial  limb  the  excellence 
of  your  invention.  Feb.   28,   1910. 

DAN.  E.  ROBINSON— Merchant,  Otsego  Co.,  New  York.  Both  below 
knees. 

I  aril  still  wearing  the  pair  of  artificial  legs  I  got  from  you  seven- 
teen years  ago.     I  weigh  185  pounds  and  use  the  legs  continually. 

June  4,  1908. 

*  W.  A.  ROCK— Engineer,  Madison  Co.,  La.     Below  elbow. 
Eleven    years    ago    I    lost    my    right    hand,    one    month    later    I 

purchased  of  you  an  artificial  hand,  which  I  have  worn  constantly 
for  nine  years.  The  work  performed  by  this  hand  is  of  the  most 
severe  kind,  being  an  engineer  in  charge  of  an  oil  mill,  doing  all 
kinds  of  repairing,  etc.  The  hand  is  valuable  far  beyond  any  esti- 
mate I  could  put  on  it.  Oct.  19,  1908. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  TAmhs,  New  Yorh  City.        STS 

K.  SAIGO— Japanese  Lef^atioii,  Washington,  D.  C.     Below  knee. 


W 


V 


1^^     im-    ^        ,  ^% 


a/ 


151 


-^i' 


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■/^     J     2-      "^^      f' 


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3^ 


Translation.  I  have  worn  an  artificial  leg  with  rubber  foot 
naade  by  you  for  the  past  five  years,  and  assure  you  it  has  given 
me  the  best  of  satisfaction.  I  heartily  recommend  your  work.  I 
shall  gladly  speak  well  of  it  to  all  my  countrymen  afflicted  as  I 
am,  when  I  return  to  Japan. 

*  S.  J.  SAVEEINSKI— Tailor,  Winona  Co.,  Minn.     Above  knee. 

Having  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  since  1887  I  have  no 
hesitation  in  saying  it  is  the  best  leg  in  use.  It  is  simple  and 
durable.  April  15,  1909. 

LEWIS  A.  SAYRE,  M.D.— New  York. 

I  have  had  frequent  occasion  to  apply  A.  A.  Marks  most  valuable 
Patent  Artificial  Leg,  in  eases  where  I  have  unfortunately  been 
compelled  to  mutilate  my  patients  by  amputation,  and  the  admir- 


3Y4        A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Linihs,  New  Yorh  City. 

able  imitation  wliicli  that  substitute  has  given  of  the  original 
limb,  antl  the  perfect  satisfaction  to  the  wearer,  is  the  highest 
possible    commendation    that   I   can   give   it. 

JOHN   SCHARFF— Newsboy,   Westchester   Co.,   N.   Y.     Ankle   amp. 

I  sell  morning  papers  on  the  E.  E.  trains,  get  on  and  off  while  the 

train  is  in  motion,  and  wear  one  of  your  rubber  feet;  very  few  of 

my  friends  know  of  the  fact,  and  those  who  do  regard  me  as  the 


possessor  of  a  remarkable  foot.     I  experience  no  inconvenience;  I 
heartily  recommend  your  leg  as  the  best  made. 


*  A.  B.  SCOTT— Eailroading,  New  Brunswick.     Below  elbow. 

I  purchased  an  artificial  arm  from  you  over  seven  years  ago,  and 
np  to  the  present  time  it  has  proved  a  jjerfect  success.  It  is  a  help 
to  me  in  many  ways.  If  I  had  not  had  it,  I  could  not  have  done 
hear  as  much  work  on  the  farm  as  I  have,  and  feel  greatly  obliged 
to  you  for  the  prompt  attention  that  you  have  given  to  me,  and 
will  always  work  in  your  interest.  1  take  pleasure  in  recom- 
mending your  work  to  others,  and  hope  that  if  you  publish  this 
letter  it  will  have  some  effect  in  influencing  persons  in  need  of 
artificial  limbs  to  patronize  you.  Oct.  25,   1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        375 

VALENTINE  SCHICK— Farmer,  Sullivan  Co.,  N.  Y.  Kin-e  b(;arlng-. 
I  am  wearing  one  of  your  knee-bearing  legs  with  comfort  and 
satisfaction.  I  can  do  all  farm  work.  December,  1904,  I  lost  my 
house  by  fire.  The  next  spring  I  built  a  new  one.  I  climbed 
all  over  the  scaffold  and  a  forty  foot  ladder.  Always  paint  the 
house  myself,  which  is  quite  a  job.  I  will  recommend  your 
limbs   to  anyone   that  is  in   need  of   any.  Oct.   20,   l'J09. 

*  HEINEICH  SCHLENZ— Saddler,  Espirito-Santo,    Bra/.il.     Ilip-joint 

amputation. 

In  April  last  I  received  a  leg  made  by  you  especially  designed 

for  a  hip-joint   amputation.     I  am  pleased  with  it.     Your  limb  is 

well   manufactured   and   cannot   be   excelled.     I   assure   you   I   will 

recommend   your  house   with   pleasure   when   opportunity   affords. 

June    25,    1909. 

*  A.  J.  SCOTT— Farmer,  Caddo  Co.,  La.     Below  elbow. 

I  am  very  well  pleased  with  your  hand.     It  is  a  great  deal  of 
help  to  me.     I  use  a  fork  to  advantage  in  eating.       Dec.  15,  1909. 

*  EOBEET  SCHELDON— Clerk,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa.     Below  elbow. 

My  rubber  hand  is  very  satisfactory.     I  work  ever  day,  and  fre- 
quently drive  fast  horses,  and  ride  my  bicycle.  Oct.  16,  1909, 


*  E.  B.  S- 


Store,  Arapahoe  Co.,  Col.     Both  below  knees. 


I  received  my  artificial  legs  July  31st,  and  put  them  on  at  once. 
Wore  them  that  evening  and  all  the  following  day,  working  in  the 
store  from  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  until  ten  o'clock  at  night. 
I  must  say  that  I  am  well  pleased  with  them.  The  fittings  are  as 
good  as  could  be  made  under  any  circumstances.  My  limbs  are 
lighter  than  I  expected,  as  I  wrote  you  in  ordering  them  that 
I  wanted  them  extra  strong,  as  my  work  was  heavy. 
LOUIS  W.  SELIG — Albany  Co.,  N.Y.     Knee  Joint  Amputation,  age  13. 

It  is  with  great  satisfaction  that  I  write  you,  it  is  just  one  month 
to-day  that  I  began  to  wear  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me,  should 
I  be  in  need  of  my  crutch  or  cane,  I  would  not  be  able  to  find  them, 
as  I  do  not  know  where  I  placed  them  a  month  ago,  since  your  leg  came. 
I  think  your  leg  is  the  best  substitute  for  the  natural  leg  in  the  mar- 
ket. I  have  learned  to  ride  a  bicycle  and  next  winter  I  expect  to  go 
gkating.  June   15,  1910. 


3Y6        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City. 


I.   L.   SECOK— Farmer,  Bradford  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 

Nine  years  ago  yoii  fitted  an  artificial  leg  to  me,  which  I  have 
worn  continuously  with  perfect  satisfaction.     Feb.  8,  1909. 
GEOEGE   SHAFEE— Farmer,  Bergen  Co.,  N.  J.     Below  knee. 

My   left  leg  was   amputated  about  six  inches  below   the  knee. 
Your  leg  suits  me  very  well. 


I  can  do  most  anything  a  farmer  is  required  to  do,  plow,  cul- 
tivate, and  help  in  a  feed  store,  carrying  anything  that  conies  in 
bags,  and  store  away  a  carload  of  hay  in  one  day,  bales  weighing^ 
from  130  to  160  pounds,  and  pile  them  up  six  feet  high.  There  is 
a  great  improvement  in  the  last  foot  which  is  now  seven  years 
ago.  Oct.  19,  1909. 

*  MISS  ELLA  C.  SHANNON— Housekeeper,  Coffey  Co.,  Kas.    Wrist. 
About  eight  months  ago  I  purchased  an  artificial  hand  of  Marks. 

I  have  worn  it  ever  since,  and  think  it  is  fine.  I  would  not 
be  without  it  for  anything.  I  am  a  young  housekeeper,  and 
find  my  hand  a  great  aid  in  helping  me  with  my  work.  I  can  write 
with  my  hand  and  can  carry  many  small  things. 

*  J.   E.   SHANNON— Store   Keeper,  Telfair  Co.,   Ga.     Below  elbow. 
The   artificial  arm   I  bought  of  your  four  years   ago  has  given 

me  entire   satisfaction.  Feb,   14,   1908. 

P.  L.  SHANNON— Farmer,  Spottsylvania  Co.,  Va.  Knee  amputation. 
Have  received  one  of  your  artificial  limbs  and  have  worn  it  con- 
stantly. It  gives  entire  satisfaction  in  every  particular.  I  can  do 
any  kind  of  work  connected  with  the  farm.  I  have  not  used  cane 
or  crutch  since  I  began  wearing  it  six  years  ago.    Oct.  18,  1909, 


A.  A.  Marhs,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        37Y 

*  JAMES  W.  SIIAW— Teacher,  Ozark  Co.,  Mo.     Aljove  knee. 

I  am  thinking  that  you  would  like  to  know  my  opinion  of  your 
ability  as  a  manufacturer  of  artificial  limbs,  and  my  appreciation 
of  the  leg  purchased  of  you  in  1900.  I  have  worn  the  leg  ever 
since  I  received  it.  I  walk  well,  and  without  a  stick  or  crutch. 
I  am  highly  pleased  with  the  leg,  and  ex^jcct  to  purchase  another 
from  you  when  necessary.  The  leg  seems  to  be  solid,  and  full  of 
vim  yet.  Oct.  21,  liiO'J. 

*  LEO  G.  SHELBY— Laborer,  Bernalillo  Co.,  N.  M.     Below  elbow. 
The   artificial   arm   you   made   for   me   ten   years   ago   has   given 

perfect   satisfaction.     I   still   wear  it.  Jan.    1,   1908. 

*  JOHN  SHIELDS— Wire  Weaver,  Australia.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  limb  you  supplied  for  me  is  giving  every  satisfac- 
tion. With  other  makes  I  used  to  have  blisters  on  my  stump, 
causing  much  pain,  as  well  as  inconvenience,  especially  in  hot 
weather.  It  is  a  great  comfort.  I  wish  you  every  success  in  the 
completion  of  patched  up  humanity,  as  we  say  here.    Dec,  5,  1909. 

*  PAUL   E.   SHIPP— Farmer,   Fayette  Co.,   Ky.     Knee   amputation. 
My  leg  is  off  at  the  knee  with  patella  on  end.     The  artificial  limb 

you  made  for  me  in  1902  has  given  satisfaction.  I  walk  without  a 
limp.    Have  never  used  a  cane  or  crutch.  Sept.  16,  1907. 

*  J.  G.  SHIRK — Laborer,  Dickinson  Co.,  Kas.     Below  knee. 

The  limb  fits  me  all  right.  I  have  been  wearing  it  ever  since 
1870,  am  getting  old,  but  get  along  good.  Do  all  kinds  of  farm 
work.     Would  recommend  them  to  anyone  in  need  of  limbs. 

Nov.    5,    1909. 

*  MES.  JOHN  SHULTZ— Baltimore  Co.,  Md.     Below  knee. 

I  am  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  limbs  with  rubber  foot, 
made  from  measurements,  and  find  it  entirely  satisfactory. 

Oct.    16,    1909. 

*  DAVID  C.  SHOEMAKER— Mill  Hand,   Columbia  Co.,  Pa.     Wrist. 
The  artificial  hand  you  made  for  me  is  a  perfect  fit,  and  I  would 

not  know  how  to  get  along  without  it.  It  has  exceeded  my  expec- 
tations. I  can  turn  and  do  all  kinds  of  bench  work  the  same  as  I 
did   before.  Nov.   10,   1909. 

*  L.  C.  SHOEMAKER— Undertaker,  York  Co.,  Pa.    Below  knee. 

I  suppose  you  think  the  leg  you  made  for  me  January,  1891,  was 
worn  out  long  ago.  Well,  not  much.  The  leg  is  in  use  every  day 
and  has  been  for  seventeen  years.  It  has  never  cost  me  ten  cents 
for  repairs,  and  does  not  show  any  signs  of  giving  out.  I  am  an 
undertaker  and  furniture  man  and  am  on  my  feet  all  the  time. 
The  stump  has  never  been  sore  or  even  chafed.  Anything  I  can  do 
for   you   here    I    will    cheerfully    do.  Feb.    18,    1908. 

*  G.  B.  SILLIMAN— Farmer,  Otsego  Co.,  N.  Y.    Below  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  over  eighteen  years 
every  day  and  have  not  paid  out  anything  for  repairs.    Nov.  14,  1907. 

*  GREGOIRE   SIMMELIDY— Manufacturer,   Egypt.     Below  knee. 
Your  inventions  from  technical  as  well  as  industrial  points  prove 

you  to  be   a  real  benefactor   of  humanity. 

In  spite  of  long  travels  and  voyages  made  by  land  and  sea, 
the  artificial  leg  that  you  made  for  me  in  1902  is  still  serviceable 
and  well  preserved,  promising  to  last  a  great  many  years  longer. 

Congratulating  you,  my  friend,  for  enjoying  universal  recognition 
which  I  know  you  so  worthily  deserve,  I  beg  you  to  accept  the 
expressions  of  my  sincere  friendship  and  greetings.    Nov.  11,  1909. 


378        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  BENJAMIN     SIMMONDS— Accountant,     Newfoundland.       Above 

knee. 

I  have  now  worn  one  of  your  legs  for  some  time,  and  I  am  very 
glad  to  say  that  I  am  quite  satisfied  with  it.  I  was  fitted  from 
measurements  taken  at  home.  The  amjiutation  is  four  inches 
above  the  right  knee.  I  do  a  lot  of  walking,  and  last  winter  I 
had  to  go  through  snow  over  three  feet  deep,  and  I  walked  it  with 
no  trouble. 

It  is  quite  common  to  listen  to  people  asking  which  leg  is  off. 
I  went  to  a  party  the  other  night  and  there  was  a  dance.  Many 
who  saw  me  dancing  did  not  know  that  I  wore  an  artificial  leg, 
and  would  not  believe  it  when  told.  Dec.  27,  1909. 

*  L.  SIMPSON— Merchant,  England.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  I  got  from  you  now  nine  years  ago  is  as  good 
as  ever,  and  I  can  walk,  for  an  old  man,  very  well  with  it.  It 
has  cost  me  nothing  in  repairs,  except  what  you  have  kindly  done 
for  me,  a  very  different  matter  to  the  London  legs,  of  which 
I  have  had  two  at  L:  38-0-0  each,  and  which  were  always  wanting 
some  repairs,  but  there  is  really  nothing  to  wear  out  in  the 
Marks  leg,  and  I  can  confidently  recommend  them  to  anyone  who 
requires  one.  In  addition  to  this  they  are  so  "  light "  and  that  is 
where  also  I  found  a  great  difference,  as  Marks  legs  are  pounds 
lighter  than  the  London  legs,  and  this  also  applies  to  the  legs 
I  had  made  for  me  at  Bradford.  I  really  think  there  is  not  a 
better  maker  in  the  world,  and  that  is  saying  a  great  deal.  Mr. 
Barstow  measured  me  and  ordered  the  leg.  April  6,   1908. 


jxri 


„H — ^  i.i\>«« 


*  ANTONIO  SIEACUSA— Atlantic  Co.,  N.  J.    Above  knee. 

I  had  the  misfortune  of  losing  my  right  limb  two  inches  above 
the  knee.  It  happened  on  April  15,  1900,  when  I  was  six  years 
old.  About  a  year  after  I  got  one  of  your  artificial  limbs.  I 
cannot  praise  your  artificial  legs  enough.  I  would  not  want  to  be 
without  mine  for  anything.  I  do  a  great  deal  of  walking,  and 
running,  play  football  without  any  trouble,  and  just  as  good  as 
many  other  boys  that  have  their  natural  legs. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Lirribs,  New  YorJc  City.        379 

^  ANDREW  SINCLAIR— Tailor,  Edinburgh,  ScotlaTuI.     Below  knee. 

The  limb  I  last  obtained  from  you  is  comfortable  and  in  every 

way  a  complete  success.     Quite  recently  I  did   one  hundred  miles 

walking  in  four  days,  doing  thirty-six  in  the  first.     July  31,  1909. 

*  P.  D.  SLOAN — Cigars,  Hocking  Co.,  Ohio.     Knee  amputation. 

I  have  worn  your  artificial  limb  about  eleven  years;  can  do  any 
kind  of  work,  ride  a  horse  as  good  as  anyone.  I  run  a  stogie 
factory,  do  all  my  own  selling,  and  travel  through  five  different 
counties.  I  live  in  a  very  hilly  country,  go  hunting  right  along 
with  other  hunters  in  season,  and  travel  over  the  roughest  ground. 
There  is  nothing  like  your  rubber  foot.  I  have  tried  several  other 
makes,    and    they    were    all    failures.  Oct.    18,    1909. 

*  R.  H.  SMEAD— Fireman,  Lucas  Co.,  Ohio.     Below  elbow. 

I  find  the  arm  you  recently  made  for  me  a  great  help.  I  can 
perform  almost  any  kind  of  work  with  the  hook.  It  gives  me 
great  pleasure   to   praise   your   work.  March   6,   1910. 

*  CLAY  SMITH— Porter,  Franklin  Co.,  Tenn.    Below  knee. 

I  haven't  lost  a  day  from  work.  I  walk  about  two  miles  every 
day  putting  out  switch  lights,  those  that  do  not  know  that  I  have 
lost  a  foot  cannot  tell  it  in  nay  walking.  My  depot  agent  is  as 
well  pleased  with  my  limb  as  I  am  myself.  I  have  been  his  porter 
for  nine  years,  and  am  still  able  to  do  the  same  work.  My  doctor 
says  it  is  remarkable  the  way  I  carry  heavy  articles.    Oct.  20,  1909. 


FRANK  H.  SMITH— Hampden  Co.,  Mass.    Below  knee. 

I  have  mailed  you  a  photograph  of  myself  on  a  wheel.  I 
have  worn  a  Marks  leg  for  a  great  many  years,  and  can  do  most 
anything  with  it.  I  ride  from  fifteen  to  twenty  miles  almost 
every  day  on  the  wheel,  and  have  ridden  forty.  I  have  w^alked 
thirteen  miles  with  hardly  a  stop.  Have  used  a  leg  with  an  ankle- 
joint,  but  find  the  Marks  leg  the  best.  I  have  worn  the  present 
one  for  eighteen  years.  Oct.   19,   1909. 

*  JOSEPH  SMITH— Laborer,  Marion  Co.,  Texas.    Above  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  in  1888  is  still  in  good 
service.  I  have  worn  it  continuously  for  the  last  twenty-two 
years.  I  pray  God's  blessing  on  you  as  you  have  done  so  ranch 
good    for    the    crippled.  Jan.    25,    1910. 

*  RUSSELL  E.  SMITH— Mill  Hand,  Bristol  Co.,  Mass.    Ankle  ampu- 

tation. 
I  am  wearing  one  of  your  artificial  limbs  for  over  nine  years. 
I  work  in  a  grain  mill  all  day  with  ease  and  comfort.    I  can  ride  a 
wheel  and  play  ball  as  well  as  if  I  had  my  own  two  feet. 

Oct.    19,    1909. 


380        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 

*  FRANK  SNOW— Railway  Clerk,  Cape  Colony,  Africa.     Below  knee. 
You    may    remember    making-    an    artificial    leg    for    me    twelve 

months  ago.  1  have  much  pleasure  in  informing  you  that  it  has 
given  me  every  satisfaction.  I  would  not  care  to  wear  the  old 
tyiie  of  leg  now.     It  is  a  pleasure  to  walk  on  this  one.     Dec.  21,  1907. 

*  JOHN  W.  SOMERS— Laborer,  Nova  Scotia.     Below  knee. 

I  must  tell  you  that  I  never  had  so  much  comfort  with  any 
artifiicial  as  I  have  had  with  the  one  I  have  now,  made  by  you 
in  1906.  Nov.  10,  1909. 

MRS.  G.  P.  SPALDING— SufPolk  Co.,  Mass.    Below  knee, 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  stating  that  the  leg  is  satisfactory  in 
every  particular.  I  experienced  very  little  difficulty  in  becoming 
accustomed  to  wearing  it  and  am  able  to  walk  with  scarcely  any 
limp.  Oct.    16,   1909. 

*  FRED  SPARKS— Mail  Carrier,  Union  Co.,  Ohio.     Below  knee. 
The  limb  I  got  of  you  is  a  wonder.     I  have  had  it  seven  years. 

You  or  anybody  else  couldn't  perceive  that  I  have  an  artificial 
limb.  Even  my  nearest  friends  didn't  know  it  till  I  made  it  known 
and  then  you  ought  to  see  them.  I  wouldn't  take  $25,000  and  do 
without  it,  that  is  saying"  a  good  deal.  It  is  a  great  boon  to  man- 
kind. I  am  a  United  States  mail  carrier  and  perform  my  duties 
with  the  greatest  ease.  Oct.  23,  1909. 

*  FREDERICK  SPARROW— Farmer,  Nelson,  New  Zealand.     Above 

knee. 

My  son  Stephen  wishes  me  to  tell  you  that  the  leg  fits  well  and 

is  satisfactory  in  every  way.     You  have  made  a  good  solid  job  of  it. 

Your  artificial  limbs  are  w^ell  known  in  this  country  and  I  shall 

lose  no  opportunity  in  adding  to  your  reputation.     Dec.  27,   1907. 


GEO.  W.  STEINMETZ— Delicatessen,  Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y.  Below 
elbow. 
The  artificial  arm  made  for  me  fifteen  years  ago  has  been 
satisfactory  and  enables  me  to  sell  goods  from  my  own  counter, 
and  I  herewith  submit  a  picture  showing  the  use  I  put  the 
artificial  arm  to.  A  large  fork  will  be  seen  which  is  inserted  in 
the  palm  lock  and  held  so  that  I  can  hold  a  ham  while  it  is 
being  carved.  Dec.   12,   1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        381 


WILLIAM  WALLACI^]  STl<]WA]iT— I3riigg'ist,  Piissuic  Co.,  N.  J. 
Above  knee. 
Shortly  after  graduating,  while  visiting  some  relatives,  I  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  struck  on  the  knee-cap  by  a  rock,  which  resulted 
in  the  loss  of  my  left  leg  above  the  knee.  I  despaired  of  ever  being 
able  to  engage  in  my  chosen  profession,  that  of  a  druggist.  I  was 
told  by  my  physician  that  my  case  was  by  no  means  desperate, 
and  that  I  should  be  able  to  walk  almost  as  well  as  ever  if  I  tried 


one  of  Marks  legs.  As  soon  as  my  stump  healed,  I  went  to 
see  Mr.  Marks,  who  provided  me  with  the  leg  I  have  worn  for  six 
years,  and  with  which  I  can  walk  easily  and  comfortably,  attend 
to  my  duties  as  prescription  and  sales  clerk  in  a  busy  pharmacy. 
Mr.  Marks  deserves  unceasing  thanks  for  his  skill,  care  and  atten- 
tion to  my  case. 

*  DR.  STOEEY— Middlesex  Co.,  Mass. 

The  leg  you  sent  Mr.  Porter  was  immediately  applied;  found  to 
fit  excellently.  He  gets  in  and  out  of  a  carriage;  never  uses  a 
cane.  He  drives  a  horse,  fixes  his  garden,  and  in  fact  everything 
he  ever  did  before  he  lost  his  leg. 

*  JOS.  STRANGEWAY— Laborer,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Mo.    Above  knee. 
I  bought  an  artificial  leg  for  thigh  amputation  ,of  you  in   1898 

and  I  want  to  say  right  now  that  this  will  be  the  first  penny  I 
have  spent  on  it  and  this  for  a  new  set  of  shoulder  straps.  I  have 
worn  the  leg  every  day  for  eleven  years  and  have  not  missed  a  day 
of  hard  work  during  that  time.  April   5,   1910. 

*  GEOEGE  W.  STEAUCH— Telegraph  Operator,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa. 

Above  knee. 

The  leg  I  purchased  of  you  in  1903  is  giving  the  best  of  satis- 
faction, indeed,  I  often  wonder  if  I  have  it  on.  A  glove  on  the 
hand  is  not  more  comfortable.  I  wear  it  on  an  average  of  eighteen 
hours  out  of  every  twenty-four.  As  a  railroad  operator  it  is  meet- 
ing every  requirement  in  addition  to  the  work  of  a  large  garden. 

It  is  thirty  years  since  I  purchased  my  first  leg  of  you,  and 
wore  the  leg  continuously  and  gave  it  hard  usage.  The  cost  of 
repairs  for  all  that  time  was  $8.00.  I  could  have  worn  it  much 
longer,  but  it  got  too  small,  owing  to  my  increasing  weight. 
December,  1903,  I  purchased  the  second  one,  Oct.  16,  1909, 


382        A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorJc  City. 


CHARLES  SUDDARD— Carpenter,  Toronto,  Canada.  Both  knee 
amputations. 

You  supplied  me  with  a  pair  of  artificial  legs  for  knee  joint 
amputations  a  year  ago  last  August.  The  legs  have  given  me  the 
best  of  satisfaction.  I  have  worn  them  all  the  time  and  walk 
considerably.  Am  an  upholsterer  and  stand  at  my  work  for  ten 
hours  and  often  walk  to  my  boarding-house,  which  is  quite  a  little 
distance.  Feb.    13,    1908. 

*  R.  L.  SUMMERSGILL— Stone  Cutter,  Greene  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 

Received  artificial  limb  from  you  about  seven  years  ago  and  it  is 
giving  good  satisfaction.  My  leg  is  amputated  about  ten  inches 
below  the  knee.    Wear  your  limb  every  day. 


I  am  a  stone  cutter,  handle  marble  and  granite  monuments,  flag 
etone,  etc.,  so  you  see  my  work  is  very  hard  on  any  person  with 
two  good  feet.  Will  add  I  don't  suppose  there  is  any  person  gets 
around  much  better  than  I  do.  Oct.  23,  1909. 

*  W.  B.  SUMNER — Farmer,  Lawrence  Co.,  Mo.     Below  knee. 

The  artificial  leg  I  got  from  you  is  a  nice  fit  and  is  all  right.  I 
lost  my  leg  December  24,  1902,  and  in  three  months  got  the  leg.  I 
am  well  pleased  with  it.  I  plowed  and  attended  to  ten  acres  of  corn 
the  first  year,  and  last  fall  plowed  and  sowed  twenty  acres  of 
wheat,  so  you  see   the   leg  is  very  helpful.  Oct.   20,   1909. 

*  J.  H.  SWARTZEL— Merchant,  Augusta  Co.,  Va.    Below  elbow. 

I  received  the  last  hand  you  made  for  me  in  1903.  I  have  been 
wearing  it  every  day  since  I  got  it  with  perfect  satisfaction.  I  am 
in  the  general  mercantile  business  and  it  is  a  great  help  to  me.  In 
fact  I  can't  see  how  I  could  get  along  without  it.     Oct.  19,  1909. 

*  A.  L.  SWENSON— Student,  Nicollet  Co.,  Minn.     Below  elbow. 
The  arm   I  received  from  you  has   delighted  me.     It  has   given 

me  several  agreeable  surprises.  I  find  it  much  handier  than  I 
expected  to.  I  have  worn  it  constantly  without  any  inconvenience. 
That  such  a  perfect  fit  was  possible  from  measurements  is  a 
surprise  and  the  rubber  hand  is  certainly  a  marvel,  flexible  and 
yet  stable  enough  to  hold  my  Homer  for  me  when  I  look  up  a 
word   in   the   lexicon,  April  33,   1909. 


A.  A.  Marls,  Ariificial  Limls,  New  Yorlc  City. 


383 


*  W    E.  SWINK — Laborer,  Marion  Co.,  Ore.     Above  knee. 

I  have  been  for  a  long-  time  desirous  of  writing  you  and  express- 
ing my  continued  satisfaction  with  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for 
me  in  1893,  and  now  avail  myself  of  the  opportunity  since  I  ob' 


tained  it.  I  have  walked  much  and  without  a  cane  or  support. 
I  suffer  no  pain  or  uneasiness  from  it.  I  do  considerable  rafting. 
My  artificial  leg  is  my  best  friend;  without  it  my  life  would  be 
miserable. 

*  JOSEPH  H.  SYLVESTER— Hotel,  Suffolk  Co.,  Mass.     Below  knee. 
I  am  pleased  to  state  that  I  have  worn  your  artificial  leg  with 

rubber  foot  for  thirty  years.  I  have  worn  legs  with  wooden 
feet,  but  never  got  the  comfort  out  of  them  as  I  have  from  your 
make.  Have  induced  quite  a  number  of  my  friends  to  wear  your 
rubber  foot  leg.  They  are  pleased  and  satisfied.  Will  be  glad  to 
interview^  anybody.  My  work  requires  me  to  stand  on  my  feet 
all   day.  Nov.   8,    1908. 

*  DR.  R.  F.  TAGGART— Dentist,  Hillsborough  Co.,  Florida. 

I  have  worn  A.  A.  Marks  make  of  artificial  legs  since  May,  1868. 
The  first  one  I  wore  continually  for  thirty  years.  The  one  I  am 
now  using  I  have  had  six  years,  stump  only  five  inches  long.  I 
have  practiced  dentistry  for  the  last  twenty-five  years.  I  walk 
with  ease.  Oct.  6,  1910. 

F.  M.  TALBOT— Contractor,  Essex  Co.,  N.  J.     Below  knee. 

In  the  fall  of  1890  I  met  with  a  railroad  accident  which  crushed 
my  leg  and  amputation  was  made  below  the  knee,  leaving  a  stump 
three  inches  in  length.     My  first  experience  with  an  artificial  limb 


384        A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  Neiv  York  City. 

was  with  a  Wood  Socket,  after  wearing  it  for  eighteen  months  I 
had  one  made  with  Slip  Socket  in  preference  to  having  the  old  one 
refitted,  as  my  stump  had  changed  considerably  and  I  thought  that 
the  trouble  was  caused  from  the  ill-fit.  After  wearing  the  second 
one  for  over  a  year,  my  stump  got  in  such  a  condition  that  my 
life  was  in  danger  and  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  attend  to  my 
duties.  I  think  it  was  in  1894  that  I  called  on  you  and  after  you 
had"  examined  my  stump,  you  jironounced  it  a  case  of  strangulation, 
and  you  said  you  could  make  me  a  limb  that  would  relieve  me  of 
that  trouble.  I  ordered  the  leg  of  you  and  have  been  wearing  it 
for  eleven  years  with  perfect  comfort  and  ease.  As  you  will  recall 
I  called  on  you  a  few  weeks  since  and  had  you  fit  a  new  limb  with 
the  improved  rubber-foot,  which  is  proving  very  satisfactory. 
I  am  in  the  contracting  business,  principally  constructing  large 
elevators  and  foundation  work  and  attend  to  the  outside  work, 
which  keeps  me  on  my  feet  constantly,  this  I  do  with  as  much 
ease  and  qomfort  as  any  man  could  that  is  obliged  to  wear  an 
artificial  linab.  Your  new  rubber  foot  is  a  great  improvement  on 
the  old  one.  May  17,  1909. 


*  ARTHUR  G.  TAYLOE— Pedestrian,  Warwickshire,  England.  Both 
below  knees. 
When  a  lad  sixteen  years  old,  I  had  both  of  my  legs  cut  off  in 
a  shuttle  train  accident,  and  nay  life  was  despaired  of,  but  my 
robust  constitution  carried  me  through.  Six  months  after  the 
company  procured  a  pair  of  legs  for  me  made  by  a  local  leg-maker, 
but  bad  fitting  and  construction  rendered  them  of  little  use. 
My  fellow  workers  took  up  a  subscription  and  bought  a  pair  of 
American  legs,  Marks  patent,  with  which  I  can  do  almost  any- 
thing. I  am  now  twenty-six  years  old  and  engage  in  all  kinds 
of  sports.  Recently  I  walked  a  match  against  time  and  made  a 
mile  in  twenty  minutes.  My  stumps  are  hard  as  nails.  All  of 
■wMch  I  have  to  thank  Marks  for. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  iSew  York  City.        380 

*  COLIN  M.  TAYLOR— Clerk,  New  Zealand.     Below  knt-e. 

I  have  worn  your  rubber  feet  for  nine  years,  the  one  I  am  now 
wearing-  being  fitted  with  the  "  Spring-  Mattress,"  which  I  find  a 
great  improvement.  It  gives  more  spring  to  the  walk,  enables  me 
to  stand  on  a  sloping  surface,  such  as  the  deck  of  a  ship  at  sea, 
and  almost  entirely  does  away  with  the  thumping  sound  which 
always   accompanies   artificial   feet. 

My  occupation  at  present  is  that  of  a  bank  clerk,  but  I  was  three 
years  on  a  farm  and  did  all  the  usual  rough  work  attached  to  that 
industry  without  suffering  any  inconvenience.  I  can  run  and  jump 
and  play  tennis.  I  go  in  for  rowing,  and  find  the  foot  in  no  way 
interferes  with  the  sliding  seat.  I  also  ride  a  bicycle  as  well  as 
if  I  were  quite  sound. 

W.  H.  TAYLOR,  M.D.— Jefferson  Co.,  Tenn. 

In  matter  of  finish,  durability,  simplicity  of  construction,  com- 
pleteness of  action,  and  perfect  adaptation  to  stump,  the  Marks 
artificial   limbs    are    far   superior   to    anything   I   have    ever   seen. 

Oct.   15,   1909. 

*  JOHN    TENNANT— Jeweler,    Greymouth,    New    Zealand.    Below 

knee. 

I  have  just  had  an  inquiry  as  to  where  a  young  fellow  should 
go  to  get  a  leg.  Being  one  of  your  enthusiastic  patients,  I  im- 
mediately wrote  MARKS. 

My  leg  is  giving  me  every  satisfaction  and  I  am  getting  on  splen- 
didly. Have  been  wearing  it  for  eight  years.  I  tell  those  who, 
like  myself,  have  been  unfortunate,  your  legs  are  worth  their 
weight  in  gold.  Dec.  26,  1907. 


.  a  * 


FRANK  TRIACCA— Schoolboy,  Fairfield  Co.,  Conn.  Below  knees. 
I  am  going  to  school  every  day  and  walk  both  ways.  My  artificial 
legs  give  the  best  of  satisfaction  in  every  way  and  have  proved  a 
great  benefit  to  me.  I  walk,  run,  and  play  as  well  as  most  boys. 
When  I  tell  persons  that  both  of  my  legs  are  artificial,  they  will 
not  believe  me  until  they  examine  them.  June  10,  1909. 


386        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 

*  J.   W.   VAUGHN— Bartow  Co.,  Ga.     Partial   hand. 

My  rig-ht  hand  was  mangled  and  amputated  September,  1889, 
and  in  March  following  you  made  me  one  of  your  patent  rubber 
hands,    since   that    time   I   have    had    the    second   one    made,    and 


between  the  two  wear  and  use  them  constantly.  I  can  use  mine 
almost  as  well  as  the  natural  hand.  I  can  drive,  use  knife  at  table, 
write  rapidly,  as  I  am  now  doing,  measure  goods  by  the  yard,  or 
most  any  other  work.  I  was  fortunate  in  having  my  hand  ampu- 
tated below  the  wrist,  leaving  thumb  and  wrist  bones,  which  en- 
ables me  to  secure  the  artificial  hand  around  the  wrist  like  a 
glove.  Oct.   18,   1909. 

*  EEV.    ALEXANDRO   VILLA— Missionery,    Mexico.       Wrist   amp. 

In  1903  I  received  my  artificial  hand,  which  is  such  a  blessing 
that   I   am   unable   to   express   in   this   letter   how   satisfied   I   am. 

As  I  am  a  well-known  person  throughout  the  state  of  Sonora, 
Mexico,  and  having  lost  my  left  hand,  I  was  very  much  observed 
by  the  people.  I  endured  the  loss  for  twelve  years,  deprived  of  the 
privileges  of  which  I  am  now  master.  I  received  a  catalogue  of 
your  firm,  saw  the  advertisements,  but  I  did  not  believe  that  they 
were  exactly  as  represented  until  I  decided  to  have  a  hand  made  by 
you.  It  is  useful  in  eating,  in  holding  many  things,  especially  my 
Bible,  which  I  hold  with  my  left  hand,  and  turn  the  leaves  with 
the  right,  and  as  I  am  so  well  known  in  the  villages,  where  I  preach 
the  Holy  Gospel,  many  ignorant  persons  who  have  seen  me  gestic- 
ulate thought  that  it  was  supernatural.  Formerly  I  lacked  the 
movement  of  my  arm,  now  I  move  it  naturally. — Translated  from 
Spanish.  Oct.  25,  1909. 


A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City.        387 


JOHN   VEILLEUX— Shoemaker,    Quebec.     Above   knee. 

The  artificial  leg-  made  for  me  in  1902  gives  complete  satisfaction. 
I  am  a  shoemaker  by  trade  and  ever  since  I  have  my  artificial  leg 
I   have   not   lost   an    hour's   work.     Previously   I   could   only   work 


«, 


six  or  seven  months  in  the  year.  I  have  walked  three  miles  and 
a  half  and  have  not  suffered  any  pain  in  my  stump,  which  is 
only  four  inches  long  on  the  outside  of  the  thigh  and  three  inches 
on  the  inside.  I  now  walk  as  easily  as  before  my  amputation  as 
well  as  going  up  and  downstairs,  Jan.  3,  1910. 

*  G.  C.  WABY — Farriier,  New  Zealand.     Knee  amputation. 

I  beg  to  say  that  the  leg  I  received  from  you,  made  and  fitted 
by  measurements,  is  very  satisfactory.  I  have  worn  it  about  eight 
years.  I  am  a  retired  farmer,  in  my  seventy-first  year,  and  I 
find  the  leg  invaluable  as  it  enables  me  to  take  sufficient  exercise 
to  keep  in  health.  Dec.  7,  1909. 

SIDNEY  WACHTER— Salesman,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.    Below  knee. 

My  leg  was  amputated  about  fourteen  years  ago;  I  was  eight 
years  old  then.  I  commenced  wearing  artificial  legs  six  months 
after  the  amputation  and  will  say  that  your  artificial  leg  comes 
as  near  to  the  natural  as  it  is  possible  for  a  substitute.  I  have 
been  playing  baseball  nearly  every  day  in  summer  and  could  cover 
almost  any  position  and  now  I  have  a  position  where  I  am  con- 
stantly on  my  feet  in  the  store  or  walking  to  different  parts  of 
the  city  selling  goods.  Oct.  16,  1909. 

*  J.  T.  WADE— Engineer,  Gibson  Co.,  Tenn.    Below  knee. 

I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  my  right  foot  about  twenty-six 
years  ago,  and  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  feet  for  fifteen  years. 
It  has  given  perfect  satisfaction  and  I  am  wearing  the  second  one, 
which  is  as  satisfactory  as  the  first.  I  am  an  engineer  and  I  can 
get  about  to  do  my  work  without   any  difficulty.       Oct.  24,   1909. 

*  G.  E.  WAITE— Merchant,  Bedford  Co.,  Tenn.     Below  elbow. 
The  arm  and  hand  you  made   for  me  ten  years  ago  has  given 

perfect  satisfaction.  It  has  not  cost  me  anything  for  repairs. 
I  believe  it  to  be  the  best  arm  made.  This  is  the  second  you  have 
supplied   me,    the   first   one   was   made   about   twenty   years    ago. 

Jan.  20,  1910. 


388 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 


*  MISS   MARY  WALKER— Heckmondwike,  England.     Below  knee. 
The  Marks  artificial  leg-  ordered  by  Mr.  Barstow  has  proved  to 

be  a  perfect  fit,  and  I  can  walk  splendidly.  I  walked  two  miles 
before  I  had  worn  it  five  weeks.  I  ana  so  thankful.  Dr.  BroUghton 
of  Heckmondwike  and  I  will  always  speak  highly  of  Mr. 
Barstow's  ability  in  taking  measurements  for  artificial  limbs  as 
min^  were  taken  accurately.  Dr.  Broughton  says  that  at  any 
time  you  may  refer  anyone  to  him,  when  he  will  be  pleased  to 
speak  of  your  care  and  ability  in  such  cases.  June  19,   1908. 

*  JOHN  WALL,  JR.— Farmer,  Lee  Co.,  111.     Below  elbow. 

The  artificial  arm  I  got  from  you  through  Dr.  E.  F.  Lark,  is  a 
fine  piece  of  workmanship.  I  would  not  part  with  it  for  any 
price.  I  am  well  satisfied  with  it  in  every  way.  I  could  not  get 
along  without   it   now.  Jan.   13,   1909. 

*  THOMAS   WARD— Engine   Driver,   New   Zealand.     Above   knee. 

I  am  very  much  pleased  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  leg  I  received 
from  you  is  giving  every  satisfaction.  As  you  are  aware,  my  leg 
was  amputated  above  the  knee,  leaving  only  seven  inches  of  a 
stump.  I  drive  a  log-hauling  engine  in  the  bush,  and  can  get 
about  without  the  aid  of  a  stick,  and  can  ride  on  horseback  with 
ease,  in  fact  I  can  get  about  almost  as  well  as  I  could  before  I 
had   my  leg   amputated.  Dec.   13,   1909. 

*  GRADY    WASHINGTON— Mill    Hand,    Webster    Co.,    La.     Below 

knee, 
I    am    getting    along    alright    and    my    leg    has    given    nae    good 
satisfaction   and   is  a   good   fit   in   every  way.  Oct.   23,   1909. 

*  JAMES  M.  WEAVER— Clerk,  Montgomery  Co.,  Va.     Above  knee. 
The  leg  you  made   for  me  in   1904  I  am  wearing  without  any 

trouble.     It  fits   nicely,   and  I  am  pleased  with  it.     Oct.   18,   1909. 


*  CHARLES  E.  WEBB— Farmer,  Chenango  Co.,  N.  Y.     Above  knee. 

I  have  worn  one  of  your  artificial  legs  for  nearly  thirteen  years, 
and   am  exceedingly  well  pleased  with  it. 

The  rubber  foot  is  a  grand  invention,  no  squeaking  or  getting 
out  of  order.  It  can  be  depended  upon,  and  the  knee-joint  is  the 
strongest  and  best  I  ever  saw.  I  am  farming,  and  do  all  of  my 
work,  such  as  plowing,  sowing,  cradling,  and  everything  that  a 
farmer  has  to  do. 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  YorTc  City.        389 


I  was  never  able  to  wear  it  constantly,  as  it  hurt  me  very  much 
and  the  springs  were  always  breaking,  leaving  me  almost  helpless 
on  the  street. 

When  I  came  to  my  home  in  Ireland  my  friends  hearing  about  a 
man  named  McKee,  who  was  wearing  one  of  your  make  with  ruVjber 
foot,  advised  me  to  try  one.  I  sent  you  measurements,  from  which 
you  made  my  leg,  and  I  never  regretted  having  done  so.  The 
change  was  marvelous.  I  am  still  wearing  it,  although  ten  years 
old. 

This  leg  cannot  be  beaten  for  ease  and  comfort.  I  am  a  clerk 
and  timekeeper  in  a  large  foundry,  and  have  a  great  deal  of  walk- 
ing from  one  department  to  another,  but  I  find  no  difficulty  what- 
ever in  going  about. 

A  young  man  here,  who  had  his  leg  amputated  above  the  knee, 
got  one  from  you  lately  through  my  recommendation,  and  can  go 
to  dances  and  otherwise  enjoy  himself  as  well  as  ever  he  could 
before   losing  his   leg.  Nov.   6,   1909. 


*  J.    H.    WILLAED— Farmer,    Buckingham    Co.,    Va.     Below   knee. 
Have  worn  your  leg  for  nineteen  years  with  great  comfort.     My 

occupation  is  a  farmer.  I  can  do  most  any  work  a  farmer  is  called 
to  do,  such  as  plowing,  harrowing,  etc.  My  leg  is  amputated  four 
inches  below  the  knee.  I  am  highly  pleased  with  my  leg;  it  was 
fitted  from  measurements.  June  6,  1908. 

*  JOHN  B.  WILLIAMS— Mail  Carrier,  Floyd  Co.,  Ga.    Above  knee. 
In  April,  1904,  I  received  one  of  your  artificial  limbs.     The  finest 

piece  of  work  I  ever  saw.  I  had  been  on  my  crutches  for  ten 
years.  I  am  about  twenty-eight  years  old.  Lost  my  leg  in  falling 
from  a  wagon,  my  leg  was  amputated  three  and  one-half  inches 
from  hip.  I  never  dreamed  of  ever  walking  v/ithout  a  crutch. 
After  seeing  your  book  on  artificial  limbs,  and  guarantee,  I  decided 
to  buy  a  limb  made  from  measurements,  as  per  your  directions. 
When  I  got  the  limb  it  was  a  perfect  fit.  The  second  day  I  threw 
away  my  crutches,  and  am  now  going  about  and  doing  my  work 
well.  I  am  a  rural  mail  carrier.  Can  harness  my  horse,  roll 
buggy  in  and  out  of  stable.  Nov.  1,  1909. 

*  PHILIP  WILLIAMS— Washington  Co.,  Miss.     Below  knee. 

I  desire  to  let  you  know  of  the  comfort  I  have  had  in  wearing 
the  artificial  leg  made  for  me  in  August,  1903.  I  would  not  be 
without  the  leg  for  anything.  It  not  only  enables  me  to  walk 
naturally,  but  enables  me  to  perform  my  work.  It  is  thoroughly 
comfortable  to  wear.  Oct.  18,  1909. 


390 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorTc  City. 


*  S.  P.  WILLIAMS— Sawmill,  Alexander  Co.,  N.  C.     Above  knee. 

I  lost  my  leg  May,  1891,  and  applied  one  of  your  artificial  limbs 
the  first  of  September  following,  and  have  been  wearing  it  ever 
since  until  recently  I  sent  a  new  measure  and  had  another  of 
the  same  kind  made.  It  is  all  right,  and  fits  all  right.  I  was 
running   a   sawmill.  Oct.   24,    1909. 

*  WALTEE  A.  WILLIAMS— Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.     Below  knee. 
The   leg  I  received   from  you   proved   very   satisfactory.     I  have 

been  wearing  it  every  day  since  I  received  it.     I  shall  recommend 
your  leg  every  chance  I  get.  Oct.   18,  1909. 

*  W.   C.   WILLIAMS— Conductor,   Colleton   Co.,   S.   C.     Below   knee. 
I  have  worn  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me  from  measure- 
ments  I   sent   you   three   years   ago   continually   and   it  has   given 
perfect  satisfaction.    My  amputation  is  below  the  knee.    May  1,  1909. 

*  HORACE   WILLISON— Butcher,   Brandon   Co.,   Manitoba.    Below 

elbow. 
I  do  not  know  what  I  would  do  without  the  artificial  arm  you 
made  for  me.     I  do  not  think  there  is  anything  I  cannot  do  that 
I  did  before  the  amputation.  Nov.  21,  1909. 


,.».»"""■''■][; 


*  EOBERT  ALFRED  WILLIAMSON— New  Zealand.    Above  knee. 

The  leg  you  made  from  the  measurements  I  sent  you  eight  years 
ago  fits  admirably,  and  from  the  very  first  I  was  able  to  walk  with 
comfort,  and  with  no  rattling  of  joints.  I  think  the  rubber  foot 
is  a  great  improvement  over  the  ankle  joint. 

I  work  at  the  bicycle  trade,  and  find  the  leg  a  great  help  to  me 
in  every  respect,  and  never  have  to  leave  it  ofE  on  account  of 
soreness.  I  can  thoroughly  recommend  your  leg  to  all  who  are 
afflicted  to  be  the  next  best  to  nature's.  Jan.  19,  1910. 

DAVID  C.  WILSON— Foreman  in  Foundry,  Jersey  City,  N.  J.  Below 
knee. 

On  the  first  of  September,  1902,  I  suffered  the  loss  of  my  right 
foot  above  the  ankle.  I  was  measured  and  fitted  with  an  artificial 
by  you  nine  weeks  and  a  half  after  the  accident,  and  received  the 
foot  at  my  home  in  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  week,  and  I  have 
worn  it  right  along  since  then.  I  am  foreman  of  a  foundry  in. 
Jersey  City,  and  I  am  as  competent,  with  the  aid  of  my  rubber 
foot,  to  fill  my  position  as  I  was  previous  to  the  accident.    Am  ou 


A.  A.  Marls,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  York  City.        391 

my  feet  from  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  until  late  at  night,  and 
find  no  difficulty  in  getting  along. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  recommending  your  rubber  feet  to  any 
who  may  need  them.  Oct.  25,  1909. 

JOHN  J.  WILSON— Inspector,  New  York  City.     Below  knee. 

Have  worn  your  patent  artificial  legs  for  nearly  fourteen  years, 
and  will  make  application  for  a  new  one  from  the  Government 
just  as  soon  as  the  time  comes.  I  have  only  about  three  inches 
below  the  knee.     I  am  on  my  leg  twelve  hours  every  day. 

*  HERBERT  WRIGHT— Farmer,  New  Zealand.     Below  knee. 

I  take  pleasure  in  testifying  to  the  satisfaction  I  have  derived 
from  the  use  of  your  artificial  limb.  It  is  nearly  seven  years  ago 
since  I  received  it  from  you.  I  am  a  farmer,  and  have  done  all 
kinds  of  rough  farm  work  successfully.     At  times  I  have  severely 


tested  the  rubber  foot  in  lifting  heavy  weights,  and  it  has  stood 
the  work  remarkably  well.  I  shall  always  remain  grateful,  and 
I  would  say  to  all  who  unfortunately  need  an  artificial  limb,  "  by 
all  means  secure  one  from  A.  A.  Marks." 

*  JOHN    WINDSOR— Laborer,    Wellington,    New    Zealand.    Below 
knee. 
I   shall   recommend   your   firm   to   anyone  in   need   of   artificial 
limbs.  Feb.  4,  1909. 

ST.  CLAIR  A.  WODELL— Dental  Student,  Boston,  Mass.  Below 
knee. 
The  word  "  wonderfully  "  inadequately  expresses  the  satisfaction 
I  received  from  the  artificial  leg  you  made  for  me.  I  have  worn 
limbs  for  many  years  with  ankle  joints  but  I  have  never  before 
known  how  to  walk  naturally  on  an  artificial  leg.  The  stifE  ankle 
and  rubber  foot  is  the  thing.  I  am  a  dental  student  and  find  that 
the  rubber  foot  with  spring  mattress  is  of  inestimable  value.  At 
the  end  of  the  day  I  now  feel  as  though  I  can  walk  home  and 
not  have  the  help  of  somebody  to  carry  me  home.  Last  night  I 
attended  a  dance,  for  the  first  time  in  my  life  I  attempted  to 
dance  the  gliding  dance  in  which  I  was  successful.  After  the 
dance  I  went  home  and  walked  four  miles  and  felt  good  for 
another.  Feb.  13,  1909. 


392 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Yorh  City. 


inches  above  the  right  knee,  but  I  can  say  that  I  have  not  lost 
any  time,  with  the  assistance  of  the  artificial  leg  constructed  in 
your  factory,  the  merits  of  which  are  strength  and  ease  in  walk- 
ing, I  know  no  better.  To  everybody  in  need  of  an  artificial  limb 
I  recommend  him  to  apply  to  your  factory.  Nov.  26,  1909. 

*  ABSOLON  M.  YGLESIAS— Lima,  Peru,  South  America. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  assuring  you  that  the  artificial  leg  which 
I  ordered  of  you  to  replace  the  one  I  lost  in  the  engagement  of 
August  27,  1884,  has  proved  to  my  entire  satisfaction.  It  is  just 
that  I  should  recommend  your  work,  since  I  have  been  enabled  to 
avail  myself  of  it  to  such  advantage. 


^A-^ 


ALVAH  YOUNG — Wireman,  Boston,  Mass.     Below  knee. 

Alvah  Young,  employed  by  the  Edison  General  Electric  Co.,  New 
England  Division,  38  Pearl  Street,  Boston,  Mass.,  as  a  lineman,  is  a 
living  example  of  the  remarkable  degree  to  which  rubber  feet 
restore  lost  members.  He  lost  one  of  his  legs  some  years  ago  in 
a  railroad  accident.  He  had  a  Marks  rubber  foot  and  artificial 
leg  applied,  and  since  then  has  engaged  in  active  manual  labor, 
earning  his  livelihood.  He  will  climb  a  pole  as  dexterously  as  any 
of  his  associates,  hold  himself  on  the  cross-bar  with  his  artificial, 
and  place  the  wires  in  a  thorough  workmanlike  way. 

*  ALVA  J.  ZABRISKE— Beaver  Co.,  Utah.    Knee  amputation. 

I  am  wearing  the  leg  I  ordered  from  you  sometime  ago  satis- 
factorily, and  think  the  Marks  leg  all  right.  I  advise  everyone 
that  needs  one  to  buy  of  you.  You  can  beat  the  world  on  artificial 
limbs. 

*  ANGEL  ZEVALA  Y  MADEEO— Mexico.    Below  knee. 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  state  that  the  artificial  leg  constructed  by 
you  for  me,  for  amputation  below  the  knee,  is  so  natural  that 
persons  who  were  not  aware  of  the  operation  which  I  underwent 
scarcely  believe  I  am  lame.  I  have  returned  to  my  former  em- 
ployment and  I  only  experience  natural  fatigue,— Translated  from 
Spanish. 


A.  A.  Marks,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  York  City. 


THE  PANAMA  CANAL 

The  Panama  Cahal,  by  which  vessels  pass  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific  through  Central  America,  is  looked  upon  as  the  most 


Steam  Shovel  at  Work. 

stupendous  engineering  achievement  of  the  age.  The  work  has 
employed  from  30,000  to  50,000  persons  daily.  The  blasting  and 
moving  of  rock,  the  operations  of  dredgers  and  steam  shovels,  the 
building  of  railroads  and  the  moving  of  trains,  have  been  the  call 


Wash  Drill  Gang  at  Work. 

for  the  surgeons'  skill  in  removing  mangled  and  lacerated  legs  and 
arms. 

The  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  has  generously  furnished  their 
maimed  employees  with  artificial  legs  and  arms  of  the  best  and 


394  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limbs,  New  Torh  City. 

most  suitable  construction,  irrespective  of  cost;  the  type  of  limb 
to  be  that  most  suited  to  the  climate  and  conditions  of  the  locality. 
Most  of  the  laborers  were  natives  of  the  tropics,  and  after  being 
equipped  with  artificial  limbs  went  to  their  homes  or  returned  to 
their  work  on  the  Canal.  Marks  waterproof  legs  and  arms  were  the 
dnly  kind  manufactured  that  would  meet  the  demands.    It  must  be 


Culebra    Cut. 


remembered  that  the  Panama  Canal  is  located  in  the  tropics.  The 
temperature  varies  but  little  between  Summer  and  Winter.  It  is 
very  hot  at  midday  and  moderately  cool  at  night  all  the  year  round. 
During  the  winter  months  the  weather  is  dry;  during  the  summer 
months  the  tropical  rains  set  in  and  water  falls  from  the  skies  in 
torrents  without  a  moment's  warning.  An  employee  with  an 
artificial  leg  starts  for  his  work  when  there  is  every  indication  of 
a  clear  and  dry  day;  before  he  has  a  chance  to  get  under  cover, 
rain  comes  in  torrents  and  he  is  drenched  to  the  skin,  even  his 
artificial  leg  is  soaked.  An  artificial  leg  of  the  usual  construction 
will  not  stand  this  treatment.  But  the  Marks  Waterproof  leg 
cannot  possibly  be  hurt  by  any  amount  of  such  exposure.  For 
this  reason  the  Marks  waterproof  leg  was  found  to  be  adaptable  to 
the  conditions  that  prevailed  in  the  Canal  Zone  and  was  therefore 
preferred  and  procured  in  large  numbers. 


CHAPTER  XXXVIII 

STUMP   SOCKS.    FOE   AETIFICIAL    LIMB    WEAREES 

COTTON,    WOOL,    AND    SILKATEEN 

A  stump  bears  the  same  relation  to  an  artificial  leg  that  a  natural 
foot  does  to  a  shoe.  Comfort  and  cleanliness  demand  that  a  sock 
should  be  worn  on  the  stump,  the  same  as  on  the  foot. 

A  sock  in  either  case  provides  a  medium  for  collecting  and  absorb- 
ing the  particles  of  waste  and  moisture  that  are  thrown  off  from 
the  skin,  and  by  removing-  the  socks,  airing,  and  frequently  wash- 
ing them,  the  stump  will  be  kept  in  a  more  healthy  condition,  and 
the  socket  of  the  leg  will  be  better  cared  for. 

There  are  persons  who  do  not  use  socks,  but  wear  their  artificial 
limbs  directly  to  their  stumps,  and  permit  the  sockets  to  collect  and 
absorb  the  excretions  of  the  skin,  and  when  the  sockets  become 
foul  with  the  collection  of  effete  matter,  they  are  scraped  out  and 


No.  1345. 


No.  1246. 


No.  1247. 


revamished.  This  method  cannot  be  condemned  too  strongly. 
The  stump,  as  well  as  the  artificial  leg,  suffers  from  such  treat- 
ment. 

Every  wearer  of  an  artificial  limb  should  be  provided  with  an 
ample  supply  of  socks,  so  that  frequent  changes  can  be  made.  The 
same  regard  should  be  given  to  the  stump  as  is  given  to  the  natural 
foot.  If  a  stump  perspires  excessively,  changes  should  be  made 
more  frequently. 

We  manufacture  our  own  socks,  and  keep  a  large  stock  on  hand 
and  are  able  to  fill  orders  promptly. 

Our  socks  are  ma^  t  of  cotton,  wool,  and  silkateen. 

Cotton  socks  are  knit  of  choice  staple,  they  are  durable  and  pleas- 
ant to  wear;  they  are  preferred  by  those  who  cannot  endure  wool. 

Woolen  socks  are  knit  from  yarn  especially  prepared  for  the  pur- 
pose; the  yarn  is  the  best  and  softest  that  can  be  procured,  with 
only  enough  twist  to  make  it  wear  well.  It  is  absolutely  free  from 
cotton  or  any  foreign  fiber. 

Silkateen  socks  are  made  from  exceptionally  fine  thread,  they  are 
knit  on  a  machine  constructed  for  the  purpose;  meshes  are  small, 
sixteen  stitches  to  the  inch,  mu«i  finer  than  socks  made  from  cotton 

895 


396        A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  YorTc  City. 

or  wool.  These  socks  are  especially  suitable  for  tender  and  delicate 
stumps.  Silkateen  is  a  comparatively  new  thread;  it  is  strong  and 
will  stand  the  effects  of  wear  a  great  length  of  time.  It  has  a 
luster  resembling  silk;  it  is  very  smooth  and  soft  to  the  touch. 

Cotton  and  woolen  socks  are  made  in  two  colors,  white  or  brown, 
silkateen  socks  are  of  a  natural  grayish  tint. 

Our  stock  consists  of  eleven  different  sizes,  ranging  from  ten  to 
thirty-six  inches  in  length,  and  in  width  to  tit  any  ordinary  limb. 

In  ordering  socks  the  following  measurements  should  be  given: 

Length  of  Sock.  Circumference  at  top  of  Stump,  4  inches 
from  top,  8  inches  from  top,  12  inches  from  top,  16  inches  from  top, 
20  inches  from  top,  24  inches  from  top,  28  inches  from  top. 

Some  persons  use  a  long  sock  to  cover  the  stump  to  the  body, 
and  a  shorter  one  to  cover  the  stump  to  the  joint  (knee  or  elbow). 

When  a  short  one  is  needed,  give  only  the  length  and  circumfer- 
ences of  that  part  of  the  limb  that  is  to  be  covered. 

The  following  schedule  will  enable  anyone  to  determine  the  sizes 
and  the  prices  of  the  socks  required. 


Sizes  in  inches. 

Cotton. 

Woolen. 

Silkateen. 

No. 

Length  of 
eocli. 

Circumference 

at  largest 
part  of  stump. 

Price 
each. 

Price 

per 

dozen. 

Price 
each. 

Price 

per 

dozen. 

Price 
each. 

Price 

per 

dozen. 

0. 
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 

1  to  10 
10  to  15 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
15  to  20 
20  to  25 
20  to  25 
25  to  30 
25  to  30 
30  to  35 
30  to  35 

Under  15 
"     15 

Over  15 
Under  15 

Over  15 
Under  15 

Over  15 
Under  15 

Over  15 
Under  15 

Over  15 

10.20 
.30 
.40 
.40 
.50 
.50 
.60 
.60 
.70 
.70 
.80 

$2.00 
3.00 
4.00 
4.00 
5.00 
5.00 
6.00 
6.00 
7.00 
7.00 
8.00 

$0.40 
.50 
.60 
.60 
.70 
.70 
.80 
.80 
.90 
.90 
1.00 

$4.00 
5.00 
6.00 
6.00 
7.00 
7.00 
8.00 
8.00 
9.00 
9.00 

10.00 

$0.60 

.70 

.80 

.80 

.90 

.90 

1.00 

1.00 

1.10 

1.10 

1.20 

$6.00 
7.00 
8.00 
8.00 
900 
9,00 
10.00 
10.00 
11.00 
11.00 
12.00 

One-quarter  or  one-half  dozen  of  the  same  kind  and  size  sold  at  dozen  rates. 

When  a  short  sock  in  addition  to  a  full-length  one  to  come  only  to  the  knee-joint  is 
desired  Nos.  0,  1,  or  3  will  be  suitable. 

In  determining  the  number  of  size,  five  inches  should  be  added  to  the  length  of  the 
Btamp  to  allow  for  turning  over  the  top  of  leg  and  the  shortening  caused  by  the  stretch  in 
drawing  on  the  stump. 

Elastic  Webbings,  2  inches  wide,  60c.  per  yard ;  IJ^  inch  wide,  50c.  per  yard  ;  1  inch 
wide,  40c.  per  yard. 

Non-Elastic  Webbings,  2  inches  wide,  30c.  per  yard  ;  IJ^  inch  wide,  85c.  per  yard  j  1 
inch  wide,  20c.  per  yard. 

Clamp  Buckles  with  Snap,  IJ^  and  2  inches,  25c.  each ;  Snaps,  1^4  and  2  inches,  15c. 
each. 


Socks  and  Supplies  will  he  sent  postpaid  if  remittance  accompanies  the 
order. 

Eemittance  can  be  made  by  postage  stamps,  money  order,  regis- 
tered letter,  express,  or  draft  on  New  York.  No  goods  will  be  sent 
C.  O.  D.  unless  one-half  the  price  is  enclosed  with  the  order. 

Address:  A.  A,  MAKES,  701  Broadway,  New  York  City, 


CHAPTER  XXXIX 

HOW   TO  KEACH   OUR  ESTABLISHMENT 

We  have  endeavored  to  impress  the  fact  that  personal  fitting's 
for  simple  amputations  are  as  a  rule  unnecessary,  and  that  we  do 
not  advise  anyone  to  go  to  the  expense  and  annoyance  incident  to 
coming  to  us  without  first  making  an  attempt  to  obtain  a  suitable 
artificial  limb  by  measurements.  In  order  to  place  the  matter 
on  a  basis  of  safety  to  the  wearer,  we  obligate  ourselves  to  make 
all  alterations  and  refittings  (should  they  be  necessary)  without 
charge. 

It  is  also  emphatically  stated  that  amputations  leaving  the  stump 
with  abnormal  conditions,  incapable  of  being  explained  either  by 
drawings,  descriptions  or  casts,  are  exceptions,  fittings  in  such 
cases  should  be  personal.  Those  who  decide  to  come  to  us  for  per- 
sonal attention  will  be  welcomed  and  promptly  attended  to  on 
their  arrival. 

WHEEE  WE  ARE  LOCATED.— We  are  located  at  701  Broadway, 
one  door  north  of  Fourth  Street,  a  distance  of  less  than  two  miles 
from  every  railroad  and  steamboat  terminal.  $1.00  or  $1.50  is  the 
most  that  can  legally  be  charged  for  carriage  or  taxicab  to  convey 
a  person  to  our  door.  Any  person  can,  however,  take  a  car  at 
the  point  at  which  they  arrive  and  be  conveyed  to  Broadway  and 
there  transferred  to  a  car  that  will  stop  at  our  door.  Five  cents 
will  pay  the  fare.  The  system  of  transfers  in  New  York  is  very 
convenient  and  accommodating. 

WE  MEET  PATRONS. — We  will  meet  any  person  on  arrival,  if 
we  are  made  acquainted  with  particulars  a  day  or  two  in  advance, 
provided  the  arrival  occurs  during  the  day.  If  it  occurs  after 
business  hours,  it  will  be  well  for  the  person  to  go  immediately  to 
some  reputable  hotel  near  by  and  remain  there  overnight,  or  go 
to  the  Broadway  Central  Hotel,  671  Broadway,  which  is  within  300 
feet  of  our  establishment. 

BUSINESS  HOURS.— Our  establishment  is  open  for  business 
from  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning  to  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
except  Saturdays  when  we  close  at  one  o'clock.  We  are  not  open 
Sundays  or  holidays. 

BOARDING  AND  LODGING.— Accommodations  can  be  obtained 
at  reasonable  rates  in  New  York  City.  Furnished  rooms  in  private 
houses  can  be  had  for  from  $2.00  to  $5.00  per  week,  table  board 
can  be  had  from  $3.00  to  $5.00  per  week.  Rooms  in  hotels  vary 
from  fifty  cents  to  $2.00  per  night,  with  board  from  $2.00  to  $5.00 
per  day.  A  person  coming  to  New  York  expecting  to  remain  a  week 
or  more,  and  wishing  to  keep  expenses  down,  can  engage  a  fur- 
nished room  and  eat  in  restaurants,  living  expenses  while  here  can 
thus  be  kept  within  narrow  limits.  The  Mills  House,  located  at 
164  Bleecker  Street,  is  within  one-half  a  mile  of  us.  This  is  one 
of  a  chain  of  hotels  conducted  for  the  accommodation  of  respectable 
men  of  small  means.  A  room  can  be  had  for  twenty  cents  per 
night  and  meals  at  fifteen  cents  each. 

WHERE  TO  HAVE  YOUR  MAIL  ADDRESSED.— Upon  leaving 
home,  instructions  should  be  given  to  address  letters  and  tele- 
grams to  the  care  of  A.  A.  Marks,  701  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

Patrons  have  the  liberty  of  our  premises  while  in  New  York,  and 

897 


398  A.  A.  Maries,  Artificial  Limhs,  New  Yorh  City. 

if  they  are  shopping,  they  can  have  their  goods  delivered  at  our 
store.  They  can  make  engagements  to  meet  parties  here  and  have 
the  exclusive  use  of  private  rooms  for  private  interviews. 

CALLS  MADE  TO  RESIDENCES.— Persons  will  be  attended  to 
at  their  residences,  no  matter  where  they  may  reside,  if  expenses 
and  extra  time  are  paid  for. 

WOMEN  IN  ATTENDANCE.— Women  who  prefer  to  be  waited 
upon  by  one  of  their  own  sex,  will  find  women  in  our  office  for 
their  accommodation. 

BRANCHES. — We  have  no  manufacturing  branches.  Our  factory 
is  located  in  New  York  City  and  in  no  other  place.  Our  skill  and 
judgment  cannot  be  relegated  to  one  in  charge  of  a  manufacturing 
branch.  If  we  were  to  establish  branches  we  would  have  to  place 
them  under  the  management  of  others  and  would,  more  or  less, 
jeopardize  the  welfare  of  our  patrons.  As  substitutes  for  branches, 
our  system  of  fitting  from  measurements  has  been  devised  and 
found  adequate. 

If  the  reader  desires  to  order  a  limb  and  does  not  care  to  take 
measurements  himself,  he  can  call  upon  his  physician  or  druggist, 
or  upon  one  whom  we  will  designate,  and  have  measurements  taken. 


INTERIOR  OF  THE  LARGEST  ARTIFICIAL  LIMB  MANU- 
FACTORY IN  THE  WORLD. 


(Seven  Floors  of  25x100  feet  each  ) 


**  The  capacity  f  epr eseats  an  output  larger  than  the 
^ggf^gate  of  any  other  ten  Artificial  Limb  Factories  in  the 
WoflcU^— SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN. 


A.    A.    MARKS.   70J   Broadway,  NEW  YORK  OTY. 


CAUTION 


Artificial  limbs   with   rubber   hands   and  feet   are   the  inventions  of 

A.  A.  Marks  and  the  members  of  the  firm  bearing  that  name. 
The  patents  that  are  owned  by  the  firm  have  the  following  dates: 

March  7,  1854.  July    12,    1887. 

December  1,   1863.  March   8,    1892. 

March  7,   1865.  January   3,    1893. 

November    16,    1880    (First).  September  17,  1895. 

November   16,    1880    (Second).  July  9,   1912. 
March  30,   1886. 

These  patents  not  only  cover  the  original  inventions,  but  the  more 
important  improvements  that  have  been  made  upon  them. 

The  limbs  have  proved  a  blessing  to  the  maimed.  They  stand  peer- 
less before  the  world.  Over  44,000  have  been  put  in  use,  and  the  verdict 
is  overwhelmingly   in  their  favor. 

The  large  and  increasing  demand  for  Marks  inventions  has  excited 
the  envy  of  our  competitors.  Discarded  inventions  and  expired  patents 
of  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  have  been  more  or  less  mutilated  and 
offered  as  rubber  feet,  rubber  ankles,  rubber  toes,  pneumatic  pads, 
etc.,  etc. 

We  advise  all  persons  who  are  in  need  of  artificial  limbs  to  deal  di- 
rectly with  us,  and  obtain  the  genuine  and  not  submit  to  doubtful 
experiments. 

Order  should  state  that  none  but  Marks  artificial  leg  or  arm  will 
be  accepted.  The  genuine  bear  the  name  of  the  firm  and  the  dates 
of    patents. 

A.  A.  MARKS, 
Established  61  years.  701   Broadway,   New  York,   U.   S.  A. 


DUE  DATE 

FFR  7  0  1994^ 

1AR151) 

94: 

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M 

flR  1 5  n 

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Printed 
:n  USA 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES  (hsl,stx) 

RD  756  N131  1914  C.I 

Manual  gt.ailjtinal.lJiiill-iii 


20021 59236 


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